Anatomical Damage Research Articles

Spectral shift supported epichlorohydrin toxicity and the protective role of sage.

In this study, the toxicity of epichlorohydrin, a chemical intermediate, was investigated by using Allium cepa L. test material as a bio-indicator. In addition, the protective role of sage leaf extract (Slex) against this toxicity was investigated. Toxicity was handled with the help of physiological (germination percentage, root elongation, and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index = MI, micronucleus = MN, and chromosomal abnormalities = CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde = MDA, superoxide dismutase = SOD, and catalase = CAT), and anatomical (root meristem cell damages) parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups (1 control, 5 applications). The bulbs in the control group were treated with tap water, and the bulbs in the application group were treated with epichlorohydrin at a dose of 100 mg/L and Slex at two different doses (190 mg/L and 380 mg/L) and germinated. Germination process was continued uninterruptedly for 72 h in all groups. At the end of the period, physiological parameter measurements were carried out in the bulbs. In addition, root tips were collected and made ready for cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical measurements and microscopic observations. As a result, exposure to epichlorohydrin caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in germination percentage, root length, weight gain, and MI, and statistically significant (p<0.05) increases in MN frequency, CA numbers, MDA level, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities. Epichlorohydrin exposure induced CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, reverse polarization, and disordered mitosis in root meristem cells. The toxicity of epichlorohydrin was due to its interaction with DNA, and this interaction was confirmed by the spectral shift in the DNA spectrum. In addition, epichlorohydrin caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, thickening of the cortex cell wall, and flattened cell nuclei in root meristem cells. The application of Slex together with epichlorohydrin decreased the toxicity of epichlorohydrin and again caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all the parameters examined. In other words, germination percentage, root length, weight gain, and MI increased again and MN frequency, CAs numbers, MDA level, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities decreased. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 380 mg/L dose of Slex. As a result, it was determined that epichlorohydrin caused multiple-toxicity for the investigated indicator organism, and Slex had a reducing role in this toxicity. For this reason, Slex should be included in the daily diet as an antioxidant beverage in order to protect from the toxicity of chemical agents exposed in daily life or to reduce their effects.

Mechanical Cardiac Support With an Implantable Direct Cardiac Compression Device: Proof of Concept

PurposeWe examined the hemodynamic effects of a new, implantable, direct cardiac assist device in an ovine heart failure model. DescriptionThe device, which encompasses both left and right ventricles, is inserted through the pericardial apex and self-expands to encompass the heart without suturing. The intact pericardium anchors the device in place. The device has 2 concentric chamber layers: an internal chamber layer filled with fluid to conform to the heart and an external chamber layer filled with air that provides external compression and negative pressure to aid relaxation. EvaluationThe device was implanted in 7 sheep with heart failure induced by microsphere embolization. Cardiac performance was assessed for 6 to 8 hours. The cardiac assist device provided cardiac systolic and diastolic assistance, as shown by pressure tracings of the left ventricle and aorta, pulmonary artery flow, and +dP/dt. Central venous pressure decreased during cardiac assistance. No anatomic damage was noted postmortem. ConclusionsSystolic and diastolic cardiac assistance can be achieved with this device that compresses and relaxes in synchrony with the native cardiac cycle.

Chest computed tomography improvement in patients with cystic fibrosis treated with elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor: Early report

Rationale and ObjectivesCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have revolutionised the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). Chest computed tomography (CT) is key in the diagnosis and follow-up of anatomical damage to the lungs. Our study aimed to evaluate changes on lung CT scans of patients with CF after receiving elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) therapy for one year. Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, observational, single-centre study between 2018 and 2021 on adult patients with CF administered ETI. We reviewed chest CT scans before and at least one year after starting ETI. The Brody-II score (BSII) was measured by two experienced radiologists who were blinded to the treatment. Paranasal sinus CT scans and clinical and functional data were also compared. Wilcoxon tests were used to compare differences, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and total BSII. ResultsIn the period, 63 patients were given ETI, and 12 met the criteria for analysis. The inter-observer reproducibility of BSII was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.91). The BSII decreased after one year of treatment (−18 ± 16, p = 0.002) due to lower mucous plugging (−7 ± 4, p < 0.001) and peribronchial thickening (−9 ± 10, p = 0.002) scores. Bronchial, parenchymal, and hyperinflation scores were unchanged. Clinical and functional parameters were significantly improved, except for total lung capacity. The correlation between ΔFEV1 and Δtotal BSII was strong (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). The paranasal sinus CT score significantly improved with ETI treatment. ConclusionsETI decreased pulmonary and sinus morphological abnormalities after one year of treatment.

Defining urge as an uncontrolled micturition explains pathogenesis, informs cure and helps solve the burgeoning OAB crisis.

BackgroundParallel with the demographic ageing crisis, is a disabling overactive bladder (OAB) crisis (urgency/frequency/nocturia), 30% prevalence in older women, pathogenesis stated as unknown and, according to some learned societies, incurable.Hypothesis/AimsTo review International Continence Society and Integral System paradigms to test our thesis that OAB per se is not a pathological condition, rather, a prematurely activated uncontrolled micturition; pathogenesis being anatomical damage in a nonlinear feedback control system comprising cortical and peripheral (muscle/ligament) components.MethodsWe examined studies from basic science, anatomy, urodynamics, ultrasonic and video xrays, ligament repairs, from which we created a nonlinear binary model of bladder function. We applied a Chaos Theory feedback equation, Xnext = Xc(1 − X) to test our hypothesis against existing concepts and hypotheses for OAB pathogenesis.ResultsThe bladder has ONLY two modes, EITHER closed OR open (micturition). Closure is reflexly controlled cortically and peripherally: muscles contracting against ligaments stretch the vagina to suppress afferent signals to micturate from urothelial stretch receptors. “OAB” can be caused by anatomical damage anywhere in the model, by childbirth or age‐weakened ligaments, which can be repaired to cure all three OAB symptoms. Urodynamic “DO” graphs are interpreted anatomically and by the feedback equation.ConclusionOAB is in crisis. Our thesis of OAB as an uncontrolled micturition from anatomical defects in the bladder control system provides fresh directions for further development of new treatments, nonsurgical and surgical, to help break the crisis and bring hope and cure to 600 million women sufferers.

ANATOMICAL ELUCIDATION OF DAMAGE INDUCED BY Tetranychus neocaledonicus ANDRE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) ON CASSAVA LEAVES

Ultra-structural elucidation of feeding injury inflicted by the vegetable mite, Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre on the leaves of cassava was done following TEM technique to elucidate anatomical damage and for a detailed investigation into the fine structural changes to Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves following spider mite feeding. The gravity of injury caused to the host leaves was found to increase proportionately with the progressive feeding of the vegetable mites. Leaves with high infestation had marked reduction in thickness following disruption of epidermis and reduction of palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues. Further, there was decline in numerical abundance of cells and organelles like chloroplasts, coagulated protoplasts, structural aberrations at the cellular level, increased space in the mesophyll layers, extensive disruption of the palisade coupled with damage to adjacent cells that were not directly attacked by the mites.

Relationship of plasma ST2 level with anatomical features of coronary artery lesion in patients with NSTEMI

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Objective Relationship determining of ST2 plasma level and comparing it in patients with NSTEMI, determining of ST2 plasma level gradations. Methods We studied 90 patients with NSTEMI aged of 35 to 79 years (mean 60.7 ± 0.8, median - 61, interquartile range 54 and 69). Plasma ST2 level was determined and analyzed in the NSTEMI group of patients, the gradations of the stimulating growth factor level (ST2) and the correlation with the character of coronary artery lesions were highlighted. The degree of damage to the coronary arteries was determined by the SYNTAX score. All of research corresponding to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association. Results Using the variational statistics method, the ST2 level gradations group were selected. Thus, the relatively low level (RL) corresponded to less than 25, and the relatively high (RH) level of ST2 to more than 75 persons in the group, respectively. For patients in the main group, these levels were &amp;lt; 26 and &amp;gt; 56 ng / ml, respectively. Instead, the relatively moderate (or intermediate) ST2 level (RM) for these patients was 26-56 ng/ml (Fig. 1). Analysis of the anatomical damage of the coronary arteries showed a reliable relationship of a relatively high level of ST2 with atherosclerotic lesion of the left coronary artery (LCA) trunk, while a relatively moderate level of ST2 was determined in the case of lesions of the circumlex branch (CB) of LCA (Fig. 2). The highest degree of coronary artery stenosis was determined in patients with relatively high ST2 levels, while relatively low ST2 levels were observed in the absence of hemodynamically significant stenosis (Fig. 2). Conclusion 1. There are 3 groups of levels of stimulating growth factor in patients with NSTEMI: relatively low level (&amp;lt;26 ng / ml), relatively moderate level (26-56 ng / ml), relatively high level (&amp;gt; 56 ng / ml). 2. A relatively high level of ST2 was observed in the lesion of the LСA trunk, while a relatively moderate level of ST2 was determined in the case of the CB LCA lesion. 3. The level of ST2 with high probability allows to predict the severity and character of the lesion of the coronary arteries.

Anatomical changes of Ipomoea reptans due to mercury uptake and accumulation in contaminant soil

Heavy metal contaminants like mercury is a serious problem to human, animals, and some plants’ health. Phytoremediation is an alternative technique, which can remediate the contaminants from soil using a hyperaccumulator plant. The goal of this research was to study anatomical changes of plant main organs (roots, stems, and leaves) of Ipomoea reptans which are assumed as a hyperaccumulator plant that grows in mercury contaminant. The mercury concentration of the growth medium was 0, 61.871, 92.258, and 107.046 ppb. Ipomoea reptans were harvested after 27 days. The anatomical changes of the plant’s main organs were observed by preparing the cross-section of roots, stems, and leaves of I. reptans. The result showed that mercury treatment has caused anatomical damage at the xylem vessel of the root, and decreased bulliform cell size. The anatomical damage was found only in the root of I. reptans. The mercury concentration in media decrease to 0 ppb (P0), 50,420 ppb (P1), 58,583 (P2), and 96,120 (P3).

To Observe and study the adverse Effects of Lithium Carbonate on Rat Ovaries

Background: The female reproductive organs include uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, these organs when exposed to drugs and metals lead to anatomical damage resulting in infertility. Researchers have documented the harmful effects of the favorable antidepressant Lithium Carbonate on many human viscera’s but even today the medicinal world has scarce knowledge of the ablation of ovarian anatomy by lithium carbonate. Aim: To study and document the results of the detrimental effects of Lithium on the ovaries. Methods: We selected Twenty four adult female rats for this observational and experimental study. The female albinos were divided into two groups. Twelve animals were present in Group A and Group B consisted of twelve female rats. The hygienically prepared laboratory diet which consisted of flour pellets and green vegetables was given to Group A animals and Group B rodents received Lithium carbonate in powder form for eight weeks. After completion of the study time animals were sacrificed and weight of ovaries were recorded and compared in both groups. Results: The results in Group B documented that animals had a highly significantly decline in ovarian weight after chronic Lithium carbonate than in Group A. Conclusion: Our prospective study concluded that chronic administration of Lithium Carbonate causes distortion of its tissue and highly significant decrement of weight of the ovary. Keywords: Ovary, decrement, infertility

Comparative investigation of toxicity induced by UV-A and UV-C radiation using Allium test.

Organisms are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays of sunlight, due to the thinning of the ozone layer and its widespread use in sterilization processes, especially against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the damages of UV-A and UV-C radiations in Allium cepa L. roots. The effects of two different types of UV on some physiological, biochemical, cytogenotoxic, and anatomical parameters were investigated in a multifaceted study. Three groups were formed from Allium bulbs, one of which was the control group. One of the other groups was exposed to 254 nm (UV-C) and the other to 365 nm (UV-A) UV. Growth retardation effect of UV was investigated with respect to germination percentage, total weight gain, and root elongation, while cytogenotoxicity arisen from UV exposure was analyzed using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency. Oxidative stress due to UV application was investigated based on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Also, anatomical changes induced by UV-A and UV-C were analyzed in root meristematic cells. UV treatments caused significant reductions in growth-related parameters. Both UV treatments caused a significant increase in MDA levels and induction of SOD and CAT enzymes in root meristematic cells. A decrease in MI and an increase in the frequency of MN and CAs were observed in root tip cells, indicating the cytogenotoxic effect of UV application. Anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, necrotic zones, giant cell nucleus, and indistinct transmission tissue occurred in cells exposed to UV. All of the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical damages observed in this study were more severe in cells treated with UV-C compared to UV-A. This study suggested that UV exposure triggered growth inhibition, cytogenotoxicity, oxidative stress, and meristematic cell damages in A. cepa roots depending on the wavelength.

K+/Cl- co-transporter-2 upmodulation: a multi-modal therapy to treat spinal cord injury.

K+/Cl- co-transporter-2 upmodulation: a multi-modal therapy to treat spinal cord injury.

CONHECIMENTO DE GESTANTES SOBRE TOXOPLASMOSE

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis that is at risk of causing anatomical and functional damage to the fetus when it affects pregnant women. This study aimed to verify the knowledge of pregnant women about the possible causes of toxoplasmosis, fetal consequences of infection during pregnancy and prevention measures. The observational research presented a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional design, with 45 pregnant women invited in prenatal consultations, in seven basic health units chosen for convenience, in the city of Palmas (TO), to respond to a semi-structured interview, between January and March de 2017. The results showed that the knowledge of the pregnant women interviewed about toxoplasmosis was insufficient, pointing out the importance of the role of health professionals, especially nurses, in continuous educational activities, making primary prevention measures effective, minimizing the risk of fetal sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Engineering the Winter Soldier

The Winter Solider, better known as James Buchanan “Bucky” Barnes, possesses a highly advanced prosthetic arm that provides enhanced levels of strength, endurance, and toughness to the biologically enhanced solider. This paper covers some of the engineering aspects behind his advanced prosthetic. First, the origin of the Winter Solider is discussed with a review of the abilities of his prosthetic arm. These abilities are used to assess the essential characteristics of the arm. An assessment of the anatomical damage suffered by Barnes is presented with this dictating the functionality needed for his prosthetic arm. Some basic assumptions are then made to estimate the material composition of his arm, and thus help identify the real materials that could be used to actually make his arm. This analysis process indicates that early versions of the arm were most likely made from a ferroalloy with a depleted uranium/titanium alloy and tungsten carbides being highly suitable. This is followed by an engineering assessment that breaks down the core aspects of the arm (mechanical structure, actuators, sensors, a power source, and a control system) with discussion on past, present, and future engineering solutions of these core aspects.

Anatomical and behavioral outcomes following a graded hemi-contusive cervical spinal cord injury model in mice

BackgroundA graded hemi-contusion spinal cord injury produces complex anatomical deformation of the spinal cord parenchyma. The relationship between lesion severity and behavioral consequences in a novel contusion mouse model remains unknown. PurposeWe aimed to establish a graded cervical hemi-contusion spinal cord injury model in mice and investigate the correlation between graded anatomical damage to the spinal cord and resulting behavioral impairments. MethodsThirty-two mice were divided into groups of 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm and sham. The tip of an impactor with a diameter of 1 mm was utilized to compress the left dorsal cord of C5 by 1.2 mm or 1.5 mm at a speed of 300 mm/s. Forelimb motor function was evaluated using rearing, grooming and grip-strength tests before and after the injuries. Histologically the area of white matter sparing, gray matter sparing and lesion area were quantified at 6-week-post-injury. ResultsBehavioral assessments showed a more severe forelimb functional deficit in 1.5 mm contusion displacements relative to 1.2 mm contusion displacements after injury. The 1.2 mm hemi-contusion mainly caused damage to the dorsal fasciculus, ventral and dorsal horn, while the 1.5 mm hemi-contusion lead to additional damage extending to ventral fasciculus. Sparing of the gray and white matter at the epicenter was 36.8 ± 2.4% and 12.4 ± 2.6% in the 1.2 mm group, and 27.6 ± 4.0% and 4.1 ± 2.2% in the 1.5 mm group, respectively. Furthermore, the lesion area was 20.8 ± 3.0% and 36.0 ± 2.1% in the 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm groups, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the performance in the grooming test and white matter sparing, and between grip-test strength and gray matter sparing. ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that a hemi-contusion cervical spinal cord injury in mice can be graded by contusion displacement and that there is a correlation between anatomical and behavioral outcomes. This study provides a means for determining the severity of lesions in a contusion mouse model.

Fluency test generation and errors in focal frontal and posterior lesions

The number produced on fluency tasks is widely used to measure voluntary response generation. To further evaluate the relationship between generation, errors, and the area of anatomical damage we administered eight fluency tasks (word, design, gesture, ideational) to a large group of focal frontal (n = 69) and posterior (n = 43) patients and controls (n = 150). Lesions were analysed by a finer-grained frontal localisation method, and traditional subdivisions (anterior/posterior, left/right frontal). Thus, we compared patients with Lateral lesions to patients with Medial lesions. Our results show that all fluency tasks are sensitive to frontal lobe damage for the number of correct responses and, for the first time, we provide evidence that seven fluency tasks show frontal sensitivity in terms of errors (perseverations, rule-breaks). Lateral (not Medial) patients produced the highest error rates, indicative of task-setting or monitoring difficulties. There was a right frontal effect for perseverative errors when retrieving known or stored items and rule-break errors when creating novel responses. Left lateral effects were specific to phonemic word fluency rule-breaks and perseverations for meaningless gesture fluency. In addition, our generation output and error findings support a frontal role in novelty processes. Finally, we confirm our previous generation findings suggesting critical roles of the superior medial region in energization and the left inferior frontal region in selection (Robinson et al., 2012). Overall, these results support the notion that frontal functions comprise a set of highly specialised cognitive processes, supported by distinct frontal regions.

Tolerance of Hymenaea courbaril L. to glyphosate.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the glyphosate on Hymenaea courbaril L. A randomized block design with five replications was implemented. Each experimental unit was composed of one plant in a 5 L container. The treatments were 0 "control"; 96; 240; 480; and 960 g ha-1 "corresponding to 10, 25, 50, and 100% of the commercial dose of glyphosate recommended for Caryocar brasiliense crop, respectively". The evaluations were performed at 24 h and 60 days after application. Visual and anatomical evaluations did not change regardless of the dose, while the histochemical evaluation showed an accumulation of starch grains in leaf tissues. There was an increase in the photosynthetic rate, in the electron transport rate, and in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II at 24 h after application. At 60 days after the application of the treatments, the photosynthetic rate showed a slight decrease and the transpiratory rate showed quadratic behavior. An increase in plant height was observed up to the dose of 480 g ha-1, a linear increase in stem diameter and a decrease in the number of leaves with increasing glyphosate doses. These results show that the cuticle protected the plant, and that the little absorbed glyphosate increased photosynthesis and transpiration to favor the plants. We can conclude that the H. courbaril species is able to survive after contact with glyphosate during the evaluated time, with no visual and/or anatomical damage, showing increases in growth and physiological characteristics for the tested doses.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies testing mesenchymal stromal cells for traumatic brain injury

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely used in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Results are promising in terms of neurological improvement but are hampered by wide variability in treatment responses. We made a systematic review and meta-analysis: (1) to assess the quality of evidence for MSC treatment in TBI rodent models; (2) to determine the effect size of MSCs on sensorimotor function, cognitive function, and anatomical damage; (3) to identify MSC-related and protocol-related variables associated with greater efficacy; (4) to understand whether MSC manipulations boost therapeutic efficacy. The meta-analysis included 80 studies. After TBI, MSCs improved sensorimotor and cognitive deficits and reduced anatomical damage. Stratified meta-analysis on sensorimotor outcome showed similar efficacy for different MSC sources and for syngeneic or xenogenic transplants. Efficacy was greater when MSCs were delivered in the first-week post-injury, and when implanted directly into the lesion cavity. The greatest effect size was for cells embedded in matrices or for MSC-derivatives. MSC therapy is effective in preclinical TBI models, improving sensorimotor, cognitive, and anatomical outcomes, with large effect sizes. These findings support clinical studies in TBI.

Diagnosis and Treatment for Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures with Brachial Artery Injuries.

(1) Background: This study aims to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of and the diagnostic approach to brachial artery injuries in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures, as well as to evaluate intraoperative vascular anatomical lesions and early postoperative results. (2) Methods: A retrospective, hospital-based analysis of medical records at Viet Duc University Hospital (Vietnam), using a sample of children under 16 years who met the diagnostic criteria for supracondylar humerus fractures with brachial artery injuries between January 2016 and December 2020, was performed. A total of 50 patients were included in the analysis. (3) Results: Out of 50 pediatric patients, 36 patients were male (72%) and the mean age was 5.85 years (range, 1.5–14 years). Before treatment, there were 46 patients with severely displaced fractures which were classified as Gartland type III (92%). Following casting, the percentage of those with severely displaced fractures was reduced significantly to 12%, while there were no patients with Gartland type III fractures after percutaneous pinning. Doppler sonography failed to assess vascular lesions at the fracture site before and after casting in most patients. Two-thirds of surgical cases had only vasospasm, without physical damage to the vessel wall or intravascular thrombosis. Preoperative Doppler spectrum analysis was not consistent with the severity of intraoperative brachial artery injury. Out of 24 patients with vasospasm, we performed vascular blockade using papaverin in 11 cases and intraoperative balloon angioplasty of the brachial artery using the Fogarty catheter in 13 cases. Brachial artery graft was performed with 12 patients who had anatomical damage to the vascular wall. A complication of embolism occurred in one patient immediately after surgery, and two patients had superficial infections. One month following surgery, 2 out of 36 patients had a temporary loss of sensation in the area of incision. (4) Conclusions: Most pediatric patients did not present with symptoms of critical limb ischemia similar to those associated with lower extremity vascular injuries. The diagnosis and treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with vascular injury is difficult and time-consuming, especially in cases of transverse fractures.

Staging cardiac damage in aortic valve disease: one size fits all?

Abstract Background Nowadays, in patients with aortic regurgitation (AR), aortic valve surgery is indicated when severe and symptomatic or those with depressed LVEF. However, clinical outcomes of patients with significant aortic regurgitation are not influenced by these factors only. Recently, a new staging system for severe aortic stenosis has been proposed by Généreux on the basis of the extent of anatomic and functional cardiac damage. If this model could be applicable to an unselected significant AR population has not been tested. Purpose The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of the different stages of extra-aortic valvular cardiac damage by the application of Généreux staging and its impact on prognosis in a large, real world cohort of significant AR patients. Methods This study retrospectively analysed the clinical, Doppler echocardiographic and outcome data in patients with grade III or greater AR between January 2014 and September 2019. According to the extent of cardiac damage on echocardiography, patients were classified as Stage 0 (no cardiac damage), Stage 1 (left ventricular damage), Stage 2 (mitral valve or left atrial damage), Stage 3 (tricuspid valve or pulmonary artery vasculature damage) or Stage 4 (right ventricular damage). Exclusion criteria were severe aortic stenosis and previous valve repair or replacement. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality. Results A total of 572 patients, aged 70.1±13.9 years, 294 (51.3%) men were enrolled. One third of patients were in NYHA I. Based on the proposed classification, 82 patients (14.3%) were classified in stage 0, 130 (22.7%) in stage 1, 276 (48.2%) in stage 2, 68 (11.8%) in stage 3 and 17 (3.0%) in stage 4. Median follow-up time was 3.3±1.9 years. There was a progressive increase in mortality rates according to staging: 8.5% in stage 0, 10.8% in stage 1, 24.9% in stage 2, 42.6% in stage 3 and 52.9% in stage 4 (p&amp;lt;0.001). On multivariable analysis, the extent of cardiac damage was independently associated with excess mortality (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.21) Conclusion Our study demonstrated that this new staging system studied for aortic stenosis also provides increased prognostic value to patients with significant aortic regurgitation. This staging system can be helpful to identify the degree of extra-aortic valvular cardiac damage and to optimize the time of valvular intervention. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the benefit of the applicability of this model in clinical practice. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia / Espinho Distribution of stages of cardiac damageSurvival analysis according to stage

Hyperglycemia Duration Impact On Anatomical Damage Level Of Osteoarthritic Articular Cartilage In Rat Models With Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Background — Diabetes mellitus caused alteration of chondrocytes morphology of superficial layer on osteoarthritic articular (OA) cartilage in an articular cartilage rat model. These results need to be analyzed in relation to hyperglycemia duration. Objective — This study evaluates the influence of hyperglycemia on microscopic anatomical damage progression in OA cartilage. Material and Methods — Thirty-five adult male rats were divided into seven groups: control group, three OA groups, and three OA groups with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DMT-1). For OA groups, the first, second, and third group was sacrificed on the third, fourth, and sixth week respectively after two months maintenance. OA with DMT-1 groups were performed anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT) and were injected streptozotocin intraperitoneally to promote DMT-1 for one-month maintenance. DMT-1.1, DMT-1.2, and DMT-1.3 group was sacrificed on the third, fourth, and sixth week respectively after two months maintenance. The right knee cartilage was taken and processed for histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining, then analyzed using a Pritzker scale. Results — In OA group with DMT-1, hyperglycemia duration (6th&gt;4th&gt;3th weeks exposure) increased the level of damage in the OA cartilage compared with the OA group. Pritzker scale observe on deeper abrasiveness of the superficial articular layer, cartilage fissure reaching the middle layer, a more severe decrease in the chondrocytes columnar pattern, changing of matrix integrity, and many sclerotic conditions were provoked by increasing the hyperglycemia duration. Conclusion — Hyperglycemia duration influenced the damage level in the articular cartilage, increasing the progression of OA disease in animal models.

Experimental animal models of drug-induced sensorineural hearing loss: a narrative review.

ObjectiveThis narrative review describes experimental animal models of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) caused by ototoxic agents.BackgroundSNHL primarily results from damage to the sensory organ within the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The main etiology of SNHL includes genetic diseases, presbycusis, ototoxic agents, infection, and noise exposure. Animal models with functional and anatomic damage to the sensory organ within the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve mimicking the damage seen in humans are employed to explore the mechanism and potential treatment of SNHL. These animal models of SNHL are commonly established using ototoxic agents.MethodsA literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed for research articles on hearing loss and ototoxic agents in animal models of hearing loss.ConclusionsCommon ototoxic medications such as aminoglycoside antibiotics (AABs) and platinum antitumor drugs are extensively used to induce SNHL in experimental animals. The effect of ototoxic agents in vivo is influenced by the chemical mechanisms of the ototoxic agents, the species of animal, routes of administration of the ototoxic agents, and the dosage of ototoxic agents. Animal models of drug-induced SNHL contribute to understanding the hearing mechanism and reveal the function of different parts of the auditory system in humans.