Anatolian Cities Research Articles

The Establishment of Economic Dirigism In Maritime Trade of Turkey, 1923–1950

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the establishment of the republican regime in Turkey in 1923, the policy of economic dirigisme began to dominate the markets step by step. This article aims to analyse the effects of economic dirigisme on maritime trade for a quarter of a century and furnishes an illustrative case delineating how the government’s favoured economic policy attenuated the developmental prospects of maritime commerce. Throughout this temporal span, endeavours advocating a laissez-faire market policy found themselves systematically marginalized, as the juggernaut of economic dirigisme unfolded. The corollary of this policy was a precipitous decline in the operational efficiency of maritime trade. The proclivity for deploying antiquated ships escalated the inherent risks of maritime accidents. Legislative initiatives, exemplified by the promulgation of cabotage laws and the imposition of onerous taxes, erected formidable impediments that curtailed the operability of foreign-flagged vessels in Turkish ports. Concurrently, the waning trade potential cast a pall over the developmental trajectory of Anatolian cities.

The Modernization of Anatolian Cities in Nahit Sırrı Örik’s Travel Articles

Nahit Sırrı Örik, Cumhuriyet döneminin hikâye, roman, deneme, gezi yazısı gibi farklı nesir türlerinde eser vermiş; ancak edebî seçimlerinden kaynaklı olarak devrinde ve edebiyat tarihi içerisinde uzun yıllar boyunca unutulmuş bir yazardır. Bu unutuşta memleket için edebiyatın yapıldığı devrede, geçmişten kalan dil ve konuları tercih etmesi etkili olarak görülmüştür. Ankara/Anadolu edebiyatına karşılık İstanbul edebiyatını seçtiği düşünüldüğü için unutulmasına rağmen Nahit Sırrı gezi yazılarında uzun zaman gezdiği, yaşadığı Avrupa kentlerini değil, romanlarında da kimi zaman mekân olarak kullandığı Anadolu kentlerini anlatmıştır. Seyahat edebiyatı yazıldığı devrenin siyasi bakış açısıyla yakın temaslar içerisindedir. Gezi yazılarının yazılması veya yazılamaması, gezmek ve yazmak için seçilen yerler, bu mekânlarda dikkat edilen hususlar gibi birçok unsur siyasi konjonktürün etkisindedir. Nahit Sırrı’nın gezi yazıları Erken Cumhuriyet adı verilen devrede kaleme alınmış olması ve Cumhuriyet’in ideolojisinden izler taşıması bakımından önemlidir. Cumhuriyet, ideolojisini ve varlığını mekân üzerinden kurgularken Ankara başta olmak üzere şehirlerin modernleşmesi için demiryolları, sanayi, mimari, turizm gibi çeşitli göstergelerin üzerinde durmuştur. Bu yazıda sözü edilen bağlam etrafında Nahit Sırrı’nın yazıları değerlendirilerek Cumhuriyet’in şehirlere yaklaşımı devrin içinden bir bakışla ortaya konarak hem devrin edebiyatı şekillendirmesi hem edebiyatın devre etkileri bir arada değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Geotechnical and Structural Investigations in Malatya Province after Kahramanmaraş Earthquake on February 6, 2023

Two earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6 occured on February 6, 2023, at 04:17 a.m. (with local time, GMT+3) in Kahramanmaraş-Ekinözü Pazarcık and at 13:24 p.m. (with local time, GMT+3) in Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan, respectively, in Turkey. The earthquake was felt in a wide area within Turkey and caused structural destructions and heavy damage of buildings, especially in eleven cities including Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, Şanlıurfa and Elazığ. The aim of this study was to present the detailed field investigation in Malatya province which was one of the most affected city in the region. The strong ground motion records have been analyzed and PGA distribution maps were presented. Structural defects in damaged and collapsed buildings were examined, and design and manufacturing defects were examined. The performance of soil structures was examined, and the defects demonstrated were evaluated in the context of the geological environment. The study is essential in terms of evaluating the damage and possible causes of the building stock in Malatya city center and its districts after the earthquake. In this sense, a holistic evaluation has been carried out, which can be a useful resource for Anatolian cities with typical building characteristics.

Investigation of quality parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) meat marinated with traditional method used in Anatolia during storage at −18 °C

Improving the sensory quality of fish meat is crucial aspect to enhance fish consumption. In this study, the cooking methods in some Anatolian cities where common carp is consumed very popularly were investigated, and carp meat was marinated using different ratios of lemon juice (0.00%, 40.00%, 50.00%, and 60.00%) and salt (10.00%) using the traditional method. After marinating, the effects on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological quality of carp fillets stored at −18 °C were investigated. As a result of the research, it was observed that lemon had positive effects on the shelf life of fish meat. Peroxide value (PV), pH value, Thiobarbituric Acid (TBARS), the total number of psychrophilic bacteria, and the total number of yeast and molds were lower in the groups marinated with lemon juice and salt compared to the control group. In addition, it was observed that the panelists liked the carp meat of the groups marinated with lemon juice.

Interactions between Turkish Building Professionals and French Advisors in the Reconstruction of Historical Cities in Western Anatolia

The year 1923 was a turning point for Turkey. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire after a long war brought in Republican ideology centered on economic self-sufficiency and modern, secular values. With the proclamation of the Republic, the reconstruction of war-torn historical cities became a priority, to spread the new ideology and meet the country’s industrial needs. The new authorities encouraged municipalities to consult with Western European architects, many of whom were invited in the first years of the Republic. Their knowledge of the latest technologies and modern urban planning principles in Europe were to be applied to reconstruct Anatolian towns and villages according to the modern ideology. To facilitate this cooperation, the Society of Studies for the Reconstruction of İzmir was established in Paris in 1922. It brought together French experts and Turkish authorities during the planning process of Western Anatolian cities. The most prominent French consultants were Paris-based Henri Prost and Rene Danger, working together in France after having gained long-term experience in French colonies. This paper, firstly, highlights the mobility of these French professionals in Western Anatolia by tracing the history of their planning studies. Secondly, framing the political tension between the two countries, it aims to investigate whether the perspectives of the Turkish authorities associated the guest French architects and planners with colonial France. Lastly, it focuses on the post-war reconstruction process of historical cities in Western Anatolia, discussing the results of the interaction of the decision-makers and focusing on İzmir, Manisa, and Uşak.

RURAL SITES IN PAMPHYLIA: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE AVAILABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Located in the Antalya plain and the immediate northern part of this plain, Pamphylia was home to well-known ancient Anatolian cities Aspendos, Perge, Side and Sillyon. It can be claimed that these cities have been relatively well-researched archaeological settlements through archaeological excavations and surveys. Although the mentioned cities are archaeologically important elements of Pamphylia, the region also harbours numerous rural settlements and findspots. Especially, the cultural heritage registration activities in recent years have clearly revealed the dense human occupation and certain settlement trends in the region. Moreover, rescue excavations and individual findspots have revealed that the pre-Roman period of the region’s countryside can be dated back to at least the fifth century BCE. On the other hand, archaeological research in the region mainly focuses on the major cities and their material culture. With some exceptions such as Lyrboton Kome, the number of studies on the region’s countryside is much less compared to those of urban-focused ones. In addition, there is relatively little interest in regional-scale research that holistically deals with the rural settlements of the region. Based on these arguments, in this study, the current state of the countryside of Pamphylia will be evaluated in the light of current research and available evidence. Thus, this work also aims to establish a baseline study and starting point for future research on Pamphylia’s lesser-known countryside. Keywords: Pamphylia, Ancient Anatolian Countryside, Archaeology of Antalya, Mediterranean

The Changing Meanings of Neighborhood in Modern Istanbul

Departing from the Ottoman-Turkish concept of mahalle (neighborhood) and its transformation, this article endeavors to discuss how the local people react to the socio-economic changes that came along the revitalization processes in İstanbul in the last 10 years. The study departs from a field work that has been conducted in Rasimpaşa neighborhood in Kadıköy, located at the Asian part of Istanbul, where there seems to be an ongoing process of revitalization, which started in 2010 with the partnership of The Foundation for the Protection and Promotion of the Environment and Cultural Heritage [ÇEKÜL] and Kadıköy Municipality. Rasimpaşa neighborhood constitutes a good example for old mahalle tradition since it preserved the Ottoman heritage and it is officially under the urban protection. Today it seems to preserve the characteristics of the “mahalle culture” that is embraced by the migrant families who came to İstanbul from Anatolian cities and who got localized here in time. Moreover, Rasimpaşa accommodates newcomers such as university students, international visitors (Erasmus students, upper middle-class artists, musicians, travelers). The question of the research has a simple focus: How do the local shopkeepers perceive the recent changes in the neighborhood and what are their reactions regarding the past present and future of neighborhood. it is assumed that the locals in Rasimpaşa would wel-come the revitalization process that would increase the visitors/tourists/customers. According the findings of the field work most of the local shopkeepers perceive the process in a negative way due to the decay of traditional values as well as decay of old neighborhood lifestyle. Hence this study tries to address the social implications of the revitalization process by demonstrating how and why local people respond to this transformation.

Seljuks Inherit to Anatolia; Caravanserais

The history of Anatolia intertwined and layered manner is composed of many historical mosaic of culture. In this chronology, we see the Anatolian Seljuk State in the administration of the era when Turkish identity was set up in Asia Minor. This state has become an important force especially in the 11th and 13th centuries, even if it is not absolute in commercial, military and economic. At that time, the continuity of the state union was due to the intense trade and lack of scarcity in the country. The Seljuks were aware of this. With the expansion of Anatolian Seljuk State borders, which gives importance to the trade, new road networks have been formed and the existing ones have been strengthened. Old Anatolian cities such as Konya, Kayseri, Sivas and Erzurum have become important trade centers. It is necessary to ensure the safety of the roads and caravans in all of this commercial activity in the country. Caravanserais and khans were constructed on the roads to meet the needs of the caravans in order to stay and to continue their way. These buildings, which have an enclosed architecture with thick masonry walls, look like a castle and have become a power show. Anatolian Selcuklu period caravanserais show different features than the previous accommodation structures. In this study, the change of the commercial activities and accommodation during the history and the spatial organization, plan typologies and functions of the Anatolian Seljuk Caravanserai constructions are discussed.

An Evaluation of the Applicability of Smart City Strategy in Eastern Anatolian Cities in the Context of Regional Underdevelopment: The Case of Bingöl, Kars, Bitlis and Hakkari

An Evaluation of the Applicability of Smart City Strategy in Eastern Anatolian Cities in the Context of Regional Underdevelopment: The Case of Bingöl, Kars, Bitlis and Hakkari

Crimean Ulama Who Participated in the Huzur Lessons and Publications of Quranic Commentary Texts of Mohammed Emin Efendi

Osmanlı döneminde her yıl Ramazan ayında, padişahın huzurunda yapılan tefsir derslerine “huzur dersleri” denilmiştir. 1172/1759 yılında başlayan dersler, Osmanlı Devleti'nin sonuna kadar sürmüştür. Huzur derslerine, başta padişah olmak üzere, şeyhülislâm, dersi sunacak olan mukarrir, müzâkereci konumundaki muhataplar ve dinleyici statüsündeki diğer zâtlar katılırdı. Mukarrir ve muhataplar şeyhulislâm tarafından seçilir, padişah tarafından atanırdı. Derste tefsir edilecek âyetler iki ay önce mukarrir ve muhataplara bildirilir, derse hazırlanmaları sağlanırdı. Her dersin süresi iki saat civarında olup ders bitiminde yüksek rütbeli muhataptan başlamak üzere sırasıyla mukarrire sorular sorulur, müzâkereler yapılırdı. Mukarrir âyetin tefsirini yaptıktan sonra kendisine yöneltilen sorulara ve itirazlara cevaplar verirdi. Huzur dersleri, bir âlimin bulunabileceği en yüksek ve prestijli ilim meclisi idi. Bu meclise iştirak etmek de İstanbul dersiâmlarından olmayı gerektiriyordu. Söz konusu derslere Anadolu şehirlerinden âlimler katıldığı gibi Ahıska, Dağıstan, Bosna gibi Osmanlı coğrafyasının farklı bölgelerinden âlimler de katılmışlardır. Bu âlimlerin bir kısmı da Kırımlıdır.Kırım Osmanlıya bağlandığı andan itibaren Osmanlı ulemasının Kırım’da, Kırım ulemasının da Osmanlı coğrafyasında etkili oldukları bilinmektedir. Nitekim Kırım uleması İstanbul, Mekke, Medine, Kudüs, Bağdad, Şam, Mısır gibi Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olan devrin önemli merkezlerinde müderrislik, müftülük, kadılık, kadıaskerlik gibi üst düzey vazifelerde görev yapmışlardır. Bu durum, Rus işgalinden sonra da aynı şekilde devam etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Kırım ulemasından huzur derslerine katılan Abdülhalim Efendi (öl. 1210/1795), Muhammed (Emin) Efendi (öl. 1243/1827), Abdullah Efendi (öl. 1242/1827 sonrası), Abdülhayy Efendi (öl. 1339/1920), Ahmed Efendi (öl. 1205/1791 sonrası), Ali Şücâî Efendi (öl. 1341/1922), Hasan Rüşdü Efendi (öl. 1311/1894), Selim Efendi (öl. 1260/1844) ve Şerafeddin Şerif Efendi (öl. 1331/1913) ele alınacak ve bu bağlamda hayat hikâyeleri, huzur derslerine katıldıkları yıllar, bulundukları meclisteki konumları ile ilmî rütbeleri hakkında kısaca bilgi verilecek, ardından Kırımlı Muhammed Emin Efendi’nin takrir ettiği huzur dersine ait eser tahlil edilip transkripsiyonu yapılacaktır. Huzur derslerinin muhtevasına dair yegâne kaynak, takrir ve müzâkere metinleridir. Ancak bu metinlerden günümüze ulaşanlar ve bilhassa eski tarihli olanlar oldukça azdır. Bunlardan biri de Kırımlı Muhammed Efendi’ye aittir. 13 varaklık bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Türkçe Yazmalar Bölümü nr. 7297’de yazma halinde olup dili Türkçe’dir. Sultan II. Mahmud devrinde, 1238 senesinde icra edilen huzur derslerinin III. meclisinde müzâkere edilen Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 139-142. âyetlerinin tefsir edildiği bu eser huzur derslerinin muhtevasına ve âyetlerin tefsir metoduna dair bazı fikirler vermektedir. Sadece müzâkere metninin yer aldığı eserde, tıpkı temel kaynak olarak kullanılan Beydâvî’nin Envâru’t-Tenzîl’i ile Fahruddîn er-Râzî’nin Mefâtîh’inde olduğu gibi, rivayet tefsir yöntemi de kullanılmış olmakla birlikte dirâyet yöntemine ağırlık verildiği görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda âyetler âyetle, hadisle, ilk dönem âlimlerinin görüşleri ile tefsir edildiği gibi ekseriyetle geniş dilsel tahlillere, kelâmi tartışmalara, kıraatların manaya etkisine ve benzeri konulara girilmiştir. Anlaşıldığı kadarıyla klasik dönem tefsir metinlerinde de sıkça kullanılan bu yöntem huzur dersleri mukarrirleri tarafından da benimsenmiş ve uygulanmıştır.Bu çalışmadaki tespitlerimize göre, oldukça üst düzey ilmi bir faaliyet olan huzur derslerine, iki mukarrir sekiz muhatap olmak üzere Kırımlı on âlim katılmıştır. Bu veriler şu ana kadarki kayıtlardan hareketle elde edilmiştir. Bazı yıllarla ilgili hiçbir kayıt günümüze ulaşmadığından derslere katılan toplam kişi sayısı ile meclis sayısı konusunda verilen bilgilere ihtiyatlı yaklaşılmalıdır. Yeni belgelere ulaşıldıkça bu rakamların değişme olasılığı vardır.

A Spatial Analysis of Gaziantep Railway and Its Station Throughout History

The invention and proliferation of railways around the world emerged from the need for transport networks that would facilitate the movement of industrial goods produced during the Industrial Revolution. They were introduced to the Anatolian region in the late–Ottoman period and gained importance as an indispensable part of the internal market in a new nation-state, the Republic of Turkey. Thanks to its location on the Silk Road, Gaziantep city in the southeastern part of Turkey, has always been a particularly important node on commercial routes. The present study describes the introduction of railways to Gaziantep province and the effects of Gaziantep Railway Station on the city at an urban and structural scale. Although the first city plan was the Barsumyan–Nazaryan Plan (1920s), the railway system was introduced as a design object to Gaziantep City in the Jansen Plan (1938) and followed by the Aru–Söylemezoğlu Plan (1950), Gaziantep Plan (1973), and Oğuz Aldan Plan (1990). It can be concluded that its late introduction to Gaziantep delayed its integration with the transportation network covering other Anatolian cities at an urban and spatial level from an urban design perspective.

Osmanlı Devleti’nde İletişim Araçlarının Kontrolü: “Telefon Tevkifleri”

An important technological advance of the nineteenth century, the telephone, spread throughout the world following its invention in 1875. Patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, it was introduced in the Ottoman Empire in 1881 during Abdulhamid II’s reign. The Ottomans’ experience with the device was rather short: It was prohibited because of possible clandestine uses. Devices arriving in Ottoman harbours were seized and stored. However, the illegal import of the telephones could not be prevented because of increasing demands. The liberalistic policies of the Second Constitution that extended privileges to foreign companies, encouraged its use. Istanbul had the largest telephone network but its use was limited in Izmir, Aydin and other Anatolian cities. From its introduction to its free use in 1908, a large amount of literature appeared in popular periodicals. Telephone-related issues were discussed in many bureaucratic documents which witnessed its delayed adoption in the Empire, compared to developed countries of the time.

DESCRIPTION AND NARRATION OF 14 ANATOLIAN CITIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY

Claude Aubriet was a French artist who worked in the Jardin du Roi . In 1699 French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort made Aubriet an offer of an expedition to the Levant. They were off to develop Tournefort’s classification via discoveries of plants, and add new species to Jarden du Roi . Eventually, text and illustrations formed the travelogue Relation d’un Voyage du Levant , fait par ordre du Roy in 1717. Aubriet drew landscapes of 14 cities in Anatolia: “Elegri” Eregli , “Sinope” Sinop , “Cerasonte” Giresun , “Tripoli” Tirebolu , “Trebisonte” Trabzon , “Erzeron” Erzurum , “Cars” Kars , “Chonac-Coulhisar” Konak-Koyulhisar , “Tocat” Tokat , “Angora” Ankara , “Prusa” Bursa , “Magneise” Manisa , “Smyrne” Izmir , and “Scalanova” Kusadasi .. While Tournefort highlighted in his text what is exotic to his taste, Aubriet drew scientifically coherent landscapes. That is as if he followed a code where a typical city’s main elements were listed. In this paper, I will discuss if Aubriet’s compositions exemplify the utility of the transcultural model as landscape depiction? Aubriet’s depiction reminds of 16th-century city-atlases of Georg Braun the cartographer ( Civitates Orbis Terrarum ). Aubriet, highlights the architecture and topographical elements. Thus, they exhibit a similar cartographic method with some European city depictions. Also, they are general views, portraying the city as a whole, as if it were one of the local people Tournefort narrated about. Aubriet’s cities are supposed to illustrate the text however the compositions of the landscapes are different than the text. Are they a dual representation of the same land in the same book, by European scientist/artist/traveler? Did Tournefort represented early modern Anatolian cities by putting them in Oriental outlooks as such did Aubriet put them in European outlooks? So, do they point out a cultural encounter both with self and the other? Both Relation d’un Voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du Roy ’s text and illustrations were outcomes of an in-situ observation. The illustrations are a key element to the survey but they aren’t examined, interpreted thoroughly until now. There is no satisfactory explanation of why the depiction is done in this specific manner; how this perception reflected the cities and why the depiction should be called “European” at all, except for the nationality of the artist. Yet, these rare depictions are very interesting and valuable both for the Turkish and European history of art. The first part of the paper points to the “European” features of the city views even though these are lands in the Levant. This paper compares the illustrations in Voyage du Levant to the Civitates Orbis Terrarium . This comparison leads to the literature covering 16th-century city depictions and Ptolemy’s geography. The author of this paper has looked for an answer within these sources why Aubriet’s method of depicting cities is “European”. Tournefort was on the other hand, after the “other”, “strange” and “novel” at the same time. Some parts of Tournefort’s descriptions have the same features as the 19th century Orientalist discourse, but Tournefort’s observations, the exotic features are not reflected in the illustrations. The second part of the paper is a brief catalog of the city views. The main idea is the comparison of the description styles of Tournefort and Aubriet. This diversity is intriguing because Aubriet and Tournefort were working together with each other and for the same establishment Jarden du Roi since 1690. The catalog helps to answer some of the questions asked in the beginning.

The Cultural Beginnings of the Lydo-Greek Interactions

Anatolia is always a pleasant residence to the migration movements of the Greek inhabitants, and its location formed the main corridor for transmission of ideas and peoples from Europe and the Near East. These cultural interactions may reach its climax in the transitional period between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. In the following results of the Mycenaean collapse about the 12th century B.C., the Greek craftsmen, artists, and traders left their homeland to retrieve activities through being settled in western Anatolian cities, such as Miletus, where it is found large quantity of locally-produced, non-Mycenaean imitation pottery, fortified remains, besides tomb types which assembled mixed features with Mycenaean and Hittite origins. Therefore, it can be distinguished four main areas in Anatolia, whose cultures had a profound influence on the eastern Greeks (Ozgen, 1985):

Old Assyrian Metal Trade, its Volume and Interactions

The subject of this study consists of some consequences of a research project which was supported by The Scientifi c and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). In the scope of this project, all metals that attested in Kultepe texts have been evaluated. The main target of this research is to fi nd answers to some questions related to the metals and metal trade, which are recorded in a wide range of Kultepe texts. The attestations of gold, silver, tin, iron, copper, lead, antimony and bronze alloy have been searched in a database which includes more than 12 thousand Kultepe texts most of which are unpublished. Each of the information related to these metals, such as their volumes, origins, fi nal destinations, kinds, qualities, and prices against mostly silver has been gathered and evaluated. For example, the following results about the gold have been gained by the research in Kultepe text: The total weight of gold in all available texts is about 480 kg. Out of this sum, only about 92 kg of gold was shipped from Anatolia to Assur. Assyrian traders gained the gold mainly from the Anatolian cities of Wahšušana, Purušhattum and Šalatuwar respectively. The price of gold against silver ranges from 1:3 1/3 to 1:15. The most precious kind of gold attested in the texts is liqtum and the cheapest one is HU.SÁ (red) gold. On the other hand, the most demanded or common kinds of gold were pašallum and kupuršinnum.

Spirits in Old Assyrian Documents

Eski Mezopotamyalılar ölümden sonra yaşamın devam ettiğine inanmaktaydı. Bir kimse öldüğünde onun için çeşitli ritüellerin yapıldığı bir cenaze töreni düzenlenir ve ardından gömülürdü. Ölen kimsenin bedeninden ayrılarak öteki dünyaya gitmiş olan varlığa ise eṭemmu (GIDIM) “ruh” denilmekteydi. Eski Mezopotamya yazılı kaynaklarında öteki dünya, genellikle kasvetli ve dünyadan daha kötü bir yer olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Ölüler diyarına gitmiş bir ruh için yakınları tarafından yiyecek ve içecek sunuları yapılması gerekmekteydi. Ölü sunularından sorumlu kimse ilk olarak en büyük erkek çocuktu, eğer erkek evlat yoksa bir kız evlat ya da evlatlık bu sorumluluğu yerine getirebilirdi. Ölen kimse için cenaze ritüeli gerçekleştirilmez ya da bu sunular yapılmazsa ruhların başta yakınları olmak üzere insanlara saldırdıklarına inanılmaktaydı. Çalışmamızda Kültepe bulunmuş Asurlulara ait metinlerindeki ruhlarla ilgili bilgiler incelenecek ve Mezopotamya’dan Anadolu’ya ticaret yapmak maksadıyla gelen Asurlu tüccarların benzer inançlara sahip olduğu görülecektir.

Anadolu'da Özgün Bir Ekonomik Aktör Tipi: Homo Kaysericus

Kayseri, dünden bugüne, toplumsal ve tarihsel açıdan pek çok karakteristik özellikleri içinde en fazla ticaret kültürüyle öne çıkan bir kent olmuştur. Binlerce yıl öncesinden bugüne kök salan ticaret kültürü, Anadolu’nun diğer illeri ile kıyaslandığında Kayseri’yi özgün bir konuma getirmiştir. Toplumun genelindeki “Kayserili” imgesinin başat özelliği ekonomik alandaki girişkenliği ve başarısı ile ölçülmüştür. Coğrafi, tarihsel ve toplumsal etkileşimlerin bileşkesiyle meydana gelen ekonomik alandaki bu hüviyet, Simmel’in “nesnel kültür” kavramıyla açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır bu çalışmada. Yine Simmel’in “form- içerik” ilişkisinden hareketle para ekonomisinin formuna uygun özgün bir ticaret tipi olarak ”Homo Kaysericus” kavramı geliştirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Kayseri’nin uzun tarihsel momentlerinde oluşan ticaret kültürü, nesnelleşmiş ve kendisine göre bir sistem ortaya çıkartarak ekonomik alandaki aktörlerin davranışlarını ve habituslarını belirleyerek bugüne kadar uzanmıştır. Ekonomik alandaki aktörler nesnel kültürün yapısı tarafından belirlenimleri olmakla birlikte aynı zamanda dönüştürücü birer eyleyen veya faildirler. Nesnel kültürün hem aktarıcısı hem de yeniden üretici aktörleridirler. Kayseri’nin ekonomik alandaki özgünlüğün taşıyıcısı olan aktörlerin ortaya çıkardığı kolektif eyleyici tipi bu çalışmada “Homo Kaysericus” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada, bazı somut nesnel kültür örüntü verilerinden hareket edilerek bu toplumsal tipin soyutlanışına ulaşılmak istenmiştir. Kayseri’de ticaretle uğraşan aktörlerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler, gözlemler, Kayseri fıkraları gibi farklı nitelikteki metinlerden hareketle Homo Kaysericus’un izi sürülmeye çalışılmış; böylece Kayseri özelinde Anadolu’daki ekonomik alanın sosyolojik çerçevesine bir katkı sunulmak istenmiştir.

The Politics of Sūqs in Early Islam

AbstractIn the early Middle Ages, while Byzantium was impoverished and Anatolian cities were evolving into fortifiedkastra, the Islamic Near East enjoyed an age of economic and demographic growth. Exploring the formation ofsūqs and the rise of the Umayyad and early ‘Abbāsid states, this article argues that the Arab-Islamic aristocracy’s involvement in establishingsūqs reflected a desire to exert power and build legitimacy. Despite their physical resemblance to Late Roman and Sasanian bazaars, early Islamicsūqs functioned differently, and their specificity exemplifies an evolution of labour patterns from 700 to 950, in particular the social rise and increasing religious involvement of merchants. This article places the archaeological evidence in dialogue with the literary. Although the Islamic material is central, comparisons in the paths of trade and economic life between the Middle East and Western Europe provide ways to identify the divergences between East and West after the fall of Rome.

Infrastructure Projects In Turkey and Innovative Implementations In Project Management

In Turkey, transportation investments have taken the first number on the agenda on the last decades. Tremendeus projects like Kanalistanbul is mnetioned beside many airport projects in Anatolian cities that are existing many urban railway system projects in Istanbul and any other major cities beside high speed railway projects that connects the cities of Turkey by west to east and by south to north. Turkey continues the period of infrastructural establishment and renowation rapidly as a developing country which aims to being one of the biggest economy all over the world. Because of these, project management, management notions, usage of innovative Technologies and organizational structures have a vital role in Turkey which has a dense infrastructure establishment period and gives prority to transportation.

Bedestens Located in the Heart of the Commercial Center in Anatolian Cities and Their Architecture Reflections

Commercial areas and bedestens (covered bazaars) are important public areas in Turkish cities and towns. These areas and buildings are essential in that they contribute vital economic and social characteristics to Turkish cities and towns. In the Ottoman period, these commercial areas, alongside inns, baths, mosques, and stores, were engaged in trading and manufacturing and formed a central part of life for the residents. The number of bedestens in a given city was dependent on the size of the city or town. All social, administrative, and economic activities were organized within these bedestens. Commercial structures, in which the bedestens are located, with different functions, such as arasta, inns, markets, covered markets, and stores, are the main components of the commercial districts. These structures were built by the order of the Sultan for the purpose of reviving and providing direction to the economic life of the city or town. One of the key components of these commercial structures was the bedestens. In terms of Turkish culture, a bedesten can be defined as the heart of the commercial district. Although these structures were built to sell textiles, they later functioned as places where antiques and/or valuable goods were also sold. Bedestens were usually a unique type of structure, with masonry masses between wooden stores located in the middle of the trade center of the city or town. The top of the bedesten, which was usually built as one storey and rectangular in shape, had a domed roof covered with lead. In this study, spatial analyses of these important architectural elements were conducted in terms of city planning, folk culture and commercial life. The bedestens selected for the study were those in historical cities located at major commercial road axes from the Ottoman period. The bedestens in these historical cities were examined, within the context of their planning, and assessments were made. The relations that these structures have with each other in general, and their common and different features, were also investigated.