Anaptychia Ciliaris Research Articles

Diversity and distribution of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on aspen (Populus tremula) in the middle boreal forests of Republic of Karelia (Russia)

The distribution of epiphytic bryophyte and lichen species growing on aspen in the middle boreal forests was studied in southern Karelia (Russia). These forests varied in time-since-disturbance from 80 to 450 years. Two hundred twenty two species of epiphytes, including 178 lichens, 32 mosses and 12 liverworts, were recorded on 192 aspen trees in forests over 24 ha, in the Karelian part of the Vodlozero National Park, Kivach Strict Nature Reserve, Kizhi Sanctuary and Petrozavodsk City. Arthonia biatoricola, A. excipienda and Biatoridium monasteriense were collected in Karelia for the first time. Eighteen rare species (lichens Anaptychia ciliaris, Arthonia vinosa, Bryoria nadvornikiana, Chaenotheca gracilenta, C. stemonea, Lecidea albofuscescens, Lobaria pulmonaria, Melanelixia subaurifera, Nephroma bellum, N. laevigatum, Phaeocalicium populneum, Ramalina thrausta, Rostania occultata, Scytinium subtile, Usnea barbata, mosses Neckera pennata, Plagiomnium drummondii and liverwort Lejeunea cavifolia) listed in the Red Data Book of Republic of Karelia (2007) were found. Relationships between epiphytic lichen and bryophyte species richness and certain environmental variables (at different trunk heights above ground and time-since-disturbance) were evaluated. Lichens and mosses on aspen trunks often occupy different ecological niches. Cover and diversity of bryophytes was high on trunk bases, while the number of lichen species and their cover were higher at a height of 1.3 m above ground level. The total number of lichen species on aspen increased on average from 40 to 60 species per ha with increasing time-since-disturbance from 100 to 450 years. A stabilization in lichen species number was observed at about 200 years since disturbance. No significant correlation was determined between bryophyte diversity on aspens and the time-since-disturbance.

An old familiar face: Tremella anaptychiae sp. nov. (Tremellales, Basidiomycota)

Tremella anaptychiae, a lichenicolous fungus growing on Anaptychia ciliaris, is described as new. Both morphological and molecular data (DNA sequences from the ITS and 28S regions) are used to characterize and distinguish it from other Tremella s. l. species. Tremella anaptychiae is closely related to T. parmeliarum but comparatively distantly related to other previously recognized lichenicolous species groups.

Vilmos Piers’ lichen collection in the Savaria Museum, Szombathely

Establishing and maintaining a considerable plant herbarium Vilmos Piers (1838– 1920) a famous teacher of natural history in the historical military secondary school in Kőszeg became one of the most productive plant collectors of Vas County. His famous herbarium the so-called “Piers-herbarium” deposited in the Savaria Museum (SAMU; Szombathely, Vas County, Hungary) contains a smaller lichen collection as well. His lichen collection consists of 717 specimens, 427 of them are kept in paper bags, a further 290 specimens are mounted on cardboards prepared for educational purposes. Evaluable locality data are provided for 362 specimens of those in paper bags. 155 of them represent the lichen flora of the region of Kőszeg town at that time, including also some specimens from nearby areas belonging to Austria today. Most of the specimens collected outside the Carpathian Basin are originated from exsiccates. As a result of our revision a total of 210 lichen taxa from 103 genera, furthermore six taxa of microfungi and one liverwort taxon were identified or confirmed. 170 specimens were collected by Piers himself, others were gathered by 24 collectors altogether from 14 countries. Identifications were carried out by the collectors, as well as by Viktor Cypers von Landrecy and Dr Albert Latzel. Specimens indicated by collecting dates were collected between 1875 and 1910, collections by Piers himself date back between 18 July 1889 and 6 November 1909. The lichen collection of Piers represents the most important lichenological data source of the Kőszeg Mts and adjacent areas, several lichen species are known from this region exclusively from Piers’ collections (e.g., Anaptychia ciliaris, Cladonia cervicornis, Cladonia cornuta, Enchylium polycarpon, Lathagrium auriforme, Nephroma parile, Peltigera leucophlebia, Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla). A great part of the collection was revised by Laszlo Galle more than 40 years ago, but a detailed enumeration has never been published by him. The most complete catalogue of the lichen collection based on revised specimens was published by us recently in Savaria Bulletin of Museums of County Vas 38 in 2016, Szombathely. Chemical analyses necessary for species identifications were financed by the grant OTKA K 81232.

Antigenotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Lichens Anaptychia ciliaris, Bryoria fuscescens, Parmotrema chinensa and Xanthoria candelaria: An in vitro Study

The protective role of lichens are getting more important. In this study, the antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activity of the methanol extracts of four lichen species (Anaptychia ciliaris, Bryoria fuscescens, Parmotrema chinensa and Xanthoria candelaria) were investigated. Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test were used for determining the genotoxic contamination and the results showed that four lichen extracts inhibited the mutagenic effects of AFB1. Three different concentrations used and it was determined that the most effective concentration is 20 μg/mL againts the mutagenic effects of AFB1. In addition, the antioxidant effects of A. ciliaris, B. fuscescens, P. chinensa and X. candelaria were determined by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) against the oxidative stress of AFB1 in human lymphocytes in vitro. It was observed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased dramatically and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased after treatment with AFB1 but the antioxidant enzymes were increased and MDA levels decreased in case of applying the lichen methanol extracts. We also determined that our lichen samples have strong antioxidative and antigenotoxic character and their antigenotoxic quality may be relation to the mechanisms of strong antioxidative property.

First Records and Noteworthy Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from Saxony-Anhalt and the Western Part of the Harz National Park (Lower Saxony)

Stordeur, R., Cezanne, R., Eichler, M., Heinrich, D., Kison, H.-U., Schiefelbein, U., Schönbrodt, M., Seelemann, A., Sipman, H. J. M., Thiemann, R. & Ungethüm, K. 2015. First records and noteworthy lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Saxony-Anhalt and the western part of the Harz National Park (Lower Saxony). — Herzogia 28: 654–678.Records are presented for 99 lichens, 15 lichenicolous fungi, and a parasitic and a saprophytic fungus. Llimoniella groenlandiae is reported for the first time from Germany, whereas Rimularia gyrizans is refound in Germany after more than 80 years. Newly reported for Saxony-Anhalt are 80 species, including 13 lichenicolous fungi. Particularly notable are the rarely reported Absconditella delutula, Frutidella pullata, Ochrolechia arborea, Placidium pilosellum, Rhizocarpon carpaticum, Rimularia gibbosa, Sagedia simoensis, Trapeliopsis glaucolepidea, Vezdaea aestivalis and the extremely rare Thelocarpon superellum. Remarkable macrolichens recorded include Cladonia polycarpoides, C. peziziformis, Flavoparmelia soredians, Hypotrachyna revoluta, Melanohalea laciniatula, Oxneria ulophyllodes, Parmelia pinnatifida, Pseudephebe minuscula, Punctelia borreri, Umbilicaria vellea, Usnea barbata, U. flavocardia, U. glabrata, U. substerilis and Xanthoparmelia mougeotii. New to Lower Saxony are Bacidia subincompta, Epigloea urosperma and Pertusaria pupillaris. 23 species were rediscovered in Saxony-Anhalt mostly after a very long time, including the following which were considered extinct in the Red List: Anaptychia ciliaris, Arthonia vinosa, Bacidina egenula, Biatora efflorescens, Icmadophila ericetorum, Lecanactis abietina, Lecanora subcarnea and Lecidea tesselata var. tesselata. Bacidia beckhausii and Frutidella pullata have been rediscovered in Lower Saxony. Remarkable second records for Saxony-Anhalt are Gregorella humida, Polyblastia philaea and Synalissa ramulosa. Lichenomphalia umbellifera is recorded for the first time from the lowlands of Saxony-Anhalt.

Success in the isolation and axenic culture of Anaptychia ciliaris (Physciaceae, Lecanoromycetes) mycobiont

The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimum conditions for culturing Anaptychia ciliaris mycobionts in vitro and analyzing their ontogenetic development while in culture. After the testing of two germination and four development media, results of germination and growth were evaluated. We here recommend the use of basal medium without additional carbon source for germination process. Mycobiont growth was possible in all organic media tested. The maximum mycobiont growth was observed in Lilly and Barnet medium enriched with 3% glucose.

The importance of old deciduous trees and wooden fences for lichen diversity - an example from the Teichalm area (Eastern Alps).

BILOVITZ, P. O. 2014. The importance of old deciduous trees and wooden fences for lichen diversity - an example from the Teichalm area (Eastern Alps). - Herzogia 27: 199 -204. The investigation of the epiphytic lichen diversity on four neighbouring old, isolated deciduous trees and a wooden fence in the Teichalm area yielded 74 lichen taxa and 4 lichenicolous fungi. Anaptychia ciliaris, Cyphelium notarisii, Ramalina fastigiata and R. fraxinea are remarkable records. The usually sterile lichen Thelomma ocellatum was rich in fertile thalli. The known lichen diversity of the Teichalm-Sommeralm region increases from 87 to 122 taxa.

Лихенофлора заказника «Гладышевский» (Санкт-Петербург)

Gladyshevskiy regional protected area has been investigated at the limits of Saint Petersburg (Russia; biogeographical province Isthmus karelicus). This territory is valuable for Roschinka River ecosystems and natural forest landscapes. The current study is based on lichen data collected by authors within 2005–2013 and on historical herbarium of A. O. Kihlman (collected in 1893, includes 53 species). Altogether 310 species of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and non-lichenized fungi are reported from the protected area, among them historical collections of 20 species that were not found within the area nowadays. Caloplaca albolutescens (Nyl.) H. Olivier is published for the first time for European Russia (excluding Caucasus) and 25 species are new to St. Petersburg. The data on localities, habitat use and substratum use of Arthonia subfuscicola (Linds.) Triebel, Chaenotheca subroscida (Eitner) Zahlbr., Chaenothecopsis viridialba (Kremp.) Alb. Schmidt and Schismatomma pericleum (Ach.) Branth et Rostr. are for the first time provided for St. Petersburg. Altogether 14 indicator species and habitat specialists of biologically valuable forests are known from the area, but seven of them — Chaenotheca subroscida, Chaenothecopsis viridialba, Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vain., Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach., N. resupinatum (L.) Ach., Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl. and Schismatomma pericleum — are known from historical data only and can be considered extinct from St. Petersburg. Also 14 species included in the Red Data Book of St. Petersburg (Prilozhenie…, 2014) are reported from Gladyshevskiy protected area, seven of them still present there: Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb., Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal., Cladonia norvegica Tønsberg et Holien, C. stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar et Vězda, Leptogium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Arnold, Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar et al. and Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg.

Mating systems in representatives of Parmeliaceae, Ramalinaceae and Physciaceae ( Lecanoromycetes, lichen-forming ascomycetes)

The progeny of meiosis of eight Parmeliaceae, two Ramalinaceae and seven Physciaceae were subjected to fingerprint analysis using RAPD-PCR applied to single spore isolates. The sample set included common and widespread rarely fertile species ( Parmelia sulcata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Physcia tenella), local to common, infrequently fertile species ( Melanelixia glabra, Parmelina tiliacea, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. stenophylla, Anaptychia runcinata, Diploicia canescen, Physconia distorta), local to rare, infrequently or regularly fertile species with declining distributions ( Parmelina carporrhizans, P. quercina, Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea, Anaptychia ciliaris), and local to common, regularly fertile species ( Physcia aipolia, P. stellaris). All species turned out to be heterothallic, polymorphisms among RAPD markers ranging from 10–87 %. The significance of these findings for population genetics and conservation biology, and potential reasons for infrequent ascoma formation in some of the species are discussed.

Photobiont Diversity in the Physciaceae (Lecanorales)

Newly designed algal-specific primers were used to amplify the ribosomal ITS region from 25 photobiont specimens from five lichenized fungi of the family Physciaceae (Lecanorales), Anaptychia ciliaris, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia caesia, P. tenella, and Physconia distorta. The obtained DNA sequences were then phylogenetically analyzed using parsimony jackknifing. The analyses indicated that the mycobionts associated with two photobiont species: Trebouxia impressa was found with all mycobionts, except Anaptychia ciliaris, which instead was associated with Trebouxia arboricola. In the jackknife tree, all Trebouxia arboricola sequences formed a monophyletic group with a high jackknife support. The Trebouxia impressa sequences also formed a well supported group, which in turn had some internal structure. The photobiont species is reported for the first time for Anaptychia ciliaris, Physcia caesia, and P. tenella. A phylogenetic tree for the photobiont, T. impressa, was compared to a phylogeny of the corresponding mycobionts, also based on ITS sequences. A combined analysis of the data from the photobiont and the data from the mycobiont was also performed. Several similarities were found in the tree topologies. The general similarity of the mycobiont and photobiont trees may indicate a coevolutionary history.

Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Emission, Xanthophyll Cycle Activity, and Net Photosynthetic Rate Responses to Ozone in Some Foliose and Fruticose Lichen Species

The lichens Parmelia quercina, Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, and Anaptychia ciliaris were exposed to ozone (O3) in controlled environment cuvettes designed to maintain the lichens at optimal physiological activity during exposure. Measurements of gas exchange, modulated chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and pigment analysis were conducted before and after exposure to 300 mm3 (O3) m-3, 4 h per d for 14 d. No changes in the efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry, the reduction state of QA, or the electron flow through PS2, measured by Chl fluorescence, were detected in any of the five lichen species studied. Additionally, neither photosynthetic CO2 assimilation nor xanthophyll cycle activity or photosynthetic pigment concentration were affected by high O3 concentrations. Thus the studied lichen species have significant capacities to withstand oxidative stresses induced by high concentration of O3.

Assessment of air pollution from a lignite power plant in the plain of Megalopolis (Greece) using as biomonitors three species of lichens; impacts on some biochemical parameters of lichens

Samples of three species of corticolous lichens ( Anaptychia ciliaris, Lobaria pulmonaria and Ramalina farinacea) were collected from 22 Quercus spp. stands (sites) distributed in the plain (250 km 2) of Megalopolis (Peloponnesos) southern Greece, and at various distances, elevations and directions with respect to a lignite power plant (550 MW), releasing pollutants from stacks of 110 and 180 m height. The concentrations of several metals (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and of total sulphur were determined in the thalli of the above species as well as the levels of a number of biochemical parameters (thallus pH, total proteins, reducing sugars and chlorophyll α/phaeophytin α ratio). The statistical analysis of the data showed significant differences among the sites for the concentrations of elements and the biochemical parameters; multiple linear regression showed that the values of sulphur and most metals were partly due to the distance (negative effect), and elevation (positive effect) of the sites from the power plant. Significant differences were also found among the three species. Total protein contents were 1.66, 6.97 and 8.79 μg mg −1, the contents of reducing sugars 18.84, 46.12 and 33.18 μg mg −1 and the lichens' thallus pH were 5.76, 5.05 and 4.80 in A. ciliaris, L. pulmonaria and R. farinacea, respectively. The most sensitive to SO 2 species, L. pulmonaria, had (a) the highest concentration of sulphur (0.27%) and (b) the largest value of reducing sugars due, perhaps, to a breakdown of polysaccharides. The ratios of chlorophyll α/phaeophytin α in the three species (0.55–0.67) suggest a substantial degradation of chlorophylls. The Cd contents in the three species (3.09, 3.42 and 3.80 μg g −1) are considered close to toxic levels for lichens while those of Pb (8.60, 9.76 and 11.18 μg g −1) are below toxic levels. The negative correlations between Cd concentration and total protein content in A. ciliaris and L. pulmonaria are of particular interest. Negative correlations were also found between total sulphur and thallus pH in all three species. Cluster analysis revealed that the variables examined tend to form three clusters.

Caesium-137 Concentrations and Ecological Half-Lives in Three Epiphytic Lichen Species from Southern Greece (Megalopolis)

The radioactive plume from the Chernobyl accident of April 26, 1986 reached Greece by May 1, substantially contaminating various regions and ecosystems of the country. Since then, the long-lived radionuclide '37Cs has been of particular concern. In the present study samples of the epiphytic lichens Anaptychia ciliaris, Lobaria pulmonaria, and Ramalina farinacea were collected from Quercus frainetto and Q. pubescens within a number of stands in the plain of Megalopolis-Peloponessos in 1988 and again in 1996, and the concentrations of the '37Cs were determined. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of contamination in deciduous oak forest at this southern region of Greece and to compare the ecological rate of '37Cs decline with time, the ecological half-life, and the ecological residence time in three lichen species. The mean concentrations of '37Cs in the 1988 samples were generally much lower than those reported by other workers in lichens from northern and central Greece in 1988, but significantly greater than the corresponding concentrations in the 1996 samples of this study. The concentrations of '37Cs in comparable (from the same stands) samples of 1988 and 1996 were used to estimate the ecological half-lives and the ecological residence times of '37Cs in the three species. Ramalina farinacea captures the smallest amount (952 Bq/Kg) and retains it the shortest time (ecological t? = 2.87 yr.), while Anaptychia ciliaris captures the largest amount of '37Cs (1,220 Bq/Kg) and retains it the longest time (t? = 4.78 yr.). The pH values of thallus is positively and significantly correlated to the '37Cs concentrations. Since A. ciliaris is also a common species in Greece and easy to collect, it is a good biomonitor of radionuclides. Following the accident in the nuclear power reactor at Chernobyl on 26 April 1986, the released radionuclides were first detected in northern Greece on May 1 (Assimakopoulos et al. 1987) and in southern Greece on May 2. Considerable radioactive fallout on the Greek environment mainly occurred during the period 2-7 May (Kritidis & Florou 1995). The radionuclides that caused substantial radiopollution in Greece were 137Cs, 134Cs, and 131I. Due to the short physical half-life of 131I (8 days), the environmental pollution by this radionuclide was of a temporary nature, without diminishing the importance of the damage caused to biological systems. To some extent, the same is true for 134Cs, which has a half-life of two years. On the other hand, 137Cs with a half-life of 30.18 years, has remained in the trophic webs of ecosystems many years after the accident, decreasing slowly in an exponential manner. In general, central and northern Greece received much more fallout of 137Cs (ca 23.9 KBq/m2-Papastefanou et al. 1988) than southern Greece (5-10 KBq/m2 in the Athens area-Kritidis & Florou 1995). This is apparently due to variations in the amount of rainfall. Hofmann et al. (1993) investigated this in the Austrian province of Salzburg, where heavy rains fell during the time the radioactive plume reached the area; the area also received the highest ground contamination in western Europe. Hofmann et al. (1993) also determined 137Cs concentrations in lichens collected before (1985) and after (1986) the Chernobyl accident and found about 50 fold increase in radioactivity. Great increases in radioactivity of lichens and other biocomponents have also been reported from Greece after the Chernobyl accident (Kritidis & Florou 1995; Sawidis & Heinrich 1992). Simopoulos (1989) found a remarkable geographic variability of fallout in Greece (0.3-36.2 KBq/m2), even over short distances, probably due to variations in rainfall patterns as the radioactive cloud passed. Moreover, diversions of wind, due to the mountainous terrain of the country, contributed to the variable levels of contamination from place to place. It is a well accepted view that the radiocaesium distributions observed are site specific (Belli & Tikhomirov 1996; Seaward 1992). In pre-Chernobyl studies in Poland, Kwapulinski et al. (1985a,b) found increased 137Cs concentrations in lichens with elevation, due to greater exposure and higher rainfall. Thus, a small spatial scale assessment of the contamination levels is often required, and would be 0007-2745/98/422-427$0.75/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.249 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 05:55:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1998] RIGA-KARANDINOS & KARANDINOS: CAESIUM-137 IN LICHENS 423 TABLE 1. Caesium-137 concentrations (Bq/kg) in samples of three species of lichens collected in August, 1988 and October, 1996 from several sites in Megalopolis, Greece. Mean values of the three species followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level. Anaptychia ciliaris Lobaria pulmonaria Ramalina farinacea 1988 Samples No. of samples (N) 31 7 6 o. of sites (n) 18 7 6 Bq/kg (Aug. 30, 1988) Mean 1220a 1014ac 952bc

Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Efficiency and Carotenoid Composition of the Lichen Anaptychia ciliaris: Effects of Hydration and Light Intensity

Diurnal changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and carotenoid composition were studied in artificially hydrated thalli of the lichen Anaptychia ciliaris to assess the concomitant variations in photosynthetic efficiency and xanthophyll cycle associated energy dissipation under contrasting light conditions. One group ofthalli was kept continuously wet (over 50% ofmaximum water content) while another was kept dry and hydrated only 15 minutes before each measurement. Half of the thalli of each group were kept in the shade (natural environment) while the other half were exposed to direct sunlight. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (assessed by the fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm) decreased significantly towards the end of the day in thalli of A. ciliaris kept wet under direct sunlight, but not in wet, shaded thalli. The relative proportions of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) of wet thalli exposed to direct sunlight showed a significant increase in the afternoon and a sharp decrease during the evening. Dry thalli hydrated just 15 minutes before the measurements showed similar diurnal changes in Fv/Fm and in the relative proportions of A + Z to the continuously wet thalli under the same light environment. Predawn data from naturally dried thalli indicated a sustained high proportion ofA + Z that accountedfor a relatively lowphotochemical efficiency at the beginning of the experiments.

Interaction between sulfur dioxide and nitrate in some lichens

Lichen sensitivity to SO 2, NO 3 − and to the combination of both pollutants in three fruticose lichen species, Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körber, Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. and Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., was studied by evaluating pigment status. A synergistic inhibitory effect of the combination SO 2 + NO 3 − was evident. The role of NO 3 − as a nutrient and as a phytotoxic agent, as well as the differential sensitivity of the species to SO 2 when applied alone, are discussed.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES IN LICHENS

SummaryThe mycobiont‐photobiont interface in examples of selected orders of ascolichens with trebouxioid photobionts was investigated by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Between 150 and 530 algal cell halves per species were examined by SEM in order to calculate the predominant type of interaction. Simple wall‐to‐wall apposition predominated in the calicialean Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th.Fr. Prominent intracellular haustoria were observed in the majority of photobiont cells of Lecanorales with crustose, non‐stratified thalli [Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Crombie, L. chlarotera Nyl. and Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel]. Three different types of intraparietal haustoria were distinguished in lichens with stratified thalli. Intraparietal haustoria of type 1, consisting of a tiny infection plug formed by a tightly adhering hypha within the largely cellulosic photobiont cell wall were predominant in crustose species with stratified thallus [Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.)DC, Pertusaria amara (Ach.)Nyl.], but this haustorial type represents also a developmental stage in intraparietal haustoria of types 2 and 3. In the placodioid Lecanora muralis (Schreber)Rabenh. and in the squamules of Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.)Flörke, intraparietal haustoria of type 2 were seen in the majority of photobiont cells, or in ±50% of cell halves, respectively. These can be recognized as an intracellular protrusion formed by a tightly adhering hypha, the tiny infection plug being ensheathed by the algal cell wall. Intraparietal haustoria of type 3, the most highly evolved haustorial type occurring in lichens, was predominant in foliose Parmeliaceae [P. acetabulum (Necker)Duby, P. tiliacea (Hoffm.)Ach., Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.)Culb & C. Culb., Cetraria islandica (L.)Ach.], and in the fruticose Anaptychia ciliaris (L.)Körber, Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.)Massal., Teloschistes flavicans (Swartz)Norman and T. capensis (L. Fil.)Malme. When fully developed the haustorial complex in intraparietal haustoria of type 3 was characteristically stalked owing to growth processes of the haustorium‐forming hypha which forms a tiny infection plug within the cell wall of the photobiont. All types of intraparietal haustoria were established exclusively between juvenile, differentiating partners (growing hyphal tips and algal autospores with not yet fully developed cell walls). Intraparietal haustoria of types 2 and 3 are probably restricted to evolved lichens, but structures resembling intraparietal haustoria of type 1 have also been observed in other symbiotic systems such as ectomycorrhizas.

Lichens from Har Meron (Jebel Jermak), Upper Galilee

Twenty species, collected for the first time from Har Meron in Israel, are reported and their worldwide distribution recorded. Insofar as they were determined, the lichen acids of these species are indicated and the crystals used for their identification illustrated. Har Meron (Jebel Jermak3) presents a challenge because no previous lichen collections from this mountain and its environs have been reported, and to our knowledge no lichenological research there has ever been made before. Har Meron differs physiographically from any other region in Israel. It is located about seven kilometers west of the city of Safad, and covers an area of approximately six square kilometers. Har Meron forms the peak of the mountain belt that extends from the southern foot of Mt. Lebanon to the desert of the Sinai Peninsula. It is composed of three summits the northern (1,208 m), the western (1,104 m), and the eastern (1,151 m) -which are about 1.6 kilometers apart. While the western slope is gentle, the northern and eastern ones are more abrupt. The climate is biseasonal, with winter precipitations only (mainly rain, occasionally snow). The total precipitation is the highest in Israel (annual average over 1,200 mm) and the temperature is the lowest (averages: annual 120C, max. July 190C, min. January 60C). The area discussed is notable by its rich flora (Zohary 1962). It comprises a mixture of deciduous species and evergreens, with Quercus calliprinos and Pistacia palaestina as the dominant representatives of the association. These are accompanied by other Mediterranean trees and shrubs such as Laurus nobilis, Phillyrea media, Rhamnus palaestina, Crataegus azarolus, and Cercis siliquastrum. Several other trees Quercus boissieri, Acer syriacus, Pyrus syriaca, Prunus ursina, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Sorbus trilobata are confined to this area and find here their southernmost limit of distribution. This Mediterranean part of the country affords a more suitable habitat for fruticose and foliose lichens than the rest of the country. In the following, the general distribution of each species mentioned is summarized, as far as the literature supplies such information. This reveals that many of the species collected from Har Meron 1 Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Israel National Academy of Science for a grant in support of this work. We thank Professor J. Poelt for his help in the determination of Lecanora muralis and L. radiosa var. subcircinata and Mr. A. Shub for the photographs of Figures 1-5. 2 Department of Botany, Tel-Aviv University, 155 Herzl Street, TelAviv, Israel. 8 Jebel Jermak is the Arabic name of this mountain; it is sometimes spelled Jebel Jannrmaq. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:03:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19661 GALUN & LAVEE: LICHENS FROM GALILEE 325 find their equivalents in various mountainous regions of the Mediterranean area while others have a wider range. Several of the species are limited in Israel to the summit of Har Meron; others are less specific. The number of species reported in this paper represents only a partial picture of the lichen flora of Har Meron. It should, therefore, be considered only a preliminary report upon the little explored lichen flora of that area. The formulae for the solutions used in the microcrystal tests and referred to in the captions for the illustrations of the crystals are the standard ones given by Asahina and Shibata (1954). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of Tel-Aviv University. ANAPTYCHIA CILIARIS (L.) Kjrb. in Mass., Mem. Lichenogr. 35. 1853. Lichen ciliaris L., Spec. Plant. 2: 1144. 1753. Collections: Common on trunks and branches of Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, and Rhamnus palaestina. Reactions: K-, C-, PD-. Constituents demonstrated: None. Anaptychia ciliaris is apparently restricted to Europe, and is among the most common lichens in northern Europe (Kurokawa 1962).