Anatomical Study Research Articles

Primula auriculata Lam. Türünün Vejetatif Organlarının Anatomik Özellikleri

The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical characteristics of Primula auriculata, known as 'felçotu'. Anatomical studies were carried out on vegetative organs fixed in 70% alcohol. Sections were stained with a mixture of Safranin/fast green (1/9). The plant has a primary root structure. The root has prominent endodermis and pericycle layers. The stem is rhizome shaped. The vascular bundles are ring-shaped in the center of the rhizome. The leaf is dorsiventral and amphistomatic. There are idioblast cells in all investigated structures of the species. The stomatal index is 14.2 on the upper surface of the leaf and 18.4 on the lower surface.

Variations of the trapezius branch of the accessory nerve: an anatomic study

Although modified radical neck dissections have increased in popularity to reduce morbidity secondary to intraoperative accessory nerve damage, inadvertent injury still often occurs. As this phenomenon is thought to be due to anatomic variation in the trapezius branch of the accessory nerve, it is imperative to better understand the nuances of these anatomic variations to better inform surgical decision-making. A total of 24 accessory nerves were dissected, exposed, and traced in 15 cadavers. Three aspects of the accessory nerve were identified and recorded: the course of the trapezius branch in relation to the sternocleidomastoid, the number of trapezius branches at muscle insertion, and the number of cervical rootlet contributions. Four different anatomic patterns for the trapezius branch were identified, with the most common being where the trapezius branch separates from the main accessory nerve just medial to the sternocleidomastoid and courses deep to the sternocleidomastoid (58.3%). Most (75%) trapezius branches entered the muscle as a single nerve, whereas some (21%) were inserted as two separate nerves. The number of cervical rootlet contributions for each trapezius branch varied from zero to three. Bilateral anatomic variations were also noted. Even when the accessory nerve and its branches are thought to be spared during neck dissection, patients may postoperatively present with different degrees of accessory nerve damage. There may be unrecognized anatomic pathways that the nerve takes that may confer a higher risk of unintentional damage, especially those that have greater exposure within the anterior triangle unprotected by the sternocleidomastoid.

Natural history of visceral branch artery dissections and the influence of concurrent aortic dissection on overall and intervention-free survival

ObjectiveVisceral branch artery dissection (VBAD) is uncommon and may occur with or without an associated aortic dissection (AD). We hypothesized that isolated VBAD would have a more benign clinical course than those with concurrent AD and compared survival outcomes stratified based on aortic involvement. MethodsVBAD over a 5-year period were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes. Data related to patient demographics, comorbid conditions, clinical presentation, management (including procedural interventions), and survival were obtained from medical records. Anatomic imaging studies were reviewed to characterize anatomy, including the presence or absence of concurrent AD. Overall survival and intervention-free survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. ResultsA total of 299 VBAD were identified, 174 of which were isolated VBAD and 125 were associated with concurrent AD. Seventy-one percent of patients were men, 77% were White, and 85% were non-Hispanic. The mean age was 61.1 ± 14.4 years. The mean follow-up was 53.2 ± 50.0 months. The estimated overall survival was 88.2% and the estimated overall intervention-free survival was 55.6% at 12 months. Isolated VBAD had better overall survival than those with concurrent AD (69.2% vs 32.4%; P < .001). Concurrent AD was also associated with inferior intervention-free survival (57.5% vs 7.3%; P < .001). Acute presentation was associated with decreased intervention-free survival (86.1% vs 13.4%; P < .001). Acute presentation was also associated with decreased overall survival in patients with isolated VBAD (60.8% vs 80.0% at 180 months; P < .001) and inferior intervention-free survival (48.4% vs 69.5% at 180 months; P < .001) in the subgroup of patients with isolated VBAD. Multivariable Cox models identified that age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05, standard deviation [SD]: 0.02; P = .001) was associated with inferior survival and renal dissections (HR: 3.08, SD: 0.99; P = .001) or mesenteric and renal dissections (HR: 3.39, SD: 1.44; P = .004) were associated with inferior intervention-free survival. ConclusionsIsolated VBAD has superior overall and intervention-free survival to those associated with concurrent AD. The absence vs presence of aortic involvement is useful for risk stratification and may support tailored approaches to the frequency of imaging surveillance.

Anatomical and Three-Dimensional Study of the Female Feline Abdominal and Pelvic Vascular System Using Dissections, Computed Tomography Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography.

This study describes the anatomical characteristics of the abdominal and pelvic vascular system of two healthy mature female cats via three-dimensional contrast enhanced computed tomography angiography, non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional printing. Volume-rendering computed tomography angiography images were acquired from the ventral aspect using RadiAnt, Amira and OsiriX MD Dicom three-dimensional formats, and three-dimensional printing was obtained and compared with the corresponding computed tomography angiography images. Non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography was made using the time-of-flight imaging in ventral, oblique and lateral views. In addition, three cadavers with colored latex injection were dissected to facilitate the identification of the vascular structures. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography showed the main vascular structures, whereas with the time-of-flight blood appeared with a high signal intensity compared with associated abdominal and pelvic tissues. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography images and time-of-flight sequences provided adequate anatomical details of the main arteries and veins that could be used for future feline anatomical and clinical vascular studies of the abdomen and pelvis.

Bone histology supports gregarious behavior and an early ontogenetic stage to Decuriasuchus quartacolonia (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) from the Middle-Late Triassic of Brazil.

Decuriasuchus quartacolonia is a middle-sized basal "rauisuchian" (Pseudosuchia, Loricata) from the Triassic beds of Brazil, whose original description was based on 10 specimens of equivalent size found in aggregation. In this contribution, we explorethe osteohistology of its appendicular bones and a rib, aiming to infer growth patterns and ontogeny. In all analyzed bones (except in the rib) from three individuals, we found fibrolamellar bone (FLB) throughout the cortices, a pattern shared with other histologically sampled basal loricatans. We found evidence that suggests an early ontogenetic stage for all studied specimens: absence of secondary osteons, lack of transition from an inner highly vascularized FLB matrix to a poor vascularized parallel-fibred bone, one line of arrested growth, open vascular canals in the external surface of the cortex and absence of an external fundamental system. In addition, we observed that the neurocentral sutures in the caudal to cervical vertebrae of the holotype are unfused, strongly suggesting that these individuals were not skeletally mature, as had been previously assumed. In addition, our data support the prior hypothesis that Decuriasuchus is the oldest-known archosaur to show evidence of gregarious behavior and adds a probable cause of this as a strategy to obtain food and avoid predation until becoming independent as adults. Furthermore, our results open the possibility that Decuriasuchus may represent an earlier growth stage of the larger Prestosuchus chiniquensis, with two specimens recovered from the same stratigraphic level and paleontological site. Since the adult form of Decuriasuchus remains unknown, a deeper anatomical study is needed to discuss the validity of the species. This study case exemplifies the importance of paleohistology as an essential complementary tool to describe a new morphospecies in vertebrate paleontology.

Modified Ultrasound-Guided Dorsal Quadratus Lumborum Block in Cat Cadavers.

The quadratus lumborum (QL) block is an ultrasound-guided locoregional anesthesia technique which aims to provide analgesia to the abdomen. The main objective of this study was to assess a modified ultrasound-guided dorsal QL block in cat cadavers. For this purpose, a volume of 0.4 mL kg-1 of a mixture of iopromide and methylene blue was administered between the psoas minor muscle and the vertebral body (VB) of the first lumbar vertebra, and its distribution was assessed in thirteen cat cadavers. We hypothesized that this injection point would be feasible, offering a more cranial distribution of the injectate and a more consistent staining of the truncus sympathicus. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of an anatomical study (three cadavers were dissected). Phase 2 consisted of the ultrasound-guided administration of the injectate and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection. The results showed a consistent distribution of contrast media within five (4-8) VBs from T10 to L5. Methylene blue stained three (2-6) rami ventrales, affecting T11 (10%), T12 (20%), T13 (60%), L1 (85%), L2 (95%) and L3 (65%). The truncus sympathicus was dyed in all cadavers with a spread of five (3-7) VBs. Finally, the splanchnicus major nerve was stained in all cadavers (100%). These results suggest that this technique could provide analgesia to the abdominal viscera and the abdominal wall, probably with the exception of the cranial aspects of the abdominal wall.

Identification of MeC3HDZ1/MeCNA as a potential regulator of cassava storage root development

The storage root (SR) of cassava is the main staple food in sub-Saharan Africa, where it feeds over 500 million people. However, little is known about the genetic and molecular regulation underlying its development. Unraveling such regulation would pave the way for biotechnology approaches aimed at enhancing cassava productivity. Anatomical studies indicate that SR development relies on the massive accumulation of xylem parenchyma, a cell-type derived from the vascular cambium. The C3HDZ family of transcription factors regulate cambial cells proliferation and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis and other species. We thus aimed at identifying C3HDZ proteins in cassava and determining whether any of them shows preferential activity in the SR cambium and/or xylem. Using phylogeny and synteny studies, we identified eight C3HDZ proteins in cassava, namely MeCH3DZ1–8. We observed that MeC3HDZ1 is the MeC3HDZ gene displaying the highest expression in SR and that, within that organ, the gene also shows high expression in cambium and xylem. In-silico analyses revealed the existence of a number of potential C3HDZ targets displaying significant preferential expression in the SR. Subsequent Y1H analyses proved that MeC3HDZ1 can bind canonical C3HDZ binding sites, present in the promoters of these targets. Transactivation assays demonstrated that MeC3HDZ1 can regulate the expression of genes downstream of promoters harboring such binding sites, thereby demonstrating that MeC3HDZ1 has C3HDZ transcription factor activity. We conclude that MeC3HDZ1 may be a key factor for the regulation of storage root development in cassava, holding thus great promise for future biotechnology applications.

Surgical Feasibility Study on Cadaver for Vascularized Wrist Joint Transplantation

Despite modern advancements in the treatment of late stages of wrist joint degeneration, few reliable options exist for patients requiring motion-preserving reconstruction of their radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) could be considered an option for wrist reconstruction in the future. The goal of this study was to describe the relevant anatomy and design a potential surgical technique for wrist VCA. Anatomic studies were performed on 17 human upper extremities. The arterial system of each cadaver was injected with latex dye or radiographic contrast. After injecting a contrast medium visible on a computerized tomography (CT) scan, the initial three specimens were examined using microCT. This confirmed joint vascular patency and allowed for the dissection of the other specimens that were injected with latex for the study of joint vascularization and the design of the wrist VCA. We then outlined a donor and recipient surgical technique for transplant based on recipient CT scans. Customized cutting guides were designed for the transplant procedure. After the procedure, we performed angiography of the VCA to determine the vascularity of the transplant. Using a combined volar and dorsal approach, we were able to perform a complete wrist VCA procedure. After the completed transplant procedure, angiographic imaging of the specimens demonstrated that the flap dissection and transplantation preserved the nutrient endosteal supply to the distal end of the radius and ulna, as well as to the carpal bones and the metacarpal bases. The dissection of the donor, recipient, and the entire vascularized joint transplant procedure served to illustrate the anatomical feasibility of the cadaveric surgical technique. This establishes an anatomic basis for the possibility of future human clinical applications. This study helps investigate the anatomical feasibility of a wrist VCA.

A review of Bone Preparation Techniques for Anatomical Studies

The scope of modern anatomy has become very wide because it is now studied by all possible techniques which can enlarge the boundaries of the anatomical knowledge. So, bones are essential part of anatomy teaching curriculum and are unsurpassed in the ability to provide three dimensional instruction in Osteology as well as understanding the sites of soft tissue insertion and the course of neurovascular structures in a region. Many techniques have been employed over the years for preparation of bones. These methods include the use of insects, chemicals and enzymes. Bone preparation involves soft tissue removal, maceration, bleaching and labelling of the bones. The present study conducted with the aim of evaluating the least time-consuming and effective method of bone preparation from embalmed and wet specimens.

An anatomical study of the sigmoid sinus artery: Application to the transmastoid approach

An anatomical study of the sigmoid sinus artery: Application to the transmastoid approach

Anatomical Study of the Application of a Galeo-Pericranial Flap in Oral Cavity Defects Reconstruction.

Oral cavity defects occur after resection of lesions limited to the mucosa, alveolar gum, or minimally affecting the bone. Aiming at esthetical and functional improvements of intraoral reconstruction, the possibility of harvesting a new galeo-pericranial free flap was explored. The objective of this study was to assess the technical feasibility of flap harvesting through anatomical dissections and surgical procedure simulations. Ten head and neck specimens were dissected to simulate the surgical technique and evaluate the vascular calibers of temporal and cervical vessels. The procedure was therefore reproduced on a revascularized and ventilated donor cadaver. Anatomical dissections demonstrated that the mean cervical vascular calibers are compatible with superficial temporal ones, proving to be adequate for anastomosis. Perforating branches of the superficial temporal vascularization nourishing the pericranium were identified in all specimens. In conclusion, blood flow presence was recorded after anastomosing superficial temporal and facial vessels in the revascularized donor cadaver, demonstrating both this procedure's technical feasibility and the potential revascularization of the flap and therefore encouraging its potential in vivo application.

Transcription factor support for the dual embryological origin of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

The embryological origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles has been debated for over a century. To shed light on this issue, the present anatomical study was performed. Five fresh frozen human cadavers, three males and two females, were used for this study. Samples from each specimen's trapezius and sternocleidomastoid were fixed in 10% formalin and placed in paraffin blocks. As Paired like homeodomain 2 (Pitx2) and T-box factor 1(Tbx1) have been implicated in the region and muscle type regulation, we performed Tbx1 and Pitx2 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on these muscle tissue samples to identify the origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. We have used the latest version of QuPath, v0.4.3, software to quantify the Tbx and Pitx2 staining. For the sternocleidomastoid muscle, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 was 25% (range 16%-30%) and 18% (range 12%-23%), respectively. For the trapezius muscles, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 parts of the samples was 17% (range 15%-20%) and 15% (14%-17%), respectively. Our anatomical findings suggest dual origins of both the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Additionally, as neither Pitx2 nor Tbx1 made up all the staining observed for each muscle, other contributions to these structures are likely. Future studies with larger samples are now necessary to confirm these findings.

Localization of Central Breast Lymphatics and Predefined Separation of Lobes along the Horizontal Septum

Background: The predictable localization of the neurovascular supply along the ligamentous suspension, composed of the horizontal septum, vertical ligaments, and superficial fascia, has increased safety in breast reduction. Lymphatic drainage of the breast has always been described as running close to vascular supply. However, the correlation between the lymphatic course and ligamentous suspension has not yet been considered. This study aimed to visualize the relationship, direction of lymphatic flow, and predefined separation of lobes along the horizontal septum. Methods: To investigate central drainage, methylene blue was injected subareolarly in five breasts of female cadavers before blunt preparation of the horizontal septum in anatomical studies. To visualize central and peripheral drainage, lymphographin was injected into one of the three different sites in 14 breasts; the dynamic flow of drainage was observed during subsequent septum-based breast reductions in clinical settings. Results: In all anatomical studies, a predefined section of the glandular layers allowed access to central clearance along the stained horizontal septum. Clinical investigations similarly showed clearance along the corresponding part of the ligamentous suspension, most reliably along the horizontal septum. The affected quadrant of the breast, its relation to the nipple-areola complex, and the anterior-posterior axis toward the thoracic wall mainly determine the direction of lymphatic flow. Interconnections along the ligaments may explain the unpredictability of final clearance directions. Conclusions: This study shows the horizontal septum as a guiding structure for central mammary drainage. This may encourage a septum-based approach for refinement of procedures such as oncoplastic, irradiation, and lymphedema treatments.

Application Value of Sevoflurane Combined with Brachial Plexus Block in Children with Humeral Fracture Surgery and its Effect on Hemodynamics: A Clinical and Anatomical Study

Application Value of Sevoflurane Combined with Brachial Plexus Block in Children with Humeral Fracture Surgery and its Effect on Hemodynamics: A Clinical and Anatomical Study

Rootstock Breeding and Rootstock-Scion Interaction in Prunus Species

Temperate climate fruit species are important fruit groups both in the world and in Turkey. Most of these fruit species because cannot be propagated by seeds due to the long generation period are propagated by grafting. Rootstocks affect many factors in cultivars such as growth vigor, yield and quality, and maturation time. Thanks to the rootstocks selected in grafting, resistance to soil-borne diseases and pests and resistance to abiotic stress conditions can be achieved. Ideal rootstocks should show compatibility very well with the varieties they are grafted on. Graft incompatibility is a major problem in rootstock breeding studies. The reasons for graft incompatibility have not been fully explained. Although anatomical studies on graft incompatibility give important opinions, there are many studies proving that biochemical analyzes also provide important results.

Anatomical and histological study of the kidney of the one-humped camel

Anatomical and histological study of the kidney of the one-humped camel

Comparative Anatomical Studies of Leaves of C. sinensis Lam. as a New Record and C. myxa L., Endemic Species (Boraginaceae) from Basrah, Iraq

In this paper, the anatomical characteristics of Cordia myxa and C. sinensis leaves was studied in Basrah in Iraq using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C. myxa is a cultivated endemic species while C. sinensis is a wild species recorded for the first time in Iraq. Transverse sections for leaves show uniseriate Layer in upper and lower epidermis. The mesophyll was unifacial and the midrib have many vascular bundles and the dimensions of these characteristics vary between both species. In C. sinensis, stomata and unicellular hairs were distributed in both upper and lower epidermis, while in C. myxa, they were distributed in the lower epidermis only. Epidermis has two types of stomata: Anomocytic and Hemiparacytic.

Anatomic pattern of perforator arteries from proper digital arteries in human triphalangeal digits

IntroductionThe localization of the perforator artery for the performance of digital artery perforator (DAP) flaps poses a challenge. This study aims to describe the anatomical pattern of the perforator arteries originating from the proper digital artery in fresh cadaveric triphalangeal digits and to use this pattern as a point of reference for performing these flaps. Material and methodWe performed a descriptive anatomical study on 28 fresh cadaveric hands (14 male, 14 female; 10 right hands, 18 left hands) after injecting the arterial system with latex. Digital photographs were taken of each specimen after dissection and the number of perforator arteries in each finger (second to fifth), phalanx (proximal, middle and distal) and finger side (radial or ulnar) were obtained by analysis in Adobe Photoshop CS6. ResultsWe obtained statistically significant results when comparing the means of the number of perforator arteries between fingers, phalanx, finger side, gender and laterality. When analyzing the number of perforator arteries in each phalanx third in each finger, we found that more than 75% of specimens had at least one perforator artery in the two distal thirds of the proximal phalanx and the three-thirds of the middle phalanx and more than 50% had at least one in the proximal third of the distal phalanx. ConclusionsWe present a homogeneous perforator artery anatomic pattern, by finger, phalanx, finger side, gender and laterality, consisting of a high density of perforator arteries in the distal proximal phalanx region, throughout the middle phalanx and in the proximal distal phalanx region, which would be the areas of greatest certainty to help predict the favorable evolution of a digital artery perforator flap in the fingers.

Measurement Analysis and Clinical Research of Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum and Lamina

Objective: To measure and analyze adult lumbar ligamentum flavum and lamina on imaging and cadaver specimens and study their clinical significance. Methods: Through lumbar spine MRI, CT imaging research and analysis and anatomical study of cadaveric upper lumbar spine, it was found that the lumbar lamina in the sagittal position is not a flat plate, but consists of a straight upper half and a backward curved lower half. Therefore, we proposed the concept of dividing the lamina into two parts: the "lamina body" which is straight above and the "lamina wing" which is curved below. There is a certain angle between the two parts, and the acute angle between them is called It is the "body wing angle". Therefore, we selected 30 elderly patients who underwent lumbar spine MRI and CT examinations in our hospital from March 2020 to December 2022 during the same period to conduct a measurement study of the ligamentum flavum and lamina on imaging, including 13 males and 17 females. Age 60 to 78 years old (67.2±5.5 years old), height 149 to 175cm (162±6.7cm), a total of 137 valid vertebral bodies were obtained for measurement. Because the lamina is displayed more clearly on CT, the lamina was measured. CT images were used for measurement, and the course and distribution of the ligamentum flavum were evaluated using MRI. Divide one side of the lamina into 3 equal parts, measure the length of the lamina body and lamina wings at the inner and outer 1/3 respectively, and take the average value; During the same period, anatomical measurements of the solid ligamentum flavum and lamina were performed on the lumbar vertebrae of 5 elderly cadavers (the specific age and height were unknown), with a total of 25 vertebral bodies. The lamina on one side was divided into 3 equal parts using the same method, and the inner and outer 1 were measured respectively. /3 The length of the lamina body, lamina wing, and body wing angle are averaged; the origin, end, and course of the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar vertebra are dissected to clarify its distribution characteristics. In order to analyze the clinical causes of secondary hypertrophy and wrinkles of the adjacent ligamentum flavum, determine the scope of laminectomy during posterior lumbar decompression and the protective measures for the adjacent ligamentum flavum. Results: The autopsy results showed that the ligamentum flavum was discontinuous, the ventral surface of the body of the lamina was straight and smooth, and there was no distribution of ligamentum flavum. The medial surface of the wings of the lamina was rough, and the ligamentum flavum was fan-shaped and widely started from the entire lamina. The ventral surface of the wings gradually thins downwards and ends above the lower lamina, with limited distribution of insertion points. The average length of the lamina body, the inner and outer 1/3 of the lamina wings and the body wing angle on the L1-L5 CT sagittal view: L1 lamina body 9.45±2.84 mm, lamina wing 9.92 ±2.65mm, body wing angle 26.2±4.3°; L2 lamina body 9.01±2.45 mm, lamina wing 10.63±2.87 mm, body wing angle 28.3±5.6°; L3 lamina body 8.56±2.62mm, lamina wing 12.32 ±3.25mm, body wing angle 30.4±6.8°; L4 lamina body 8.02±2.33mm, lamina wing 14.67±3.62mm, body wing angle 33.6±5.2°; L5 lamina body 7.06±2.62 mm, lamina wing 15.32±3.24 mm, body wing angle 32.4±6.9°. Autopsy lamina measurement results (average of inner and outer 1/3): L1 lamina body 13.08±1.58mm, lamina wings 18.86±1.72mm, body wing angle 21.05±2.96°; L2 lamina body 12.84±1.74mm, lamina wing 21.93±2.06mm, body wing angle 19.25±2.86°; L3 lamina body 12.29±1.47mm, lamina wing 20.44±1.6mm, body wing angle 27.25±3.74°; L4 lamina body 11.55±1.47mm, the lamina wing is 23.28±1.7mm, the body wing angle is 29.4±2.11°; the L5 lamina body is 12.75±1.76mm, the lamina wing is 20.91±2.01mm, and the body wing angle is 30±3.03°. The length of the lamina wing is greater than the length of the lamina body, and there is an acute angle between them. Although there are differences in data between the two sets of imaging and autopsy results, the length on imaging is smaller than the measurement results on autopsy, which is considered to be related to the fact that some tissues are not visualized on imaging. Conclusion: The lamina is divided into a straight lamina body and a posteriorly curved lamina wing; the lumbar ligamentum flavum is intermittent, starting from the ventral side of the lamina wing, starting from a wide, fan-shaped distribution, and ending at the upper part of the lamina body, the insertion point is limited; the integrity of the start and end points of the ligamentum flavum can effectively maintain the tension of the ligamentum flavum. During posterior lumbar laminectomy and decompression, the upper laminectomy range is too large to destroy the insertion point of the upper ligamentum flavum, causing the ligamentum flavum to return upward. Shrinkage, wrinkles, and hypertrophy are hidden on the ventral side of the lamina wing. The rear lamina wing is bonyly restricted, causing the ligamentum flavum to protrude forward into the spinal canal, causing spinal canal stenosis in adjacent segments, which is the main cause of recurrence of spinal canal stenosis after surgery. Standardizing the scope of laminectomy during surgery and retaining the insertion point of the ligamentum flavum in the upper half of the lamina, that is, the body of the lamina, is the main strategy to reduce postoperative secondary spinal stenosis.

Anterior transposition of the radial nerve to achieve primary suture for its reconstruction: Anatomical feasibility study

IntroductionRadial nerve palsy after humeral shaft fractures is often associated with formation of a neuroma in continuity. The current standard of treatment is neuroma resection and nerve grafting with contentious results. Anterior transposition of the radial nerve may reduce the length of its path, allowing reconstruction by primary suture. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum length of radial nerve defect that can be treated by the anterior transposition to allow primary suture to be performed. MethodsWe use 10 arms from five fresh cadavers. The radial nerve was dissected in the lateral inter-muscular septum and along the anterior aspect of the forearm. The radial nerve was transected at the level of the spiral groove and both stumps were than transposed anterior to the medial inter-muscular septum. The length of tension-free overlap that could be achieved was measured. ResultsThe average length of the overlap at zero degrees of elbow flexion was 10.00 ± 1.84 mm. Theoretically, this will allow a defect of 20 ± 3.69 mm SD to be treated by primary suture. ConclusionOur results suggest that anterior transposition can be used for radial nerve defects up to 2 cm; however, dissection of both stumps proved to be challenging.