Anarchic Field Research Articles

Statistical predictions from anarchic field theory landscapes

Consistent coupling of effective field theories with a quantum theory of gravity appears to require bounds on the rank of the gauge group and the amount of matter. We consider landscapes of field theories subject to such to boundedness constraints. We argue that appropriately “coarse-grained” aspects of the randomly chosen field theory in such landscapes, such as the fraction of gauge groups with ranks in a given range, can be statistically predictable. To illustrate our point we show how the uniform measures on simple classes of N=1 quiver gauge theories localize in the vicinity of theories with certain typical structures. Generically, this approach would predict a high energy theory with very many gauge factors, with the high rank factors largely decoupled from the low rank factors if we require asymptotic freedom for the latter.

Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis

The transformation from trophont to tomite, morphology, and stomatogenesis during asexual division of the marine ciliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 were studied using protargol and Chatton–Lwoff silver nitrate impregnation. An improved diagnosis for the genus Glauconema is suggested: Parauronematidae with polymorphic life cycle comprising trophont, tomite and cyst: buccal apparatus dimorphic, membranelles 1 and 2 closely opposed in trophont while well separated in tomite; paroral membrane uniform, extending anteriorly to midway of membranelle 2; single caudal cilium present; conspicuous glabrous frontal plate. Morphological redescription and stomatogenetic studies were made for G. trihymene. Stomatogenesis in G. trihymene is characterized by: paroral membrane and scutica in the opisthe originate from the anterior part of the parental paroral membrane; membranelles 1 and 2 in the opisthe derive from the posterior part of the parental paroral membrane; the major part of the proliferated scutica develops into membranelle 3 with only a small part comprising several kinetosomes joining in the formation of membranelle 2. Several stages of the transformation from trophont to tomite were also observed. This process starts from an anarchic field, which originates from the whole parental paroral membrane. These develop into two primordia that generate the paroral membrane and three new membranelles, respectively. The three parental membranelles are resorbed or join in the formation of the new membranelles, while the scutica is retained and does not take part in the transformation. The genus Urocryptum Pérez-Uz & Guinea, 2001 is considered a junior synonym of Glauconema and U. tortum is hence transferred to the genus Glauconema as G. tortum (Maupas, 1883) nov. comb.

The Fenestrin Antigen in Submembrane Skeleton of the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila is Proposed as a Marker of Cell Polarity during Cell Division and in Oral Replacement

Tetrahymena thermophila cells have two types of polarized morphogenesis: divisional morphogenesis and oral reorganization (OR). The aim of this research is the analysis of cortical patterns of immunostaining during cell division and in OR using previously characterized antibodies against fenestrin and epiplasm B proteins. During cell division, the anarchic field of basal body proliferation of the new developing oral apparatus (AF) showed concomitant strong binding of the fenestrin antigen and withdrawal of a signal of the epiplasm B antigen. At a specific stage, the fenestrin antigen also appeared as a character of the anterior cortex pole, with a co-localized decrease in the detected epiplasm B antigen. The fenestrin antigen also showed a polarity of duplicating basal bodies in ciliary rows. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling experiments were performed in the absence and presence of an inhibitor of activity of serine/threonine kinases, 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) as an inducer of the oral replacement process. In the presence of 6-DMAP, one class of cells started OR, and some others were trapped and affected in cell division. Both types of cells showed an instability of oral structures and formed enlarged primordial oral fields. These anarchic fields (AFs) bind the fenestrin antigen, with disappearance of epiplasmic antigen staining. Only one protein (about 64 kDa) is detected in western blots by the anti-fenestrin antibody and it accumulated in 6-DMAP-treated cells that are involved in uncompleted morphogenetic activity. At a defined stage of oral development, both during cell division and in OR, the fenestrin antigen served as a marker of polarity of the cell of the anterior pole character.

Stomatogenesis of the Ciliate Genus Strombidinopsis with an Improved Description of S. spiniferum and S. acuminatum

Protargol‐stained cultured samples of Strombidinopsis spiniferum and S. acuminatum revealed a kind of enantiotropic mode of cell division. Stomatogenesis may be divided into eight stages. Stage 1 was the appearance of an anterior anarchic field of a few kinetosomes, probably originating apokinetally near a somatic kinety on the dorsal side of the cell. In Stage 2, the anarchic field becomes denser and larger by kinetosomal replication. The kinetosomes become aligned as oral polykinetids (OPk's) in Stage 3. In Stage 4, the paroral (PO) emerges when most of the anarchic field has transformed into OPk's. In Stage 5. all OPk's are apparently formed, and the anlage resembles a barrel, lacking a few staves. In Stage 6, the barrel rotates approximately 90° transversely to the cell's axis, concomitantly the outer end of the barrel splays open. In Stage 7, the somatic kineties start to divide, the anlage has opened to the cell surface, and the part with the internal OPk's spirals into the oral cavity while the OPk's form a closed circle. At this stage, one or two large macronuclei were seen preparing to divide. In Stage 8, the adult or interphase stage, the cytopharynx is formed. Based on our results, the original redescriptions of S. spinifierum and S. acuminatum must be modified in three respects: the cells have a PO; the OPk's are composed of three rows of kinetosomes (uncertain for S. acuminatum), not two as originally reported; and the number of internal OPk's is not always 3, but ranges from 3‐4 in S. spiniferum and 3‐5 in S. acuminatum.

Production of second generation rabbit embryos by nuclear transfer

Tetrahymena thermophila cells have two types of polarized morphogenesis: divisional morphogenesis and oral reorganization (OR). The aim of this research is the analysis of cortical patterns of immunostaining during cell division and in OR using previously characterized antibodies against fenestrin and epiplasm B proteins. During cell division, the anarchic field of basal body proliferation of the new developing oral apparatus (AF) showed concomitant strong binding of the fenestrin antigen and withdrawal of a signal of the epiplasm B antigen. At a specific stage, the fenestrin antigen also appeared as a character of the anterior cortex pole, with a co-localized decrease in the detected epiplasm B antigen. The fenestrin antigen also showed a polarity of duplicating basal bodies in ciliary rows. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling experiments were performed in the absence and presence of an inhibitor of activity of serine/threonine kinases, 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) as an inducer of the oral replacement process. In the presence of 6-DMAP, one class of cells started OR, and some others were trapped and affected in cell division. Both types of cells showed an instability of oral structures and formed enlarged primordial oral fields. These anarchic fields (AFs) bind the fenestrin antigen, with disappearance of epiplasmic antigen staining. Only one protein (about 64 kDa) is detected in western blots by the anti-fenestrin antibody and it accumulated in 6-DMAP-treated cells that are involved in uncompleted morphogenetic activity. At a defined stage of oral development, both during cell division and in OR, the fenestrin antigen served as a marker of polarity of the cell of the anterior pole character.

Development of surface pattern during division in Paramecium: III. Study of stomatogenesis in the wild type using antitubulin antibodies and confocal microscopy

Summary Stomatogenesis, during the vegetative division of Paramecium, is a complex morphogenetic process involving massive proliferation of basal bodies and their progressive patterning to generate a new oral apparatus in the immediate vicinity of the old one. This new oral apparatus will be inherited by the posterior daughter cell while the old one remains in the anterior daughter cell. We have carried out a detailed description of the whole process, using new antibodies and confocal microscopy, allowing visualization of all basal bodies and a number of other cytoskeletal elements, thus completing our previous description of morphogenesis. The following inferences could be made: 1) The new oral structures are exclusively formed from the anarchic field by a two step wave of basal body duplication. These two steps strictly parallel, slightly in advance, those we have previously detailed at the level of the “somatic” cortex, suggesting *) that a common set of biochemical cascades is involved, **) that the OA may be triggering these cascades. 2) The initial proliferation of basal bodies occurs in the immediate vicinity of the parental “paroral kinety” which itself remains invariant and appears to dictate the progressive patterning of the oral anlage (as can be inferred from the staining intensity, distance and alignment of the basal bodies of the anarchic field with respect to the paroral kinety). This suggests that the concept of cytotaxis or structural guidance can be extended to the genesis of an elaborate set of basal bodies. 3) The number of basal bodies within the anarchic field is determined during this formation of the new oral apparatus. Thus, the size and possibly part of the pattern of the new OA is determined in one generation, with storage of morphogenetic potentialities used in the next generation. In this process, a slight cortical rotation around the cell axis is effected at each division. 4) The whole morphogenetic assemblage up to the level of the whole cell displays an overall left-right asymmetry which is progressively built up upon the basic asymmetry of the basal body.

Hereditary blocks in postconjugational oral morphogenesis in Tetrahymena thermophila

Summary During conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila , oral structures undergo partial regression and remain “frozen” at this stage until cell separation. Then the exconjugant cells resume in situ oral reorganization, which is the prerequisite for their feeding and survival. First, the old oral membranelles are completely resorbed and new ciliary basal bodies proliferate into an “anarchic field”. Then they are assembled into new oral membranelles. Two hereditary blocks in T. thermophila postconjugational oral morphogenesis leading to cell death were observed: i) In one genetic variant, the cells which were arrested (or at least strongly delayed) in cell separation were also arrested in resorption of old macronuclei and failed to resume oral morphogenesis; they remained “frozen” at the stage of partially regressed oral structures i.e. they did not resorb old oral membranelles and failed to proliferate new basal bodies. ii) In another genetic variant, the nuclear events, cell separation and proliferation of new basal bodies into the “anarchic field” took place at the same time as in control conjugation, but then the exconjugants were arrested in assembly of new oral membranelles, ultimately becoming astomatous. This arrest of stomatogenesis was not observed during somatic oral replacement.

Morphology and morphogenesis of Thigmokeronopsis antarctica nov. spec, and T. crystallis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, hypotrichida) from Antarctic Sea Ice

Summary The morphology and morphogenesis of Thigmokeronopsis antarctica nov. spec, and T. crystallis nov. spec, discovered in brine channels of Antarctic sea ice, were investigated using protargol silver impregnation. Both species are characterized by a left postoral ciliary field which is composed of much fewer longitudinal files than in T. jahodai, the type species of the genus. In addition, the new species have unique morphogenetic features, viz. all marginal and dorsal primordia originate de novo and the macronuclear nodules fuse incompletely during cell division. Thigmokeronopsis antarctica is distinguished from T. jahodai by shortened midventral rows, 1 left postoral file and 3–4 buccal cirri; transverse cirri are perhaps absent. Thigmokeronopsis crystallis has long midventral rows, usually 5 slightly irregular left postoral files, 1 buccal, and 8 transverse cirri. Morphogenesis is similar in both species, i.e. an anarchic field originates close to left midventral cirri and produces the opisthe's adorai membranelles, undulating membranes, and fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) cirri; the proter's anarchic field forms near the paroral membrane and splits into primordia for undulating membranes and adorai membranelles; the FVT anlage originates independently close to the anterior left midventral cirri; all primordia form apparently de novo and all parental cirri are replaced. Reorganization resembles the development of the proter.

Morphology and morphogenesis of Disematostoma colpidioides (ciliophora, frontoniidae): Its systematic implications

Disematostoma colpidioides, until now, Wenrichia colpidioides, is a reniform ciliate with a strong torsion at the equatorial plane. The nuclear apparatus consists of a long macronucleus and a spherical micronucleus. The oral infraciliature is made up by a paroral kinety and three peniculi with 4,4, and 3 rows of kinetosomes, respectively. At the right slope of the buccal cavity there are 3-5 vestibular kineties. The somatic infraciliature consists of dikinetids which form a preoral and a postoral suture. On the dorsal side, D. colpidioides has the genus-specific "dorsal polar band", comprised of a row of pairs of kinetosomes in its middle part. These pairs are irregularly spaced, and each one has a long fibrillar derivate. These features, principally the existence of a dorsal polar band, suggest that this species must be transferred from the genus Wenrichia to the genus Disematostoma. Stomatogenesis commences with the proliferation of kinetosomes belonging to the paroral kinety. From this proliferation originate both, the penicular primordia by elineation, and the paroral primordium by reorganization of an elongated anarchic field of kinetosomes. Moreover, a reorganization of the parental paroral kinety also takes place. Finally, the oral apparatus is the origin of cortical destabilization during the bipartition process which is also implicated by the fission furrow. The cortical destabilization begins at the right side of the buccal cavity and follows a left-right gradient.

Transmission Electron Microscopical Observations on Stomatogenesis during Metamorphosis of Eufolliculina uhligi (Ciliophora: Heterotrichida)1

ABSTRACTStomatogenesis during metamorphosis of the marine loricate ciliate, Eufolliculina uhligi, was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Kinetosome proliferation in the stomatogenic territory leads to the formation of an anarchic field. This separates into the left adoral and the right paroral primordia. Both primordia consist of pairs of kinetosomes. One kinetosome of a pair is associated with one transverse and two postciliary microtubules; the other has one transverse microtubule. The postciliary microtubules of the adoral kinetosomes become divergent; those of the paroral kinetosomes become convergent. The adoral kinetosomes arrange in promembranelles. Then a third row of kinetosomes is produced anteriorly to each promembranelle. This third row is short at the peristome but longer in the buccal area. The paroral kinetosomes form a stichodyad. The buccal part of the paroral primordium is resorbed during formation of the buccal cavity. Stomatogenesis ends with the development of a functioning cytostome. During this process, the postciliary microtubules of the buccal adoral membranelles elongate and become associated with cytopharyngeal vesicles. Fusion of these vesicles with the cytostome has been observed some time after the completion of the oral structures.

Interspecific micronuclear transplantation inParamecium:nucleogenesis and stomatogenesis in asexual and sexual reproduction

AbstractThe micronucleus of Paramecium plays an essential role in the development of the oral apparatus in both asexual and sexual cycles. The present study analyses this somatic function of the micronucleus by interspecific transplantation of the micronucleus between two species, P. jenningsi and P. tetraurelia. The two species are similar in nucleogenesis in the sexual cycle, in the dependence of stomatogenesis on the micronucleus and in the pattern of the oral ciliature. P. jenningsi, however, has a longer oral apparatus. Renucleated cell lines were derived from heterospecific transplantation (P. jenningsi amicronucleates implanted with micronuclei of P. tetraurelia), and also from homospecific transplantation (P. jenningsi). Both homo- and heterospecific transplants exhibited abnormal micronuclear propagation during cell division. In the sexual cycle, the heterospecific transplants exhibited more severe micronuclear anomalies, suggesting interspecific incompatibility. On the other hand, the stomatogenic consequences of the two types of transplants in the asexual and sexual cycles were similar. It is concluded that micronuclear functions, in the assembly and normal patterning of the oral ciliature in the sexual cycle, are not species-specific. However, the oral apparatuses developed by the homo- and heterospecific transplants were similar in length, and approaching that of normal P. jenningsi. Hence, even though the micronucleus is necessary for developing normal oral length, the oral length characteristic of a species is determined by species-specific nonmicronuclear factors. The present findings resemble heterospecific dermal–epidermal inductive interactions in multicellular development, with the micronucleus exerting a nonspecies-specific ‘intracellular inductive stimulus’ on the oral anarchic field to promote oral development.

Morphogenesis in the Heterotrich Ciliate Climacostomum virens. I. Oral Development During Cell Division

SYNOPSISThe principal characteristics of stomatogenesis during division in Climacostomum virens are: (A) Kinetosomal proliferation on the left side of a variable number of kineties in the ventral somatic cortex forms an oral primordium consisting of several kinetosomal fields, which then fuse to form a single anarchic field. (B) A constant topographical relationship exists between the primordium and a well defined cortical pattern, the zone of discontinuity. (C) The anarchic field primordium divides into 2 unequal parts—to the left, the AZM primordium, and to the right, the paroral primordium, which differentiates into the apical membranelles, the peristomial field, and the buccal tube. (D) Preoral and oblique kineties of the somatic cortex form along the right side of the paroral primordium. (E) Parental oral structures are partially dedifferentiated. Stomatogenesis in C. virens and other heterotrichs is compared.

A localized region of basal body proliferation in growing cells of Dileptus visscheri (ciliata, gymnostomate).

In the ciliate Dileptus organisms are completely organized at the time of excystation. They grow intensively, increasing in volume several times, before they reach the trophic cell size. The growth includes both the somatic part of the body as well as the oral parts, consisting of the cytostomal field and the ventral band of the proboscis. From the time of excystation, during the growth of the cell, the oral apparatus is able to capture and ingest food. Growth of an oral apparatus while functioning has not previously been reported in cilates. The proliferation of new oral kinetosomes in the growing oral apparatus occurs only in the cytostomal field. There is no proliferation of ciliature in the oral kineties of the growing proboscis. In those regions of the somatic kineties bordering the cytostomal field an extensive proliferation of somatic ciliature takes place. The zone of proliferation common to the oral and somatic ciliature supplies new kinetosomes for the elongating proboscis, the growing oral apparatus and the growth of the rest of the body. The mode of proliferation of the oral kinetosomes differs from that of the somatic kinetosomes. The oral kinetosomes form randomly in large numbers, appearing similar to an anarchic field such as is found in other ciliates. The somatic kinetosomes always arise singly and in a defined position in relation to the mature kinetosome. The proliferation of basal bodies in a defined area in Dileptus suggests the existence of a growth zone localized around the cytostomal field.

Order in an Anarchic Field

Order in an Anarchic Field

Oral regeneration in the ciliate Stentor coeruleus: a scanning and transmission electron optical study.

SYNOPSIS. Elaboration of ciliated feeding organelles in the protozoon Stentor coeruleus was reinvestigated for the first time by scanning electron microscopy which gives the most realistic 3‐dimensional images. Parallel transmission EM studies of synchronized regenerating stentors gave further ultrastructural details of stomatogenesis, while also confirming the expectation that in the structure of its kineties this now classical experimental object does not differ from other species of Stentor previously studied.Within 2 hr after the stimulus to regeneration, several generations of new kinetosomes for the oral primordium are produced, first in association with kinetosomes of kineties at the restricted primordium site. These kinetosomes rapidly sprout membranellar cilia as well as subpellicular microtubules but are still randomly oriented (anarchic field). The forming membranellar band increases from its center‐line to both sides while it grows in length. Young cilia are blunt‐ended.Recession of the early anlage occurs without rupture of the pellicle; soon apparent is the clear border stripe of unknown function along the right side of the membranellar band.Instantaneous fixation of beating cilia in early primordia revealed random beating, with coordination and presumably membranellar organization not yet attained. In late anlagen there are 2 types of metachronal rhythm: transversely from cilium to cilium across any given membranelle, as well as the easily observable serial beating of membranelles along the entire band. A single file of cilia leads the subsequent cytostomal invagination. The posterior end of the membranellar band then follows to line the cytopharynx.

Microstome-macrostome transformation in Tetrahymena vorax strain V2 type S induced by a transforming principle, stomatin.

SYNOPSIS. Microstome →macrostome transformation in Tetrahymena vorax was induced by suspending microstomes in a transforming principle, stomatin, released by a potential prey, T. pyriformis. It was found that 70–90% of the microstomes formed macrostomes within 7 hours following suspension in this transforming principle. Macrostome formation occurred by the process of oral replacement. This process involved resorption of the microstome oral apparatus and its replacement with a larger (macrostome) one, which arose from an anarchic field that formed behind the resorbing oral area. Ninety‐five percent of those microstomes which were destined to form macrostomes were in some stage of oral replacement 195 minutes after their suspension in stomatin. Several commercially produced products were tested over a wide range of concentrations to determine their ability to act as an inducer of macrostomes. Only 2, Trypticase and Bactocasitone, had any activity, and it was too small to be considered really effective. An attempt was also made to destroy the activity of stomatin by using enzymes. RNAse was effective but only in very high concentrations, so it was suggested that this activity might be related to the destruction of RNA within the transforming cell and not related to hydrolysis of stomatin. None of the other enzymes tested had any effect in reducing the activity of stomatin.

Critical phases of oral primordium development in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C: an analysis employing low temperature treatment.

SYNOPSIS. The effects of temperatures of 12–18 C on cell division and oral primordium development were investigated in cultures of synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis GL‐C. If exposures to 12 or 15 C were initiated prior to a “transition point,” long delays of cell division were generated. After this transition point, cell division could no longer be substantially delayed by exposure to low temperature. The time of the transition point was somewhat earlier with 15 C than with 12 C treatments. At temperatures higher than 15 C long delays of cell division were not generated regardless of time of treatment.The effects of low temperature on oral morphogenesis were strongly dependent on the stage which was affected. (i) The further development of cells initially in the “anarchic field” stage (stage 1) was immediately blocked at both 12 and 15 C. (ii) Cells initially in the stages of incipient membranelle differentiation (stages 2 and 3) continued to develop at both 12 and 15 C, and formed oral primordia in which all 3 membranelles were clearly differentiated (stage 4). The subsequent progress of these stage 4 primordia depended on the temperature: at 12 C virtually all were resorbed (and cell division was blocked); at 15 C only about 1/3 were resorbed, while the remaining 2/3 completed their development (with the concomitant completion of cell division). (iii) Cells initially in intermediate stages of membranelle differentiation (early stage 4) developed to some extent at 12 C, and then underwent resorpton of oral primordia and blockage of cell division; at 15 C such cells completed their development and division normally. (iv) Cells in which the membranelles and undulating membrane were complete or nearly so (stage 5 and very late stage 4) at the time of the beginning of the cold treatment subsequently finished their development and went thru cell division, even at temperatures as low as 5 C.These results indicate that in addition to a “stabilization point” which occurs shortly before the completion of membranelle development, there is an earlier change in the primordium at the time of the onset of membranelle development, which renders development much less sensitive to direct interference by low temperature.

Studies on the maintenance of oral development in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C. II. The relationship of protein synthesis to cell division and oral organelle development.

The effects of puromycin on synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis were investigated at two different concentrations, 43 microg per ml and 430 microg per ml. The rate of incorporation of histidine-(14)C into hot TCA-insoluble material was reduced by 30% at the low concentration and by 80-90% at the high concentration. The rate of oxygen uptake was lowered by only 10-20% at both concentrations. Cell division was prevented at both concentrations, if the drug was added prior to a "transition point" at about 45 min after the end of the synchronizing treatment. Development of "anarchic field" oral primordia was arrested, while primordia in early stages of membranelle differentiation were resorbed. Resorption began shortly after addition of the drug, and proceeded most rapidly at the lower concentration. If the drug was added after the "transition point," cell division and oral primordium formation were completed with only slight delay at the low concentration, and with considerable delay (in some cases complete arrest) at the high concentration. The results thus indicate that protein synthesis is involved in the later as well as the earlier stages of development; what specially characterizes the earlier stages, prior to the "transition point," is a dramatic response to partial inhibition of protein synthesis. It is suggested that this response involves the activation or release of a latent intracellular degradative system which is specific for developing structures.

Cortical morphogenesis and synchronization in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL

A study was made of the effects of a single heat shock, and of a multiple heat shock synchronizing treatment, on oral morphogenesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Heat shocks were found to have different effects, depending on the stage of cortical development. Cells with “anarchic field” primordia (stage 1) were not visibly affected by the shocks, while cells with primordia which had started to form membranelles (stages 3–4) resorbed their developing structures as a consequence of a heat shock and thus were returned to an earlier phase of development. Cells initially lacking oral primordia (“stage 0”) were able to develop primordia in the intervals between heat shocks. As a consequence of these stage-specific effects, there was a rapid increase, during the early part of the synchronizing treatment, in the proportion of cells possessing oral primordia; the primordia remained in (or were returned to) the “anarchic field” phase of development. Fairly good synchronization was achieved already by the end of the third shock, at which time the majority of the cells had begun oral primordium development. From these and earlier findings, it was concluded that the synchronizing treatment “collects” cells in a phase of development whose salient structural feature is the onset of oral primordium development. This phase may be considered to correspond roughly to the middle of the normal cell generation in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The Buccal Organelles in Paramecium aurelia During Fission and Conjugation, with Special Reference to the Kinetosomes

SYNOPSIS.Stomatogenesis in Paramecium aurelia is shown to involve the lower kineties of the right vestibular wall, the endoral membrane and perhaps the quadrulus. The anarchic field for the new buccal organelles is formed by granules produced from somatic kinetosomes of the right vestibular wall. The endoral membrane becomes incorporated into the buccal anlage and probably regulates orientation and development of the new organelles. A production of heretofore unobserved buccal kinetosomes from the quadrulus is described and it is suggested that these may form the new endoral membrane for the proter.During conjugation the infraciliature dedifferentiates in the area of fusion between the conjugants. The buccal organelles dedifferentiate at the time of pronucleus formation and transfer. It is suggested that dedifferentiation of structures in the fusion area is caused by a partial solation of the cortex in this area. The dedifferentiation of the buccal organelles results from the solation of the cytoplasm and the cortex of the paroral cone during pronucleus migration. The redifferentiation of the buccal organelles and somatic kinetosomes is suggested to be a recrystallization or gelation of the cortex with the structures re‐forming in their normal positions and not from an anarchic field as at fission.