Simulation Analysis Method Research Articles

梳刷式收获装置的研究现状及对物料的损伤机理综述

Mechanized harvesting of crops is very important in the field of agricultural engineering, then the brush harvesting is a common way. The comb brush device is divided into four types: comb tooth type, roller spring finger type, belt comb finger type, and rod comb finger type. The picking rate and breakage rate are the indexes to evaluate the effect of comb brush harvesting devices. How to improve the picking rate and reduce damage rate is of great significance to the popularization of the devices. To improve the picking rate, the design of comb teeth should conform to the growth characteristics of crops. In this study, the application of four comb brush devices in harvesting crops was introduced, then the working principles and results were summarized. Meanwhile, the research status of a variable finger spacing device was summarized. In addition, to study fruit damage caused by brush devices during harvesting, three common analysis methods were summarized. The application situations and key steps were listed, and the modeling methods of material fruit in simulation analysis were analyzed. The study is intended to provide a reference for improving the harvesting effect of comb brush device. In the future, with the deepening combination of agronomy and agricultural machinery technology, comb brush harvesters will be more widely applied.

基于 EDEM 的顶杆输送带式取苗机构优化设计

In the seedling extraction mechanism of the ejection type, because the ejector rod is in direct contact with the seedling substrate, the fragmentation rate of the seedling is high, the success rate is low, and the seedling effect is poor. In order to solve this problem, combined with the interaction between the ejector rod and the bowl seedling, this paper analyzes the working principle of the ejector rod conveyor belt seedling harvesting mechanism, and optimizes the design of the ejector rod conveyor belt seedling harvesting mechanism. By using the method of EDEM simulation analysis and orthogonal experiment, taking the breaking rate and success rate of bowl seedling as the test response index, the effects of ejector rod end form, ejector rod diameter and seedling extraction speed were studied, and the results were analyzed by range analysis and variance analysis to analyze the influence law of the interaction of various factors on bowl seedling extraction. The simulation results show that the crushing rate of bowl seedlings increases with the increase of seedling speed and the decrease of ejector diameter. Among the three different types of ejectors, the effect of round head ejector is the best. The best parameter combination of the seedling mechanism is the diameter of the ejector rod 10mm, the seedling speed 2m/s, and the ejector rod in the form of round head ejector rod. The verification experiment shows that the seedling extraction effect of the optimized seedling extraction mechanism is better than that of the original seedling extraction mechanism. The results show that when the best combination of working parameters is used to collect seedlings, the qualified rate of seedlings is not less than 90%, the fragmentation rate is not higher than 20%, and the seedling performance is relatively stable. The optimized seedling extraction mechanism can be used in the automatic dryland bowl seedling transplanter to meet the operational requirements of the automatic transplanter.

Study of the bridge damage during flooding based on a coupled VOF-FSI method

Floods can damage bridges, sometimes irreversibly. In this work, a coupled approach has been developed, based on the coupling volume of fluid (VOF) method with structural dynamics, for deeply understanding the structural dynamics response to the bridges. Firstly, the model of the corresponding fluid domain with the field measurement of the bridge has been established. Then the computing results have been deeply analyzed, and the data exchange between the fluid and the solid meshes was accomplished through the fluid structure interaction (FSI) method. It found that some significant changes in the vortex around the bridge, the stress-strain and deformation were consistent with the measured breakage locations in the field as well (the water velocity decreases rapidly from 6 m/s to 1 m/s in the vicinity of the bridge and the stress increases rapidly from 20,000 Pa to 230,000 Pa in the bridge body). The effectiveness of the VOF-FSI method for dynamic simulation analysis of structures under flooding is also demonstrated. Finally, some meaningful recommendations and conclusions are discussed.

A new hysteresis simulation method for interpreting the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels

The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels (NOESs) are characterized using an analytical simulation method accounting for the microstructures in ferromagnetic materials. Complementary experimental data for thin sheet laminations, obtained using a standard single strip tester (SST), are employed with the hysteresis mechanism investigated in terms of the measurement system and Weiss Mean Field effects. It is shown that the magnetic hysteresis loops of NOESs of 3% SiFe can be generated with remarkable accuracy for a broad range of magnetization frequencies and peak flux densities. The simulation method is also suitable for performing an energy loss analysis with calculated energy losses, when compared to corresponding measured data, showing a strikingly accurate match with, in most cases, an error of less than 1%.

Hydrodynamic Shape Design and Self-Propulsion Analysis of a Hybrid-Driven AUG

Due to the lack of a powerful propulsion device in conventional autonomous underwater gliders (AUGs), their mobility and flexibility are insufficient, thus not being capable of also ensuring the stability of the motion route. Thus, it is necessary to further develop hybrid-driven AUGs. This paper applied CFD simulation and experimental analysis methods to study and design a hybrid-driven AUG with a propeller optimized from a type of AUG with swept-forward and swept-back wings. Through parameter adjustment, the hydrodynamic configuration was optimized, and the optimal hull design and hydrofoil type selection were proposed. The lift–drag ratio could be improved by up to 22.5% at an angle of attack of 8 degrees. The optimized AUG was combined with a single propeller for self-propulsion simulation. Aiming at the problem caused by the propeller torque on the AUG, the strategy of a contra-rotating propeller (CRP) was conducted to self-eliminate the propeller torque. The simulation results show that in the self-propulsion state, the torque of the contra-rotating propeller could be reduced by more than 92% compared with that of a single propeller, greatly reducing the impact on the hybrid-driven AUG and raising the navigation stability.

Simulation study on the interaction between the battery module and busbar under typical driving conditions of electric vehicles

Accurate simulation of the battery thermoelectric coupling characteristics is the key to the thermal design and thermal management. As the electrically connected component between the battery electrodes, the heat production and heat transfer of the busbars have a significant impact on the battery thermoelectric behavior. A small number of battery thermal management studies have begun to model busbars recently, but the thickness, length, and material of the busbars are diverse. There is a lack of perfect simulation analysis and optimization methods. There is an urgent need to conduct in-depth research on the influence of characteristic parameters of the busbars on the battery thermoelectric behavior. Based on the MSMD-NTGK model, this paper investigates the influence of the thickness, length, and material of the busbars on the battery thermoelectric behavior without considering the economic cost and differences in the battery structure design. In this paper, a simulation analysis method and an ideal improvement solution for the design of the busbars are proposed. This paper compares the changes in the battery thermal behavior before and after the improvement of the busbars under the constant-rate discharge process, FTP75 condition, NEDC condition and WLTC condition respectively. This study can improve the realism of the battery thermal behavior simulation, provide a reliable simulation analysis method and reference basis for the industrial design and optimization of the busbars, and further improve the reliability of the subsequent battery thermal management simulation.

Research on performance of ionization chamber used in medical laser proton accelerator based on Garfield++

Gas ionization chamber has the advantage of accurate and reliable measurement data, which is widely used in beam current monitoring of proton and heavy ion beam therapy systems. According to the characteristics of the proton beam signal of the laser accelerator, because of its ultra-high peak current intensity, the peak current intensity of the beam generated by the traditional accelerator is much higher than that of the traditional accelerator. The gas ionization chamber cannot measure the proton beam with this characteristic, and the incident laser proton beam is likely to cause signal saturation and distortion in the gas ionization chamber. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the physical design of the gas ionization chamber and the supporting electronic system to improve the detection technology of the gas ionization chamber dedicated to the ion beam generated by the laser acceleration. In this paper, the physical design of the gas ionization chamber is optimized to avoid signal saturation in the gas ionization chamber while measuring the laser proton beam signal. With the method of modeling and simulation analysis of the gas ionization chamber based on the Garfield++, the optimal value is given in three aspects: the type selection of the gas medium, the gas pressure setting and the setting of the voltage of the gas ionization chamber in order to optimize the measurement signal saturation phenomenon caused by the large transient beam current intensity, and bring theoretical basis and guiding significance to the actual experimental operation. The research concludes that when helium is selected as the gas medium of the gas ionization chamber, the signal saturation can be effectively reduced; when the integration time of the electronic system of the gas ionization chamber is 500 ns, and the current measurement range is ±16 μA in actual, the optimized gas pressure should be set lower than 540 Torr and the voltage value lower than 300 V to match the electronic measuring range of the gas ionization chamber while detecting the current signal; when the signal detected is the integrated charge, the voltage setting of the gas ionization chamber has nearly nothing to do with the signal collected, but to adjust the gas pressure in the gas ionization chamber to optimize the final data.

The rebound effect of decarbonization in China’s power sector under the carbon trading scheme

China mainly promotes economic decarbonization through the carbon trading scheme (ETS) at this stage. The power sector is the most critical in this process. ETS can promote decarbonization in the power sector, but due to the rebound effect, the actual decarbonization effect may not be as expected. This study systematically investigates the rebound effect of decarbonization in China’s power sector under ETS using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model and simulation analysis method. The results show that the implementation of ETS had a partial rebound effect on decarbonization in China’s power sector, with magnitudes ranging from 0.186 to 0.866. Furthermore, this study found a strong correlation between the rebound effect and carbon prices; specifically, the lower the carbon price, the greater the rebound effect. Finally, the rebound effect of decarbonization in China’s power sector under ETS is dominated by the indirect rebound effect. These findings suggest that policymakers should consider the rebound effect when formulating or improving policies related to the decarbonization of China’s power sector and assessing the effectiveness of the current ETS. Moreover, taking steps to increase carbon prices would help mitigate the rebound effect.

Effect Evaluation of Large-Scale Energy Saving Renovation of Rural Buildings in Beijing and Implications for Other Cities in the Same Zone

Compared with that in cities, energy efficiency of rural houses is lagging behind, with high total energy consumption, low efficiency and poor indoor thermal environment. Beijing is the first area to promote the energy-saving renovation of existing rural buildings on a large scale, systematically, at the whole-city level in China. Through government symposiums, field surveys, simulation analysis and other research methods in this article, the implementation scheme and policy system for the energy-saving renovation of rural buildings in Beijing were sorted out, analyzed and evaluated. The following conclusions are drawn: Beijing has completed energy-saving renovations of more than 1 million rural households; the average energy-saving rate of the thermal insulation renovation of rural houses in Beijing is about 30.0%; the average room temperature has increased by 2.6 °C after the renovation; Beijing can achieve the annual energy conservation of 590,000 tons of standard coal by the end of 2016 after the insulation renovation work of 710,000 rural houses. Beijing’s experience with the energy-saving renovation of rural building envelopes should lead to further analysis, verification and optimization in other similar climatic zones, and the average energy-saving rate in the promoted cities can achieve 30.0% above.

Three-Dimensional Simulation Stability Analysis of Slopes from Underground to Open-Pit Mining

The stability of mine slopes is an important factor influencing the orderly production of mines and the safety of people’s lives and property. The stability of slopes can be effectively determined by means of three-dimensional simulation analysis. Some 3D simulation analysis methods are based on 2D analysis, and are still essentially 2D analysis methods, whereas this digital simulation analysis uses a true 3D analysis method. This method can reflect the overall slope stability of the mine in a more realistic way, and at the same time, the situation of the selected sections can be observed, making the analysis more scientific and rigorous. This study takes the Shizhuyuan Nonferrous Metal Mine as an example and studies the safety stability of mine slopes through true 3D safety analysis. The results show that the open-pit slopes of the Shizhuyuan mine are stable. The overall model results show that there is only a small amount of tensile damage and no penetration; the section results show that the absolute value of tensile stress is generally small, with a maximum of 1.45 MPa being less than the tensile strength of the material (7.04 MPa). After the model monitoring simulation, it is found that the displacements of each monitoring point are in the process of fluctuation and then stabilisation, which can also indicate that the slope is finally in a stable state. Comparing the above results with the conclusions obtained from the 2D analysis method, the conclusions are found to be in general agreement, indicating that the true 3D simulation analysis method is effective and feasible.

Application of Gob-Side Entry Driving in Fully Mechanized Caving Mining: A Review of Theory and Technology

China has abundant coal resources, and the distribution of coal seams is complex. Thick coal seams account for more than 45% of all coal seams. Fully mechanized top coal caving mining has the advantages of large production, high efficiency, and low cost. In fully mechanized caving mining, especially in fully mechanized caving mining of extra-thick coal seams, the mining space is ample, the mine pressure is severe, and the roadway maintenance is complex. As a result, it is necessary to summarize and discuss the gob-side entry driving of fully mechanized caving in theory and technology, which will help to promote the further development of fully mechanized caving gob-side entry driving technology. First, in recent years, the research hotspots of gob-side entry driving have focused on the deformation mechanism and the control method of the roadway surrounding rock. Secondly, this paper discusses the theoretical models of the “triangle-block” and “beam” for the activity law of the overlying strata in gob-side entry driving, including the lateral breaking “large structure” model, compound key triangle block structure model in the middle and low position, the high and low right angle key block stability mechanics model, elastic foundation beam model, low-level combined cantilever beam + high-level multilayer masonry beam structure model, and the vertical triangular slip zone structure model. It introduces the “internal and external stress field theory” and the “stress limit equilibrium zone model”. Thirdly, it summarizes several numerical simulation analysis methods in different conditions or research focuses and selects appropriate constitutive models and simulation software. Finally, it introduces surrounding rock control technology, including two ribs, the roof, and under challenging conditions. It provides a method reference for support in similar projects.

Remora Optimization Algorithm with Enhanced Randomness for Large-Scale Measurement Field Deployment Technology.

In the large-scale measurement field, deployment planning usually uses the Monte Carlo method for simulation analysis, which has high algorithm complexity. At the same time, traditional station planning is inefficient and unable to calculate overall accessibility due to the occlusion of tooling. To solve this problem, in this study, we first introduced a Poisson-like randomness strategy and an enhanced randomness strategy to improve the remora optimization algorithm (ROA), i.e., the PROA. Simultaneously, its convergence speed and robustness were verified in different dimensions using the CEC benchmark function. The convergence speed of 67.5-74% of the results is better than the ROA, and the robustness results of 66.67-75% are better than those of the ROA. Second, a deployment model was established for the large-scale measurement field to obtain the maximum visible area of the target to be measured. Finally, the PROA was used as the optimizer to solve optimal deployment planning; the performance of the PROA was verified by simulation analysis. In the case of six stations, the maximum visible area of the PROA reaches 83.02%, which is 18.07% higher than that of the ROA. Compared with the traditional method, this model shortens the deployment time and calculates the overall accessibility, which is of practical significance for improving assembly efficiency in large-size measurement field environments.

Analysis Of The Flow Pulsation Characteristics Of The Gear Pump Used in Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator

Linear conjugate internal gear pump has low noise and a smooth flow, but the mechanism of flow pulsation, especially the experiment, is seldom studied. In this paper, the flow rate formula of instantaneous, flow pulsation rate and relative volume change of the trapped oil cavity are derived by means of theoretical calculation. The pressure fluctuation characteristics of the trapped oil chamber and flow pulsation characteristics of the pump outlet are studied by using the three-dimensional fluid dynamics finite element simulation analysis method. According to the international standard of ISO10767-1-2015, the pump outlet flow pulsation test was conducted. The flow pulsation rate of a certain type of linear conjugate internal gear pump with a displacement of 10mL/r is about 6.35% under the condition of the speed of 750r/min and outlet pressure of 7.5MPa, and the flow pulsation is small.

Evolutionary game and simulation analysis on management synergy in China’s coal emergency coordination

Once coal mine accidents occur, a series of chain reactions will bring radiation effects that are difficult to solve in the short term to the normal operation of the economy and society. Therefore, the post-disaster management of coal mine accident is particularly important. Coal mine emergency response involves many stakeholders, and it needs various regions, departments to achieve multi-agent, multi-level effective collaboration to ensure that the coal mine accidents are controlled as soon as possible. Local governments and coal mine enterprises are the main forces in the post-accident emergency management of coal mines, but the differences in their interest motives, preferences and cognitive structures make it difficult for the relevant emergency managers to make correct decisions in the complex accident management environment, therefore, the game relationship between conflict and cooperation among related subjects is explored based on the perspective of game theory. This study establishes a game model of coal mine accident response behavior between coal mining enterprises and local governments, and quantitatively adopts the method of numerical simulation analysis to conduct in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of their decision-making behavior. The results reveal that: 1) the establishment of an information sharing mechanism is an important condition for local governments to efficiently and quickly start the incident response process for coal mine accidents; 2) Under the proper supervision of local government, the impact of the reduction of emergency response cost on the active response of coal mining enterprises is more significant and direct, that is, The cost of emergency response is the decisive factor affecting the incident response work of coal mining company; 3) the establishment of emergency cost compensation mechanism and incentive mechanism should also be the focus of local governments in formulating emergency coordination policies in the future. This study provides scientifc and reasonable management suggestions in line with the actual situation of China and provides a useful reference for local government to formulate the optimal strategy for emergency coordination in coal mine emergencies, to improve the motivation of each coordinating subjects and to improve the current situation of emergency coordination in China’s coal mines.

Combing data-driven and model-driven methods for high proportion renewable energy distribution network reliability evaluation

To accurately evaluate the reliability of the renewable energy distribution network, a combined data-driven and model-driven method of distribution network reliability evaluation are proposed. The approach improves the traditional reliability evaluation method in the uncertainty scenario generation and fault consequence analysis stages. In the scenario generation stage, an interpretable network architecture capable of adaptively learning the inherent randomness, volatility, and time variability properties of renewable energy is designed. The proposed DG output uncertainty generation method integrates the Conditional Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (CWGAN) based scenario generation and clustering-based scenario reduction. It accurately portrays uncertainty in distributed generation (DG) output power. In the fault consequence analysis stage, an optimization model for the reliability evaluation of distribution networks based on mixed integer linear programming is proposed. The model fully accounts for substation protection, branch line protection, network reconfiguration, DG, and energy storage system (ESS) components. Time-series analytical expressions for the corresponding reliability indices are established. Finally, with the combination of data-driven and model-driven methods, a distribution network reliability evaluation framework considering the uncertainty of renewable energy is proposed. Simulation tests are performed on a modified IEEE 123 bus system. The results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the method. The proposed simulation analysis method can effectively quantify the distribution networks’ reliability compared to the traditional method. It has higher calculation accuracy.

Sustainable Packaging Design for Molded Expanded Polystyrene Cushion

A molded expanded polystyrene (EPS) cushion is a flexible, closed-cell foam that can be molded to fit any packing application and is effective at absorbing shock. However, the packaging waste of EPS cushions causes pollution to landfills and the environment. Despite being known to cause pollution, this sustainable packaging actually has the potential to reduce this environmental pollution because of its reusability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the accurate design parameter that can be emphasized in producing a sustainable design of EPS cushion packaging. An experimental method of drop testing and design simulation analysis was conducted. The effectiveness of the design parameters was also verified. Based on the results, there are four main elements that necessitate careful consideration: rib positioning, EPS cushion thickness, package layout, and packing size. These parameter findings make a significant contribution to sustainable design, where these elements were integrated directly to reduce and reuse packaging material. Thus, it has been concluded that 48 percent of the development cost of the cushion was decreased, 25 percent of mold modification time was significantly saved, and 27 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction was identified. The findings also aided in the development of productive packaging design, in which these design elements were beneficial to reduce environmental impact. These findings had a significant impact on the manufacturing industry in terms of the economics and time of the molded expanded polystyrene packaging development.

Test and analysis of multi-cavity particle damper for vertical vibration control of pipeline structures

Pipeline structures vibrate violently in the excitation resonance region owing to their high vibration frequency and small damping, which may result in machine shutdowns, fatigue failure, fluid leakage, and occasionally catastrophic explosions. Particle damping technology has the potential for the control of high-frequency vibration. However, research on particle damping technology for controlling the vibration of pipeline structures is limited, particularly with regards to the control of vertical vibration. The existing particle dampers are not appropriate for pipeline vibration control; therefore, this study developed a novel particle damper called the multi-cavity particle damper (MPD). Herein, the details of the MPD are first introduced and the mechanical model for an MPD-controlled pipeline under vertical vibration is presented. The mechanical model was solved theoretically for the case with two symmetric impacts per cycle, and the simulation was conducted for a general case. The MPD was optimized based on the analytical solution. Shaking table tests were carried out for the MPD-controlled pipeline subjected to harmonic excitation to verify the damping effect of the MPD under vertical vibration. The damping mechanism of the MPD under vertical vibration is discussed. The results reveal that the MPD exerted a significant damping effect on the vertical vibration of the pipeline structure in a wide frequency range, and reduced the vibration amplitude of the pipeline by 97.54%. The analytical solution, simulation, and optimization methods were validated by a shaking table test.

Study on the mechanism of unidirectional loading rubber bulging of bionic egg-shaped shell

Aiming at the problems of complex processing technology, uneven deformation, and poor forming accuracy of multi-curvature positive Gaussian slewing egg-shaped shells, it is proposed to use unidirectional loading rubber flexible medium bulging technology to improve the tube deformation distribution and enhance the processing accuracy of plastic forming of bionic egg-shaped shells. By analyzing the structure and manufacturing method of egg-shaped shells, this paper explores the optimization problems in the rubber bulging technology of non-homogeneous deformation egg-shaped shells. The simulation analysis and experimental verification methods are used to study the different technological parameters and forming accuracy of rubber bulging of egg-shaped shells under unidirectional loading and to master the deformation mechanism of rubber bulging of egg-shaped shell structural components under unidirectional loading. The study shows that optimizing technological parameters in unidirectional loading mode can effectively improve the uniformity of strain distribution and thickness distribution during the forming of egg-shaped shells, thus improving the processing accuracy of plastic deformation of bionic egg-shaped thin-walled parts. Furthermore, the simulation of the rubber bulging technology of the egg-shaped shell after the optimization of technological parameters is in good agreement with the experiment.

Collision simulation of potato tubers for mechanized harvesting

AbstractThe economic losses caused by collision damages during mechanical potato harvesting are significant. In this study, the simulation analysis method was used to investigate the factors affecting these mechanical damages. Taking the typical early maturing potato variety Zaodabai as an example, our test results indicated that its elastic modulus is 3.148 MPa, Poisson's ratio is 0.45, and biological yield stress is 1.183 MPa. An accurate three‐dimensional potato model was created using reverse engineering technology. On this basis, the effects of drop height, collision mode, and collision material on the mechanical potato damage were investigated using finite element analysis. The results indicated that the potato damage characteristics become more evident as the drop height increased. Analyzing the collision mode of mechanized potato harvesting revealed that the potato damage degree is the lowest in the double‐rod long axis collision mode. The collision damage degree between a potato and four common collision materials was determined from highest to lowest as follows: 65 Mn rod, 65 Mn rubber‐coated rod, potato, and soil. This research provides a data basis and reference for the design and development of potato harvester equipment, particularly for low‐damage potato harvesters.Practical applicationsAs the fourth largest food crop in the world, potatoes have high economic value and are of great importance for food security. Collision damage in mechanized harvesting seriously reduces the quality and value of potatoes and causes large economic losses. Therefore, we aim to clarify the key factors affecting collision damage in mechanized harvesting. The influence of motion mode, collision height, collision method, and collision material on potato damage characteristics was investigated through simulation experiments. This study provides a data basis and reference methods for developing key components of high‐performance and low‐damage potato harvesters and serves as a reference for researching damage characteristics of other tuber, root, and bulb crops.

Design of a Three-Coil Microfluidic Lubricating Oil Detection Sensor With Multiple Signal Characteristics

In this article, a three-coil microfluidic lubricating oil detection sensor is designed by combining microfluidic principle with three-coil inductive detection method. The sensor adopts a microchannel design to reduce the position error, improve the detection accuracy of a single particle, and reduce the occurrence of detection errors caused by multiple particles passing through at the same time. The inductive electric potential of the induction coil was obtained by a simulation analysis and experimental verification methods. It is found that the influence of particles on the internal magnetic field of the micro coil is relatively enhanced when the micro coil is used as excitation and induction coil. This results in two peaks and valleys shown from the generated inductive electric potential, increasing of the signal’s characteristic point position, and improvement in signal recognition. Therefore, it will provide more information for the subsequent material identification and multiparticle mixing signal differentiation. Meanwhile, a signal processing circuit with the function of low-pass filtering and amplification is designed to suppress the noise value of the output signal to around 1.25 mV, which could improve the stability of the system. A series of lubricating oil abrasive particle detection tests are conducted, and the results show that the new detection sensor is able to detect iron particles below 64 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and copper particles below 125 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The abrasive particle information collected by this sensor can provide more precise wear status information for the health assessment and fault diagnosis of mechanical systems, which is important for the health monitoring of mechanical systems.