Anarcadium Occidentale Research Articles

EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF CASHEW LEAF MEAL (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE) ON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKEN

The low nutrient utilization which is combatant to soaring cost of raising poultry has made the animal nutritionist to explore avenues to use natural feed additives to maximize the utilization of nutrients in the available feed for cost reduction. Some of these natural feed additives may impact negatively on blood parameters of broilers thereby negating their use. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the dietary supplementation of cashew leaf Anarcadium occidentale meal (CLM) on haematological indices of finisher broiler chicken. One hundred and twenty Anak-2000 breed of finisher broilers were distributed randomly in a completely randomized design (CRD) of four treatments replicated three times. The experimental diets consist of CLM added at levels of 0%, 1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5% in treatment 1 (control), 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The diets were fed for 28 days after which blood samples were collected for haematological analysis. The result showed a progressive significantly (p<0.05) increase in red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), and white blood cell (WBC) as the inclusion level of CLM increased. The mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and mean cell value (MCV) (p>0.05) reduced in diets 2, 3, and 4 compared to the control. It was concluded that CLM up to 3.5% inclusion has the potential to impact positively on haematological parameters of finisher broiler chicken and therefore should be included in the formulation of finisher broilers diets at up to 3.5%.

Nutritive values of some local feed resources and digestibility of diets based on dried cashew apple (Anarcadium occidentale) in local breed pigs in Senegal

Nutritive values of some local feed resources and digestibility of diets based on dried cashew apple (Anarcadium occidentale) in local breed pigs in Senegal

Study of the performance of lignin from cashew apple bagasse (Anarcadium occidentale L) as adsorbent for industrial synthetic dye

The present work investigated the use of lignin from cashew apple bagasse and the lignin-magnetic nanoparticles composite in the removal of industrial textile dyes using the reactive turquoise blue dye, also named of reactive blue 21, as a model, and a real effluent. The adsorbents were characterized through FTIR and SEM-EDS. The influence of the pH, dye concentration, amount of adsorbent and temperature was evaluated in the adsorption process, analyzing the kinetic behavior and the isotherm of the process. The best adsorption results were obtained using lignin-magnetic nanoparticles (Lig-MNPs) as adsorbent. The acid pH favored the adsorption process and the amount of adsorbent that presented the best results was 8 mg/mL (approx. 70% of removal). The kinetic data and isotherm were best represented by the pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. The results obtained in this adsorption study demonstrated that the Lig-MNP composite poses as a potential adsorbent, presenting a removal percentage of up to 95% of the turquoise blue reactive dye; it can be reused for up to three cycles and its magnetic characteristics facilitate the separation process, reducing energy costs with filtration or centrifugation process. Also, Lig-MNPs adsorbs 58% (7.3 mg/g) of the concentration of dyes present in a real industrial effluent. The results obtained in this adsorption study compared with the results available in the literature demonstrate that the Lig-MNPs composite presents itself as a potential adsorbent of reactive dyes, and its magnetic characteristics facilitate the separation process, reducing energy costs.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Evaluation of Anarcardium occidentale Root Collected in Agbani, Eastern Nigeria

Background: Different parts of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) are used in folk medicine to treat dysentery, diarrhea piles, toothache and sore gums. Evaluation of phytoconstituents or novel compounds from the plant is highly needed to authenticate these claims.
 Aim: The aim of the research was to conduct phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluations of extract and fractions of root of Anarcadium occidentale got from Agbani.
 Methods: The pulverized material was extracted with methanol using cold maceration method. Solvent fractions were obtained using separating funnel based on liquid-liquid extraction technique starting with non-polar to high polar solvent. The cup-plate agar diffusion was used to conduct preliminary antibacterial evaluation of the extract and fractions. Agar dilution and streaking on the solid agar techniques were used to evaluate the test extract and fractions against some selected bacteria for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) respectively.
 Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions showed that terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, fat and oil, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins were present. The preliminary evaluations of the agent showed promising activity by producing inhibition zone diameter (IZD) ranging from 10 + 0.66 to 20 + 0.98 mm. The MIC and MBC of the test extract and fractions against the test bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Salm typhi, Bacillus subtilis. Salmonella. spp and Proteus. mirabils – ranged from 0.0025-0.040 mg/mL and 0.020 – 0.080 mg/mL respectively.
 Conclusion: Our study showed that the extract and fractions of the cashew root possess promising antimicrobial activity. This suggests that the agents may provide novel compounds for antibacterial drug development research.

Development of a new biomaterial based on cashew tree gum (Anarcadium occidentale L.) enriched with hydroxyapatite and evaluation of cytotoxicity in adipose-derived stem cell cultures

Cashew tree gum is a polysaccharide material highly available in the Northeast region of Brazil. It has been explored for biocompatibility with human tissues. This research aimed to describe the synthesis and characterization of cashew gum/hydroxyapatite scaffold and evaluate the possible cytotoxicity in murine adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) cultures. ADSCs of the subcutaneous fat tissue of Wistar rats were collected, isolated, expanded, differentiated into three strains, and characterized immunophenotypically. The scaffolds were synthesized through chemical precipitation, lyophilized and characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG and DTG), and mechanical testing. The scaffold presented a crystalline structure and pores with an average diameter of 94.45 ± 50.57 μm. By mechanical tests, the compressive force and modulus of elasticity were like the cancellous bone. The isolated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) presented fibroblast morphology, adhesion capacity to plastic, differentiation in osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages, positive expression for the CD105 and CD90 markers and negative expression for the CD45 and CD14 markers. The MTT test showed increased cell viability, and the biomaterial showed a high level of hemocompatibility (<5 %). This study allowed the development of a new scaffold for future surgical applicability in tissue regeneration.

Proximate assessment and bioassay of breakfast cereals produced from blends of acha (Digitaria exilis), mungbean (Vigna eadiata) and cashew nut (Anarcadium occidentale Linn) flours

Breakfast cereals were formulated from blends of acha, fermented mungbean and cashew nut (undefatted and defatted) flours. The undefatted and defatted cashew nut flours were used at different levels of substitution (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %) with the best blend of acha and mungbean (80:20) flour which was determined by sensory evaluation. Breakfast cereals were produced by toasting (170 oC) a dry heat treatment process to gelatinize and semi-dextrinize the starch in order to generate dry ready to eat products. The samples were subjected to proximate and bioassay analyses. The breakfast cereal was used for a four week bioassay study using eighty four (84) healthy male albino rats weighing 60 - 90 g. The proximate composition showed: crude protein 10.24-20.10 %, moisture content 6.01-8.07 %, crude fat 3.60-24.51 %, crude fibre 4.02-7.07 %, ash 3.39-4.80 % and carbohydrate 46.4- 68.08 %. Feed intake was measured daily while weight gain was measured weekly. Results after the study showed; feed intake 234.22 – 344.55 g, weight gain 34.14 – 80.25 g, feed efficiency 0.14-0.25 and protein efficiency 0.99-1.89. Feeding experiment showed positive increase in weight when the rats were fed the formulated breakfast products. This implies that the products could support growth. No adverse growth rate was observed. Feed intake was also acceptable and compared well with the stable diet for rats. Feed efficiency of the samples compared well with the control diet.

Combining fruit pulp and rice protein agglomerated with collagen to potencialize it as a functional food: particle characterization, pulp formulation and sensory analysis.

In this study, agglomeration process was applied in concentrated rice protein (RP) powder using hydrolyzed collagen (HC) as binder to improve wetting time and flowability, aiming at its application in the food industry, namely for fruit pulp supplementation. Fruit pulps from acerola (Malpighia emarginata), cashew (Anarcadium occidentale), guava (Psidium guajava), soursop (Annona muricate), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata) replaced in 1-5% (w/w) by RP or RP agglomerated with collagen were evaluated in terms of viscosity/color and sensory attributes. The addition of RP led to changes in the color of the pulps analyzed, resulting in a red and yellowish color. Viscosity analysis showed that the agglomeration process increased RP dispersion as a function of collagen concentration. The percentage of concentrated RP and RP agglomerated with collagen was limited to 1-3% in order to generate acceptance levels higher than 80%, which is similar to the acceptance rate of pulps without any addition (control-NA).

Comparative assessment of the acute and sub-acute effects of some plant based Ichthyotoxins on aquatic organisms: a case study of Clarias gariepinus

Plant-based ichthyotoxins are increasingly used for commercial fishing activities in many countries all over the world. This study investigated the acute and sub-acute effects of the aqueous extracts of some plant-based ichthyotoxins, commonly used in Nigeria, on Clarias gariepinus. Ichthyotoxins in the bark of Anarcadium occidentale, seeds of Carica papaya, nuts of Raphia vinifera and leaves of Manihot esculenta were extracted using referenced methods. Acute effect of the ichthyotoxins to Clarias gariepinus was assessed using static bioassays for a 96-h period and sub-acute effect on the biochemical processes in the fish was assessed using static renewal bioassays for 28 days. Acute toxicity studies showed that A. occidentale was the most toxic to the fish with a 96h LC50 value of 35.159 mg/L compared to the other ichthyotoxins. The 96h LC50 values of C. papaya, R. vinifera and M. esculenta were 539.236 mg/L, 828.741 mg/L and 1160.233 mg/L respectively. Sub-acute toxicity studies showed that the ichthyotoxins had minimal effects on the biochemical processes in the fish. Activities of the antioxidant and liver function enzymes investigated did not increase in exposed fish compared to the control. This study showed that some plant-based ichthyotoxins can be acutely toxic to fish at low concentrations and their general application on surface waters expose target and non-target macro invertebrates to the acute effects of the toxins. Hence, there is a need to enlighten indigenous fishermen and regulate the use of plant-based ichthyotoxins which are presumed to be safer than synthetic ichthyotoxins.

Growth and Yield Characters of Two Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Cultivars at Different Ages in Baubau City, South-East Sulawesi Province

Baubau City is one of the cashew (Anarcadium occidentale L.) producer area in Southeast Sulawesi with area of 820 ha. This large area of cashew cultivation was not compensated with the productivity caused of low production. An effort to overcome this problem is identifying the growth and yield characters of cashew to apply the good agricultural practices for cashew plantation. The objective of this research was to determine the growth and yield of two cashew varieties at different tree ages; and to identify the relationship between the characters and the productivity of cashew trees in Baubau City. This research was arranged by oversite design with 2 varieties (the cashew with red pseudo-fruit and the cashew with yellow pseudo-fruit), 4 ages of cashew plant (5 years old, 17 years old, 26 years old, 37 years old) and 5 replications. The results showed that both varieties had no significantly different on growth and yield characters. At 37 years old, cashew trees still demonstrated the increasing of the productivity due to the increasing of growth and yield component i.e. plant biomass, the number of flower, the number of cashew nut per plant and cashew nut weight per kernel.

Physicochemical, Spectroscopic and Rheological Characterization of Anacardium occidentale gum Exudates

Anacardium occidentale gum exudate was analyzed for physicochemical, spectroscopic and rheological characteristics. Physicochemical analysis revealed that the gum is mildly acidic, ionic, extremely rich in carbohydrate and calcium. GCMS spectrum revealed the presence of some carboxylic acids, ketone and alkanes. The FTIR spectrum of the gum closely resembled those of other polysaccharides. Scanning electron micrograph revealed the presence of pores containing particles with irregular shapes. The average value of intrinsic viscosity of the gum was 3.28 dL/g, which compared favourably with those obtained for some plant gums. From the Huggins, Kraemer and Power law models, it was deduced that there is absence of molecular association and that the conformation of the gum is more rod like. Viscosity of the studied gum was found to be greatly influenced by the presence of urea, K+, Ca2+ and Al2+. Anarcadium occidentale gum exhibited a non-Newtonian property with characteristics dilatant and shears thickening properties.

Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of farmer fatty cakes of cashew nut (Anarcadium occidentale L.)

Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of farmer fatty cakes of cashew nut (<i>Anarcadium occidentale L.</i>)

DETERMINANTS OF THE NEGLECTED AND UNDERUTILIZED SPECIES&amp;#8217; CULTIVATION BY SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN NIGERIAN GUINEA SAVANNAH

There is an increasing consensus that diversifying into the cultivation of ‘Neglected and Underutilized Species’ (NUS), in addition to growing conventional crops, off ers a plethora of livelihood-enhancing benefi ts to small-scale agricultural households. Therefore this study examined the factors that infl uence small-scale farmers’ diversifi cation into the cultivation of the cashew nut plant (Anarcadium occidentale, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas) in the guinea savannah region of Nigeria. We employed farm household-level survey data of the phenomenon in Kwara State. The data were analyzed using the Simson Index of Diversity (SID) and Tobit censored regression. Findings indicate that respondents diversifi ed most into the cultivation of cashews (70.9%), followed by moringa (38.4%), and jatropha (11.3%). The extent of diversifi cation was positively infl uenced by the farm size (p < 0.01), household head’s education level (p < 0.01), membership in a cooperative (p < 0.01), and farm income (p < 0.1). It was negatively infl uenced by the land tenure system practiced (p < 0.05). Findings imply, inter alia, that small-scale farmers may avoid diversifi cation into these crops if they have a limited access to cultivated land. This study therefore advocates ensuring equitable access to farmland through a structural and legislative land tenure reform policy.

Removal of metal ions Cd (II), Pb (II), and Cr (III) from water by the cashew nut shell Anacardium occidentale L

Current paper analyzes the cashew nut shell (Anarcadium occidentale L.) (CNS11CNS: chasew nut shell.) as a natural adsorbent in the removal of the metal ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from contaminated water. Adsorbent was characterized as to its chemical and structural composition by infra-red spectroscopy (IR22IR: infra-red spectroscopy.); as to its morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM33SEM: scanning electron microscopy.); and point of zero charge (pHPCZ44pHPCZ: point of zero charge.). Best adsorption conditions (pH, adsorbent mass, contact time) were determined. Adsorption kinetics was evaluated by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion mathematic models, whereas adsorption isotherms were linearized according to mathematical models by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R55D–R: Dubinin–Radushkevich.). The effects of initial concentration, temperature in the process, de-sorption and the comparison with activated coal were also performed. SEM and IR showed positive characteristics to adsorption. Further, pHPCZ of CNS lay between 3.69 and 4.01. Best adsorption conditions of the ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ were pH 5.0; adsorbent mass: 12gL−1; equilibrium time 60min. Pseudo-second order and D–R models suggested the predominance of chemo-sorption process. Adjustment of Langmuir and Freundlich models suggested adsorption in mono- and multi-layers. Thermodynamic study showed that the process was spontaneous for Cd2+ at 15 and 25°C. CNS had high desorption rates for Cd2+ and Pb2+, but low desorption with Cr3+. CNS has a potential to aggregate economical rate and increase the crop’s productive chain when the residue is used for the removal of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from water.

Transferability and characterization of microssatellite loci to in Anacardium humile A. St. Hil. (Anacardiaceae)

Microsatellite markers were transferred from the cashew, Anarcadium occidentale, to Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), a Neotropical shrub from the Brazilian savanna, that produces an edible nut and pseudo-fruit. We tested 14 microsatellite primers from A. occidentale on A. humile. Polymorphism of each microsatellite locus was analyzed based on 58 individuals from three populations. Twelve loci amplified successfully and presented 2 to 9 alleles; expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.056 to 0.869. These 12 microsatellite loci provide a new tool for the generation of fundamental population genetic data for devising conservation strategies for A. humile.

Proximate and Mineral Composition of Roasted and Defatted Cashew Nut (Anarcadium occidentale) Flour

Cashew nut (Anarcadium occidentale) was roasted, defatted and processed into flour. The flour was evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics (Proximate and Minerals). The proximate composition (%) was as follows: moisture (5.52±0.2) ash (4.41±0.1), crude fat (34.95±0.2), crude protein (27.31±0.0) crude fibre (1.42±0.2) carbohydrate (by difference) 25.39 and energy (Kcal) (534.35). The result of the mineral composition (mg/100 g) showed that roasted and defatted cashew nut flour contains calcium (21.4±0.23) potassium (38.5±0.1) magnesium (36.4±0.3) Iron (0.8±0.1) Zinc (0.9±0.1), Sodium (22.6±0.2) Copper (0.4±0.1). It is obvious that the flour is a good source of energy, protein and minerals.

Mineral and Proximate Composition of Cashew Apple (Anarcadium occidentale L.) Juice from Northern Savannah, Forest and Coastal Savannah Regions in Ghana

Mineral and Proximate Composition of Cashew Apple (Anarcadium occidentale L.) Juice from Northern Savannah, Forest and Coastal Savannah Regions in Ghana

Study of technical CNSL and its main components as new green larvicides

Larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti of technical cashew (Anarcadium Occidentale L.) nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its main constituents, cardanol, cardol and their products of hydrogenation were evaluated. In addition, the structure-activity relationship is also discussed.

Suitability evaluation of Kusogi land in the sandstone-derived terrain of Niger State of Cashew (&lt;i&gt;Anarcadium occidentale&lt;/i&gt; L.) production

Suitability of Kusogi land, in the sandstone-derived terrain of savanna ecology in Niger State, Nigeria, for cashew production was assessed. A 500 ha parcel of land originally earmarked for sugarcane production was assessed using rigid-grid method of soil survey. Aggregate actual suitability rating put three out of the five mapping units 978% of the total land area) as marginally suitable while the remaining 22% of the land was non-suitable for cashew production. Soil fertility, in terms of calcium mole fraction constitutes limitation in about 86.4% of the land and this proportion of the land was rated moderately suitable under aggregate potential suitability. Drainage and pH constitute major limitations in 13.6% of the land and aggregate potential suitability rated this as non-suitable. Climate, electrical conductivity indices and soil physical characteristics were conducive for the production of cashew. Management practices such as drainage and liming of the waterlogged parcels as well as fertility enhancement measures are recommended to elevate the current status of the land for cashew production. JARD Vol. 5 (2) 2006: pp. 140-152

Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition of Protein Concentrate from Cashew Nut (Anarcadium occidentale) Grown in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2 Abstract : Fatty acids; proximate and amino acid composition of Anarcadium occidentale protein concentrate were investigated. The three most abundant fatty acids were C18:1ω9 > C16:0 > C18:3ω3. Unsaturated fatty aids predominated in the sample with adequate amounts of essential fatty acids. Proximate analysis of protein concentrate revealed high percentage crude protein of 69.6g/100g protein. Ash and crude fibre were low while ether extract was not detected. The protein concentrate had a balanced content of some of the essential amino acids, with respect to the FAO/WHO provisional pattern however supplementation may be required in valine and threonine. The calculated isoelectric point (pI) was 4.25 while the first limiting amino acid was valine.

Graft studies on cashe genotypes

Graft union in cashew (Anarcadium occidentale L.) was studied using light microscopy. Callus formation was most abundant from regions of the pith and cortex which had been damaged during preparation of the scion and rootstock for grafting. Of particular interest was the observetion that the callus cells formed from the pith developed in regular rows resembling vascular cambium or phellogen, rather than in the random manner observed in other species which others have reported. Cambial union was established between 20 and 30 days after grafting by differen!iation of callus formed mainly by dediffereritiation of cortical cells. Unlike other species which have been described, no significant amounts of callus were observed to be produced from ray parenchyma of the secondary xylem. The new periderm was established between the surfaces of the graft partners after the cambial union had sealed off the wound edges.