Analytical Scholarship Research Articles

Communication in Palliative Care and About End of Life: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Conversation-Analytic Research in Healthcare

ABSTRACT I review conversation analytic research on healthcare interactions in palliative care, and end-of-life preferences and plans conversations in other settings. The review process drew on established systematic review methods. Twenty-two publications were included. Key themes were initiating and managing the topics of dying, of prognosis, and of advance care planning, and interactionally managing emotions. There is substantial, cumulative evidence about patterns and practices for initiating sensitive conversations, managing emotions, and indirectly referring to death. Two of 22 studies examined interactional consequences of companions accompanying patients, and two examined pain assessment. Current evidence is restricted: 21 of 22 studies were in secondary/tertiary care and all were in high-income countries, and most involved specialist physicians. Nevertheless, findings contribute to conversation analytic scholarship on delicacy, emotion in interaction, and indirect reference. Healthcare applications include contributions to training in communicating about sensitive topics and to policy on talking about dying. Data presented are in British English, U.S. English, Canadian English, Swiss-French, and Japanese.

A critical review of research on translation and memory

Abstract This article presents a critical review of a bourgeoning interdisciplinary research trend in the English-language literature that integrates Translation Studies and Memory Studies. After sketching its emergence over the past three decades or so, the article recounts main theoretical contributions in this research trend to explain how scholars promote an idea of translation as memory and expound on political and ethical issues. It then reports on analytical scholarship on specific cases of translation that take on different memory themes, including (1) the Holocaust, genocide and mass killing, (2) war, conflict, and other dark memories, and (3) traditions and sites of memory. Finally, to anticipate a more diversified prospect of the research trend, it is suggested that researchers adopt more concepts and theories from recent transcultural memory studies, and attend more to memory cultures, themes, and practices in different, especially non-Western, contexts.

Sissy Dance $1: The More and More of Gender.

In a scholarly yet playful conversation, the authors explore why analytic thought about trans remains so intransigently difficult. They propose that countertansferential responses to trans patients manifest not just in clinical work but also as blockages to psychoanalytic theorizing. They draw on extensive experience treating trans and non-binary patients, on teaching and supervisory work, and on analytic scholarship to think about why and how theorizing on trans stalls. Whereas in the social realm trans bodies are often hyper-sexualized, in metapsychology and the consulting room trans is notably desexualized. What is the cost of that and why does it occur? The authors locate the problem in the disaggregation of gender from the sexual, arguing that not only has this separation outlived its (once exigent) metapsychological utility, but that it is itself a defense against the anxiety of polymorphous perversity and psychic bisexuality that trans bodies can awaken in analysts of all genders, and especially in cisgender analysts.

The social unconscious: Then and now

AbstractThis is a brief introductory paper about the history and centrality of the social unconscious in psychoanalytic theory and practice. The term―Social Unconscious―was introduced into our literature more than 100 years ago by the first formally trained American psychoanalyst―Trigant Burrow. It opens new pathways for understanding the social and collective dimensions of the unconscious, allowing us to extend our reach with our patients and our relevance with fellow citizens. Despite its potential, the social unconscious and the theories that undergird it were denigrated by Freud. In the early 1930’s, Freud instructed the American Psychoanalytic Association to remove Trigant Burrow from its membership and to excise this scholarship from its curricula. Coordinated attempts to suppress these ideas harmed the field’s development and retarded its relevance. Understanding the social dimensions of the unconscious is necessary because the unconscious is largely structured by social, cultural and collective coordinates. Fortunately, the turn into the 21st century is seeing a proliferation in analytic scholarship regarding the centrality of the socio‐cultural in structuring the unconscious of individuals and groups. New terms are being introduced such as vinculo, normative unconscious, interpellation, semiotic code, and ego‐habitus that aim to elaborate the various ways culture, ideology, large‐groups, and geopolitical processes shape the unconscious. Their potential to deepen our contact with patients across the spectrum of human difference is immense. I suggest using the capacious term―social unconscious―as a core conceptual category that organizes this vein of expanding analytic scholarship.

Moving Past Metadata: Improving Digital Libraries with Content‐Based Methods

AbstractThe growth of text mining and corpus analytic scholarship over large digital libraries brings to light the issues created by text duplication and variation within collections that are not adequately addressed in metadata practices. The SaDDL project was a study examining text duplication and similarity in massive digital library collections. Using the HathiTrust Digital Library, this project aims to reduce the bias that duplication gives rise to. We present the content‐based methods of the project, employing a convolutional neural network classification approach, as well as SaDDL's outcomes. The datasets provided by the project will assist in improving cataloging practice and aid scholars in using large text corpora in research.

The Functions of Continuous Processes in Contemporary Electronic Dance Music

This article discusses the functions of continuous processes in contemporary electronic dance music (EDM), providing an analytical framework for discussing their structural and aesthetic roles in this repertoire. Continuous processes are musical gestures with continuous changes to musical parameters, rather than discrete, “step-by-step” ones. Examples include pitch slides (glissandos), crescendos, fade ins, accelerandos, and filter sweeps. Continuous processes in this repertoire are created with “continuous controllers” such as sliders and knobs, or are programmed into tracks with “automation curves.” Functionally, continuous processes often provide sonic instructions for dancers. They can be used by creators at strategic times to provide ornamentation, orientation (often accompanied by intensification or de-intensification), or disorientation (usually in breakdown sections). This article adds to existing analytical scholarship by drawing attention to the many roles of continuous processes in EDM, and showing how they contribute to the emotional waves experienced when listening to this music.

A crisis of opioids and the limits of prescription control: United States.

A rise in addiction and overdose deaths involving opioids in the United States has spurred a series of initiatives focused on reducing opioid risks, including several related to prescription of opioids in care of pain. Policy analytical scholarship provides a conceptual framework to assist in understanding this response. Prior to 2011, a 'policy monopoly' of regulators and pharmaceutical manufacturers allowed and encouraged high levels of opioid prescribing. This permissive policy fell apart in the face of adverse outcomes brought to public attention by an 'advocacy coalition' consisting of officials, thought leaders, journalists and interest groups who shared common beliefs. This coalition has generated a more cautious prescribing regimen that has incentivized involuntary termination of opioids in otherwise stable patients, with resultant reports of harm. Its emphasis on dose reduction, regardless of outcomes, mirrors in some ways the prior focus on minimizing pain scores, regardless of outcomes. Central to the present analysis is that policies cannot be comprehensively rational; rather, they emerge from a range of actors and agencies constrained in their ability to assimilate complex data, evaluate the data objectively and to command necessary resources in an iterative, rapid response fashion. The imbalance between strong prescription control and weak pain and addiction treatment expansion exemplifies the policy scholar's notion of 'bounded rationality'. Results have been suboptimum: opioid prescriptions have fallen, but harms to pain patients and overdose deaths have risen. US policymakers could revise the course through a more thoroughgoing engagement with patients, families and communities now coping with both pain and addiction.

A New Approach to Mamluk Official Processions within Cairo and its Environs from Tour Guiding Perspective An Analytic Study

This study does primarily focus on analyzing the official state Cairene processions in Mamlūk Egypt from tour guiding perspective. Those official processions are classified into multiple categories, based on their nature and objective, such as the sultanic i.e. throne ascension, military, social, religious, sports, and funerary parades. The analytic scholarship of those corteges played an axial role in revealing some useful information in connection with underscoring of many substantial political, economic, socio-religious, and architectural aspects in Mamlūk Egypt. Additionally, the study aimed at materializing many symbolic meanings that were indirectly delivered to the populace via the organization of those processions. Revelation of sueh information, whether tangible or symbolic, could be used by professional tour guides upon addressing the philosophical dimensions of any visited Mamlūk archaeological site.

Spinoza’s Ethics: A Critical Guide ed. by Yitzhak Y. Melamed

Reviewed by: Spinoza’s Ethics: A Critical Guide ed. by Yitzhak Y. Melamed Andrea Sangiacomo Yitzhak Y. Melamed, editor. Spinoza’s Ethics: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 346. Cloth, $99.99. This new Cambridge Critical Guide to Spinoza’s Ethics offers an extensive, thought-provoking, and up-to-date state of the scholarly conversation that surrounds one of Spinoza’s most studied masterpieces. The first six chapters address topics mostly related to parts one and two of the Ethics. Don Garrett discusses the identity of the attributes. Warren Zev Harvey suggests that Maimonides’s critique of final causes can be considered as an important source for Spinoza’s treatment of the same topic in the appendix to part one. John Morrison argues that Spinoza’s treatment of the nature of the human mind entails a rejection of the indiscernibility of the identicals. Martin Lin contributes a new interpretation of Spinoza’s mind-body parallelism by stressing the numerical identity of mind and body. Alison Peterman focuses on the ‘physical interlude’ that follows proposition 13 of the second part and argues that instead of providing a sketch of Spinoza’s physics, the text actually entails an attribute-neutral account of individuation and identity. Yitzhak Melamed contends that the belief in free will can be rightly considered a false and yet innate idea, according to Spinoza. A second block of four chapters focuses on topics from the third part of the Ethics. John Carriero clarifies Spinoza’s conatus argument from both a historical and systematic point of view. Lia Levy provides a close analysis of Spinoza’s definition of desire and its relationship with consciousness by arguing that consciousness can be attributed only to finite and durational beings. Lisa Shapiro offers an analysis of Spinoza’s doctrine of the association of ideas and how its mechanism can support the mind’s ability to reason. Pina Totaro undertakes a detailed historical reconstruction of the terminology that Spinoza uses to deal with the affects and its historical and philosophical significance. A third block of chapters addresses issues connected with part four. Colin Marshall argues in favor of understanding Spinoza as a moral realist. Samuel Newlands offers a non-axiological and purely metaphysical interpretation of Spinoza’s account of perfection. Beth Lord develops a both systematic and historical interpretation of Spinoza’s remarks about economics and interprets the “free man” as a model to live virtuously in a market society. Finally, two chapters deal with issues from part five. Kristin Primus advances a new interpretation of intuitive science understood as the kind of knowledge that allows the knower to be certain that her true ideas agree with their objects as they exist outside the human mind. Michael LeBuffe argues that a close analysis of proposition 7 of the fifth part [End Page 373] leads to refining the understanding of Spinoza’s intellectualist ethics by granting that, in certain circumstances, it might be best to cultivate not only adequate but also inadequate ideas. As this overview shows, this Critical Guide is a rich exploration of both classical issues in Spinoza scholarship (e.g. the doctrine of the attributes, the mind-body relationship, and the theory of knowledge) and a starting point for further investigating some aspects of Spinoza’s Ethics that are relatively less studied (e.g. the details and consequences of Spinoza’s theory of the affects, explored in Shapiro’s chapter). The collection is written mostly from the standpoint of Anglophone analytical scholarship (with only a few contributors who are not affiliated with Anglophone institutions and little discussion of any scholarship published in languages other than English). This fact has the clear advantage of providing a certain degree of homogeneity and cohesion to the different chapters. It also draws an interesting landscape of the open fronts in the contemporary (Anglophone analytical) conversation on Spinoza. The disadvantage of this relative homogeneity is that the reader risks getting a rather one-sided approach to Spinoza’s work. In this approach, conceptual reconstruction plays a far larger role than a detailed inquiry into historical sources. Moreover, the language of the existing conversation seems to create a barrier to the exchange and discussion...

“Better get to know Practicum: Critical Theory, Religion, and Pedagogy”

Part of a recurring series on the Bulletin for the Study of Religion blog, "Better get to know..." profiles the groups that groups and organizations that support the analysis of, teaching of, media covering analytical scholarship focused on religion. This installment profiles Practicum: Critical Theory, Religion, and Pedagogy, through a conversation Craig Martin and Brad Stoddard.

A Multidimensional Reappraisal of Language in Autism: Insights from a Discourse Analytic Study.

In this article, we leverage theoretical insights and methodological guidelines of discourse analytic scholarship to re-examine language phenomena typically associated with autism. Through empirical analysis of the verbal behavior of three children with autism, we engage the question of how prototypical features of autistic language-notably pronoun atypicality, pragmatic deficit, and echolalia-might conceal competencies and interactional processes that are largely invisible in mainstream research. Our findings offer a complex picture of children with autism in their use of language to communicate, interact and experience others. Such a picture also deepens our understanding of the interactional underpinnings of autistic children's speech. Finally, we describe how our findings offer fruitful suggestions for clinical intervention.

Critical Nexus or Pluralist Discipline? Institutional Ambivalence and the Future of Canadian Sociology.

While some scholars believe in a transdisciplinary future for the social sciences and humanities, we argue that sociology would do well to maintain its disciplinary borders, while celebrating the plurality of its intellectual, social, and political content. Although a pluralist position can threaten disciplinary coherence and increase fragmentation, we argue the counterbalance ought to be convergence around shared institutional norms of knowledge production. Establishing these norms is not easy, since there is a great deal of institutional ambivalence at play in the field of sociology. As such, sociology is pushed and pulled between two poles of at least four major continuums of knowledge production, which include the following: (1) interdisciplinary versus discipline-based research; (2) political versus analytical scholarship; (3) professional versus public/policy sociology; and (4) local/national versus global audiences. Since both sides of these ideal-typical continuums contain their own pathologies, we propose adopting a balanced position to correct for the shortcomings of each. Rather than imposing one philosophical or theoretical paradigm for the field, we suggest that embracing the "chaos" of our diverse forms of knowledge and centralizing and integrating findings will serve to strengthen our collective efforts in the long term.

Between vigilantism and bureaucracy: Improving our understanding of police work in Nigeria and South Africa

To date, much of the analytical scholarship on policing in Africa has centred on non-state actors. In doing so, it risks neglecting state actors and statehood, which must be understood on their own terms as well as through the eyes of the people they supposedly serve. This article seeks to develop our theoretical and empirical understanding in this respect by exploring the contexts in which citizens seek to engage state police in Nigeria and South Africa. In doing so it highlights three particularly important uses that police contact may serve, that are currently being overlooked. State police can permit, authorize or limit crime control performed by others through informal regulatory intervention. They can exercise a unique bureaucratic power by opening a case which is valued as a record of right and wrongs to be used in the negotiation of everyday life, not simply as a means to legal prosecution. And finally, taking action ‘off the books’, the police can exercise a coercive power that can be termed ‘police vigilantism’, which citizens may try to harness for their own ends. We therefore argue that we should recognize the continued high public demand for the services of state police forces even in contexts where they fall short of expectations, and more closely analyse the ways in which people utilize and help to reproduce the police forces they condemn.

Transforming International Institutions: Renewal and Global Institutional Change

By highlighting the role of tipping points and coalitional politics in institutional change, this paper analyzes when and how institutional actors respond to under-performance and dysfunction in international institutions. I explore the impact of distributive considerations, as well as the interaction between exogenous and endogenous factors in determining patterns of cooperation and equilibrium change. An assessment of the timing and shape of transformations can enrich our understanding of obstacles to change. The paper draws extensively on historical institutionalist, rational design, negotiation analytic, and institutional economics scholarship. To assess the plausibility of this framework, I compare and contrast efforts to reform the United Nations environmental regime from 1972-1992. I focus on the principal drivers of, and hindrances to, change at the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the 1982 United Nations Environment Programme Session of a Special Character, the United Nations General Assembly’s response to the institutional reform recommendations of the World Commission on Environment and Development, and the institutional changes that followed the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

Financial Losses and Innovations: How Baseball Came through the Depression

Financial Losses and InnovationsHow Baseball Came through the Depression Dan Levitt (bio) A review of David George Surdam, Wins, Losses, and Empty Seats: How Baseball Outlasted the Great Depression (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 417 pp. Cloth, $45.00. In 1929, the average major-league team pulled in $758,000 in revenue, of which $88,000 fell to the bottom line as profit. Four years later, during the depths of the Great Depression, revenues had fallen all the way to $430,000, and profits had turned to losses of nearly $100,000. By 1939, however, most teams had recovered: revenues returned to pre-Depression levels at $761,000, while profits were back to $63,000. Using a wide array of sources, David Surdam examines the causes and consequences of this financial roller coaster: the response by major-league teams on both the revenue and expense side of the ledger; the effect of new innovations such as night baseball, radio, and the farm system; and the importance of overall league revenue sharing. Surdam also looks at the effect of the economic disruption and the various responses on baseball’s competitive balance, not just in the narrow sense of the standard deviation of team winning percentages, but in how individual teams took advantage of the new environment. As attendance collapsed and the Depression deepened, major-league teams did not reduce ticket prices, instead assuming that fans would simply purchase less expensive seats. The attendance rebound at the end of the decade seemingly validated the owners’ ticket-price strategy. They were not faced with the public relations disaster of raising prices in a still struggling economy. Players’ salaries also remained unexpectedly high during the Depression when compared to drop in revenues, the average payroll falling from $235,000 in 1929 to $189,000 in 1933. Furthermore, by 1939 payrolls had rebounded to $228,000. It is not unique to baseball that salaries are less volatile than revenues or profits, but, as Surdam writes, the owners’ reluctance to cut salaries further “is a mystery, given their strong bargaining position” (90). [End Page 83] The Depression also offered a unique environment for the rapid growth of the farm system as we know it today. During the 1920s, major-league teams had spent huge amounts of money purchasing players from the minors. With the onset of the Depression, the lower minor leagues were particularly desperate for an infusion of cash, and thus were willing to surrender much of their autonomy for financial support. Despite the objection of Commissioner Landis, the major leagues changed their roster rules to make owning a minor-league team more advantageous. The change allowed major-league teams to control more players, with the added bonus, as Surdam shows, that farm systems did not significantly decrease profits. The majors helped the weaker franchises by introducing gate-sharing, which distributed gate revenues to both the home and visiting teams. At a time when ticket sales made up the vast majority of a club’s revenue, splitting this income between the high- and low-attendance clubs made a big difference in the solvency of the struggling franchises. Surdam highlights this impact, noting that in the 1930s National League teams shared around 23 to 26 percent of their gate revenue with the visiting squad—roughly 10 percent more than during the much more prosperous fifteen years after World War II. One of the many strengths of the book is Surdam’s discussion of baseball’s competitive balance during the Depression. He recognizes that the spread between teams in any given year is at least as important as the change in standings from one year to the next. Whether a team finishes twelve or twenty games back is not nearly as relevant as whether it can compete the next year. One of the tenets of recent baseball analytical scholarship is the significance of regression toward the mean. Over time, teams will revert toward .500 unless otherwise acted upon. Surdam, however, makes the profound observation that “aside from variance due to surprising performances and injuries [and changes to the relative economic standing of the teams], the relative position of most teams would attain an equilibrium over...

Critical Discourse Analysis in Organizational Studies: Towards an Integrationist Methodology

abstractWe engage with Leitch and Palmer's (2010) analysis of Critical Discourse Analytical (CDA) scholarship in organizational and management studies, in order to argue that, whereas they rightly point to the need for further reflexivity in the field, their recommendation for a strict methodological protocol in CDA studies may be reproducing some of the problems they identify in their analysis. We put forward an alternative, relational‐dialectic conception of discourse that defends an integrationist orientation to research methodology, privileging trans‐disciplinarity over rigour.

Guest editor’s words

Following the aim of Synthese, which tries to bring together diverse research foci and methods within the analytic tradition in a broad sense, John Symons and I started this project of compiling a special issue of Synthese called “Analytic Philosophy in China.” The greatest help came from Dr. Xiangdong Xu, who organized a conference, which beared the same title as the special issue in May 2005 at Peking University in China. He solicited contributions from a few of the best analytic philosophers in China for the conference, and later for the special issue. Four of the six research articles in this special issue were based on talks given at this conference. Due to many technical problems, we could not access the editing tools available at the Synthese website. We, especially John, took a lot of effort to find reviewers for the original submissions. We are grateful to the reviewers for their great work. We wish to thank them by mentioning their names, but we cannot, due to our observance of the blind review process. We aimed to have an inclusive and representative issue of the analytic scholarship in China. But we are not sure how successful our efforts were. We decided to reject some articles due to reviewers’ strong objections. But some contributions were not included because their methods and foci are too different from the usual scope of Synthese to be included even in a special issue that is aimed to broaden that scope. But these rejections say nothing of the quality of the contributions, and we are sorry to have to exclude them from this special issue. This uneasy feeling is more intense when we consider the fact that we put this issue together in order to broaden the scope and vision of analytic philosophy in the English-speaking world. I would like to mention a few articles that were not included. Prof. Jiaying Chen gave a talk at the conference. He was among the first generation of young Chinese scholars who studied Western philosophy after

Organization: On the Theory and Practice of Excess

Can organization theory truly grasp excess, or is this a constant paradoxical other of organization, a permanently elusive remainder? As a phenomenon might it mark out the contours of a configuration that points to an aporia of organization that scholarship and research in organization has yet to confront? In posing these questions we note that excess has proven notoriously tricky to handle through conventional modes of analytical scholarship, and has thus often been ignored when discussing contemporary economy. However, excess has much to teach about organization. In order to respond to this challenge the article discusses the possibilities and problems of theorizing excess and presents/exhibits an argument for developing the theory of general economy in order to open up and extend the persistent restricted economy of organization studies.

Adriaan Offenberg: The Quintessential Bibliophile

In 2004 Dr Adri Offenberg retired as curator of the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, the special collection of Judaica and Hebraica at Amsterdam University Library. This article discusses his development as a bibliographer, his road to the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana and his most important contributions to bibliographical scholarship. His greatest achievement in his many publications in the field has been the ability to introduce the principles of Anglo-Saxon analytical bibliographical scholarship into the field of Jewish bibliography. Of crucial importance are his catalogues of the Hebrew incunables in the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, his many publications on Amsterdam Jewish book-making of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Hebrew and non-Hebrew, and his First International Census of Hebrew incunables. This contribution also incorporates a review of his most recent work, the thirteenth volume of the BMC, describing the Hebrew incunables in the collection of the British Library.

The Nature of Sacrifice: A Biography of Charles Russell Lowell, Jr., 1835-64 (review)

Reviewed by Lorien Foote University of Central Arkansas The Nature of Sacrifice: A Biography of Charles Russell Lowell, Jr., 1835£64. By Carol Bundy. (York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. Pp. 548. Cloth, $35.00) After Charles Russell Lowell's death at the Battle of Cedar Creek in the Shenandoah Valley on October 19, 1864, his wife, Josephine Shaw Lowell, spent the rest of her life in public service to live out her husband's ideal of the "useful citizen." Lowell was further memorialized in the poetry and novels of Herman Melville and in his friend Henry Lee Higginson's dedication of Soldiers Field to Harvard. Now Carol Bundy has produced a beautifully written narrative biography of the young man that Phil Sheridan called "the perfection of a man and a soldier." Lowell was part of the Boston Brahmin clan network that controlled the institutions of Boston and the emerging industrial order of New England, but his father had been a failure and he grew up in genteel poverty. He was deeply affected by national politics in the 1850s and became a critic of the political failures of his parents' generation. Bundy characterizes this phase of Lowell's life as a tension between his "commitment to be of use to society and the temptation [End Page 423] to be a free spirit (91)." Physical illness and a search for a career in railroads and ironworks would not resolve this tension. And then the war came. Lowell, unlike most young men his age, sought a commission in the regular army and was commissioned captain of the 6th U.S. Cavalry. After service with that unit and a stint on McClellan's staff, Lowell would accept the colonelcy of the 2d Massachusetts Cavalry. In the war Lowell found purpose. He rejected his youthful belief in self-culture in favor of a philosophy that found meaning in action. In war, unlike in civilian life, he felt he could see what needed to be done and could do it. Lowell's 2d Massachusetts spent its first months of the war in Virginia trying to handle John Singleton Mosby. Lowell experienced all the frustrations of irregular warfare as he experimented with ways to fight this unconventional enemy. The nature of the regiment's assignment contributed to tensions between Massachusetts men and a California contingent that petitioned for a transfer. As problems mounted, desertion in the regiment rose, and Lowell resorted to a drum-head court-martial and summary execution of a deserter. Bundy simply comments, "Something about insubordination drove him to a particular fury" (366). Bundy explores the evolution of Lowell's attitudes toward war and his participation in the emergent hard war of the Shenandoah Valley. As a professional writer but not a professional historian, she does this in the context of a narrative biography rather than a work of analytical scholarship. Her discussion is relevant to the debate between Gerald Linderman and James McPherson over whether or not the volunteers lost early ideals of courage and self-discipline, for example, but she never compares her own analysis with theirs. Lowell's actions against Mosby are never placed in context of the literature on hard war. How did Lowell's actions compare to Union policy at the time? Other historians have used Lowell to make arguments about the shift to hard war in the minds of Union officers. What does Bundy think of these interpretations? These comments are not a criticism; Bundy's book is not meant to be a work of academic scholarship and these kinds of questions and arguments would detract from the narrative flow she so successfully employs. Once Lowell's regiment is transferred to Sheridan's command and Lowell acts in the capacity of brigadier general, he emerges as one of the Union cavalry's exceptional battlefield commanders. Bundy aptly demonstrates his innovative thinking and his quick tactical ability during the stress of battle. Lowell was especially successful in his use...