Anatomy Of Blood Vessels Research Articles

Comparative anatomy of cochlear blood vessels

The vascular anatomy of most mammalian cochleas is similar. Of those examined to date, the human cochlea is the most unusual. The blood flow is segmentally, centrifugally, and centripetally arranged, with many spirally perpendicular vessels shunted in, suggesting good possibilities for variations of circulation. There is a pronounced apical simplification of the vascular pattern probably more than corresponding to the decreasing volume of the turns. The blood supply of the scala vestibuli is mainly arterial; that of the scala media is capillary or by-pass, and that of the scala tympani is venous. The vessel of the basilar membrane shows great variations among species, from presence in all turns to complete non-existence. Its importance and size is greater during embryonic life.

Mechanisms of atherogenesis: Endothelial hypoxia proposed as the major initiator

The major atherosclerosis risk factors hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cigarette smoking are examined along with blood vessel anatomy, hemodynamics, histopathology and known experimental results. A common factor of blood vessel hypoxia, specifically endothelial and intimal hypoxia, is shown to exist. Arguments are presented suggesting endothelial hypoxia as the commonest initiating event for atherosclerosis. Cholesterol appears to be a secondary and opportunistic villain. Explanations are given for the lack of increased atherosclerosis risk in familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type I hyperlipoproteinemia) and for the increased incidence and severity of atherosclerosis in the human abdominal aorta in comparison with the thoracic aorta. It is suggested that effective prevention of atherosclerosis can be accomplished by lowering blood pressure and blood glucose, among others, even though these may be within acceptable normal limits. Suggestions are given for experiments to test the hypothesis of hypoxia being the major initiating factor in atherosclerosis.

Multiplane magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and major vessels: studies in normal volunteers.

The feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging for defining anatomy of internal cardiac structures and major blood vessels was assessed in 14 normal subjects. Both electrocardiogram-gated and standard spin-echo images were obtained. The R-R interval determined the pulse repetition times in gated sequences. Gated images provided better visualization of internal cardiac morphology and of upper mediastinal vessels than did nongated images. Trabecular detail and components of the mitral valve could be resolved. All segments of the left ventricular wall could be evaluated by combining axial, coronal, and sagittal images. Gated acquisition of magnetic resonance images did not increase imaging time; five transverse slices of the left ventricle were obtained in 6.0-8.5 min. The good image quality, ease of gated acquisition, large field of view, capability of direct imaging in multiple planes, and noninvasiveness of the technique suggest that it will be an important imaging method in cardiovascular disease.

Brain metabolic responses to ischemia in the mongolian gerbil: in vivo and freeze trapped redox scanning

The interrelation between the metabolic responses to ischemia and seizure propensity was studied in two groups of seizure prone (SP) and non-seizure prone (NSP) gerbils. The metabolic state was evaluated in vivo using the light guide surface fluorometry as well as in the frozen brain scanned at liquid N2 temperature for Fp/PN ratio after monitoring the brain in vivo. The results could be summarized as follows. (1) Unilateral carotid artery occlusion led to partial ischemia in the ipsilateral hemisphere while the contralateral hemisphere remained normoxic. (2) Animal variability in the degree of the ischemia insult due to unilateral occlusion was not side dependent or in correlation with seizure propensity. (3) Significant correlation was found between the NADH increase during ischemia and the redox state measurements done in the same brain after funnel freezing with liquid nitrogen. (4) In a large number of the gerbils (not depending on the origin or strain) a peculiar inter-hemispheric blood supply connection was found. A narrow band (1 mm in width) of tissue near the midline obtained its blood via the same vessels supplying the contralateral hemisphere. (5) We did not find any correlation between blood vessel anatomy to the brain and seizure propensity.

Evaluation of the lower extremities.

AbstractThe Octoson, an automated, water‐delay ultrasonic scanner, that provides excellent demonstration of the normal anatomy of subcutaneous tissues, muscles, and blood vessels, was used to evaluate the lower extremities of 25 patients. A variety of pathologic conditions were demonstrated, including popliteal cysts, hematomas, an abscess, and an aneurysm.

Tumors of the parapharyngeal space.

A variety of tumors of the parapharyngeal space were operated upon during one training year at the Pack Medical Foundation, New York. These tumors characteristically present as a mass of the upper neck, behind the angle of the mandible and/or as a lateral pharyngeal mass bulging medially. Surgeons who operate in the parapharyngeal space must be thoroughly familiar with the complex anatomy of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles in this area and possess a thorough knowledge of the variety of tumors in this region of the head and neck.

Thromboembolic complications of pregnancy and oral contraceptives

Thromboembolic disease in young women is discussed emphasizing: 1) the natural history of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium; 2) clinical and epidemiologic disease; 3) changes in the coagulation system that occur with pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives; and 4) possible relations between observed coagulation abnormalities and the development of thrombosis. Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary emboli are the most common thromboembolic problems seen in pregnant women. Although it is commonly thought that the incidence of thrombophlegitis increases during pregnancy several large studies have failed to confirm this. However it has been calculated that the risk of developing phlebitis increases 49 times during the first month after delivery. Retrospective case- control studies review of trends in mortality statistics reports of adverse reactions and prospective trials have been used to try to link oral contraceptives and thromboembolism. The retrospective studies can only document an association between the 2 phenomena and do not prove a casual relationship. Adverse-reaction reporting often grossly underestimates the incidence of a given reaction. Some well-designed prospective studies are now in progress. Changes in blood vessel anatomy have been suggested as a possible cause of thrombosis. Changes have been described in coagulation parameters blood rheology and vessel anatomy in patients taking oral contraceptives. It is noted that considering the large number of women who use oral contraceptives serious adverse reactions are infrequent and the pill is a safe effective means of birth control.

Anatomy of foetal blood vessels on the chorial surface of the human placenta

Anatomy of foetal blood vessels on the chorial surface of the human placenta

Quantitative Techniques for Study of the Anatomy and Function of Small Blood Vessels in Tumors

Quantitative Techniques for Study of the Anatomy and Function of Small Blood Vessels in Tumors

ReviewDiagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disorders. Ed. by SamuelsSaul S., pp. x + 662, 367 illus., 1956 (London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox), 128s.

There are seventeen contributors to this book which deals with all aspects of peripheral vascular disorders. Amongst it chapters are also included sections on the anatomy of peripheral blood vessels and the physiology of the peripheral circulation.