Abstract
The protective role of lichens are getting more important. In this study, the antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activity of the methanol extracts of four lichen species (Anaptychia ciliaris, Bryoria fuscescens, Parmotrema chinensa and Xanthoria candelaria) were investigated. Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test were used for determining the genotoxic contamination and the results showed that four lichen extracts inhibited the mutagenic effects of AFB1. Three different concentrations used and it was determined that the most effective concentration is 20 μg/mL againts the mutagenic effects of AFB1. In addition, the antioxidant effects of A. ciliaris, B. fuscescens, P. chinensa and X. candelaria were determined by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) against the oxidative stress of AFB1 in human lymphocytes in vitro. It was observed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased dramatically and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased after treatment with AFB1 but the antioxidant enzymes were increased and MDA levels decreased in case of applying the lichen methanol extracts. We also determined that our lichen samples have strong antioxidative and antigenotoxic character and their antigenotoxic quality may be relation to the mechanisms of strong antioxidative property.
Highlights
Lichens are a form of symbiont between a fungus and an alga and/or a cyanobacterium, which contains a wide variety of organic compounds with certain secondary metabolite classes typical of these organisms [1,2,3]
More than 1000 secondary compounds have already been identified from various species of lichens and their cultured symbionts and their natural products have been used as cosmetics, decorations, dyes, foods, and medicines [5,6]
Within the frame of the aforementioned reasons, we previously aimed to examine the in vitro antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of the methanol extracts of the lichens A. ciliaris, B. fuscescens, P. chinensa and X
Summary
Lichens are a form of symbiont between a fungus (mycobiont) and an alga and/or a cyanobacterium (photobiont), which contains a wide variety of organic compounds with certain secondary metabolite classes typical of these organisms [1,2,3]. Antioxidants are of prime importance in preventing various pathophysiological dysfunctions and diseases [25,26,27] Lichens and their metabolites have manifold biological activity, such as: antiviral [11], antioxidant [8,25,26,27,28,29], antimicrobial, anticancer [27,29,30]; antimutagenic [31]; antigenotoxic [29,30,32] and plant growth inhibitory, antiherbivore, ecological roles and enzyme inhibitory [29]. The antioxidant potency of the lichens was investigated by measuring the SOD, GPx activities and the levels of GSH, MDA
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