Coordination Geometry Research Articles

Trinuclear nickel (II) string complexes and copper (II) coordination polymer with pyrazine modulated unsymmetrical dipyridylamino ligand: Synthesis, structure and bioactivity properties with molecular docking

The unsymmetrical pyrazine-modulated ligand, N-(pyridine-2-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (Hppza) (1), its 1D straight-chain copper (II) coordination polymer [Cu2(Hppza)2∙(NO3)4]n (2) and trinuclear metal string [Ni3(µ3-ppza)4Cl2] (3) and [Ni3(µ3-ppza)4(NCS)2] (4) complexes have been successfully synthesized and structurally characterized. The free ligand Hppza (1) exhibits anti-syn conformation. In an asymmetric unit of 2, there are two kinds of Cu(II) atoms, both of which have elongated octahedral coordination geometry, and the copper(II) centers are linked by oxygen atoms of one nitrate anion. There are only minor differences in Ni…Ni bond lengths between pyrazine-modulated ligand complexes of [Ni3(μ3-ppza)4×2] (X = Cl− (3), NCS− (4)) and their unmodulated analogs, while the distances between the terminal nickel atoms and the axial ligands 3 and 4 are shorter. The results of magnetic susceptibility measurements showed an antiferromagnetic exchange constant (J) of about J = –199.2 cm–1 for 3 and J = –178.0 cm–1 for 4. The electrochemical properties of nickel strings of Hppza differ significantly from their unmodulated counterparts. The activities of ligands and their metal complexes against various proteins that are AChE (PDB ID: 4M0E), BChE (PDB ID: 5NN0), α-Gly (PDB ID: 1UAS), hCA I (PDB ID: 2CAB), and hCA II (PDB ID: 3DC3) were compared, and then the ADME/T properties of molecules were examined. Afterward, the interactions occurring in the docking calculation were examined in detail with the Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP) service. These complexes were inhibitors of BChE, hCA I and II, α-glycosidase and AChE enzymes for complex 3 and 5 with Ki values of 12.65 and 42.95 μM for hCA I, 3.64 and 15.84 μM for hCA II, 5.44 and 50.07 μM for BChE, 15.85 and 4.77 μM for α-glycosidase and 8.58 and 86.24 μM for AChE, respectively.

A Coordination-Derived Cerium-Based Amorphous-Crystalline Heterostructure with High Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Activity.

The rational design of heterogeneous catalysts is crucial for achieving optimal physicochemical properties and high electrochemical activity. However, the development of new amorphous-crystalline heterostructures is significantly more challenging than that of the existing crystalline-crystalline heterostructures. To overcome these issues, a coordination-assisted strategy that can help fabricate an amorphous NiO/crystalline NiCeOx (a-NiO/c-NiCeOx ) heterostructure is reported herein. The coordination geometry of the organic ligands plays a pivotal role in permitting the formation of coordination polymers with high Ni contents. This consequently provides an opportunity for enabling the supersaturation of Ni in the NiCeOx structure during annealing, leading to the endogenous spillover of Ni from the depths of NiCeOx to its surface. The resulting heterostructure, featuring strongly coupled amorphous NiO and crystalline NiCeOx , exhibits harmonious interactions in addition to low overpotentials and high catalytic stability in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Theoretical calculations prove that the amorphous-crystalline interfaces facilitate charge transfer, which plays a critical role in regulating the local electron density of the Ni sites, thereby promoting the adsorption of oxygen-based intermediates on the Ni sites and lowering the dissociation-related energy barriers. Overall, this study underscores the potential of coordinating different metal ions at the molecular level to advance amorphous-crystalline heterostructure design.

A 3D coordination polymer of Cd(II) with conformationally flexible mixed ligands as an active filler for silicone elastomers

The electronic configuration of d10 metals enables for a wide range of coordination numbers and geometries which, together with the use of mixtures of ligands for their coordination, allows fine-tuning of the properties of the complexes formed. By treating Cd(ClO4)2 with 1,3-bis(carboxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (H2Cx) and 4,4′-azopyridyne (AzPy) in solution, a 3D coordination polymer, [Cd(Cx)(AzPy)·1.85H2O]n (1), was mostly formed. The compound was investigated by elemental and spectral analysis, as well as by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal behavior of compound 1 was evaluated by TGA and DSC, while the moisture behavior was studied by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis. Compound 1 contains a five-dentate Cx2− ligand with Cd atoms in a pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry, as determined by X-ray analysis. The conformational flexibility of the ligands allows the establishment of all possible intermolecular interactions in a very dense packing, the resulting structure having an extremely low free volume (14.8%). The compound is hydrophobic, adsorbing up to 2.4 wt% water vapor, thermally stable up to 160 °C, and has a phase transition around 6 °C, which, based on analysis by polarized optical microscopy (POM), is considered as a second-order crystal-to-crystal transition, facilitated by the mobility of the siloxane fragment. Due to the constraints imposed by the covalent 3D architecture, the conformational photoisomerization of 1 is extremely limited, as indicated by UV–Vis spectroscopy studies on solutions with solvents of different polarities as well as dielectric spectroscopy studies on silicone composites in which it is in solid state with 5 and 20 wt% loading. Instead, it was found that compound 1 significantly increases the dielectric strength of the resulting materials (up to 46 V/μm compared to 18 V/μm in the empty matrix) by incorporating it as a filler, making them suitable for dielectric elastomer generators, as the results of theoretical calculations indicate. In the purification process, a 2D coordination polymer, [Cd(Cx)(AzPy)·H2Cx]n (2), was also identified in traces.

Transforming sociomathematical norms in a South African grade 11 classroom to enhance learners’ mathematical proficiency

In this paper we use parts of qualitative data from the first author’s doctoral study to explore how transforming existing sociomathematical norms enhance learners’ mathematical proficiency. The study was conducted in a grade 11 mathematics classroom comprising of 23 learners, facilitated by the first author as learners engaged in a mathematical discourse on analytical geometry. Data were gathered through video recording, documents and researcher journal. We adopted Yackel and Cobb’s (1996) interpretive framework and Kilpatrick et al.’s (2001) notion of mathematical proficiency as lenses, which guided the data analysis. We analyzed the data following Polkinghorne’s (1995) narrative analysis method. We found that transforming existing sociomathematical norms to enhance learners’ mathematical proficiency involved a three-stages process: negotiating entry into learners’ existing sociomathematical norms, disrupting learners’ existing sociomathematical norms and constituting ‘new’ sociomathematical norms. As learners developed new taken-as-shared meanings regarding acceptable mathematics explanations, justifications and mathematically different solutions they enhanced their <i>conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, adaptive reasoning</i>,<i> </i>and<i> strategic competence</i>.

A direct Monte Carlo approach for the modeling of neutrals at the plasma edge and its self-consistent coupling with the 2D fluid plasma edge turbulence model HESEL

This paper presents a novel coupling of a kinetic description of neutrals with a fluid description of a fusion plasma. The code, plasma interacting super-atoms and molecules (PISAM), employs a grid-free Cartesian geometry and a direct simulation Monte Carlo approach to solve the kinetic equations of deuterium atoms and molecules. The grid-free geometry and the parallel nature of the neutral dynamics, in the absence of neutral–neutral interactions, allow for an unlimited and work-efficient parallelization of PISAM that always ensures a balanced workload. The highly optimized Python implementation obtains good performance while securing easy accessibility to new users. The coupling of PISAM with the edge turbulence model HESEL is outlined with emphasis on the technical aspects of coupling Message Passing Interface-parallelized Python and C++ codes. Furthermore, the paper presents and analyzes simulation results from running the coupled HESEL-PISAM model. These results demonstrate the impact of radial neutral transport and plasma–neutral dynamics perpendicular to the magnetic field. Specifically, they illustrate how the inward flow of neutral kinetic energy and the inhibition of radial electric shear, resulting from poloidal momentum transfer between atoms and ions, can affect the energy containment time. By comparing the results of the HESEL-PISAM model with those obtained from coupling HESEL with a diffusive-fluid-neutral model, the capabilities of diffusion models in predicting neutral transport in the plasma edge and scrape-off layer are elucidated.

Gradient calculation techniques for multi-point ionosphere/thermosphere measurements from GDC

The upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) mission aims to investigate dynamic processes active in Earth’s upper atmosphere and their local, regional, and global characteristics. Achieving this goal will involve resolving and distinguishing spatial and temporal variability of ionospheric and thermospheric (IT) structures in a quantitative manner. This, in turn, calls for the development of sophisticated algorithms that are optimal in combining information from multiple in-situ platforms. This manuscript introduces an implementation of the least-squares gradient calculation approach previously developed by J. De Keyser with the focus of its application to the GDC mission. This approach robustly calculates spatial and temporal gradients of IT parameters from in-situ measurements from multiple spacecraft that form a flexible constellation. The previous work by De Keyser, originally developed for analysis of Cluster data, focused on 3-D Cartesian geometry, while the current work extends the approach to spherical geometry suitable for missions in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The algorithm automatically provides error bars for the estimated gradients as well as the scales over which the gradients are expected to be constant. We evaluate the performance of the software on outputs of high-resolution global ionospheric/thermospheric simulations. It is shown that the software will be a powerful tool to explore GDC’s ability to answer science questions that require gradient calculations. The code can also be employed in support of Observing System Simulation Experiments to evaluate suitability of various constellation geometries and assess the impact of measurement sensitivities on addressing GDC’s science objectives.

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Reactivity and Bioactivity Studies of Some Binuclear Salen Type Schiff Base Complexes of Manganese(III)

Four new phenoxy bridged binuclear Salen type Schiff base complexes of manganese(III), [MnLX]2 with tetradentate Schiff base, H2L [H2L = N,N′-O-phenylene bis(salicylaldimine)] containing anionic co-ligands, X (X = benzoate, p-hydroxy benzoate, p-aminobenzoate, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate) have been synthesized from manganese(II) acetate, Schiff base (H2L) and the corresponding co-ligands in methanol medium. Schiff base ligand (H2L) was obtained in situ by condensation of salicylaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine in aqueous methanol. Elemental analyses, FT-IR, molar conductance, UV-visible spectroscopic studies and magnetic moment measurements at room temperature were used to characterize the binuclear Schiff base complexes. The IR spectra of [MnLX]2 (X = benzoate, p-hydroxy benzoate, p-aminobenzoate, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate) complexes showed the characteristic absorptions due to coordinated azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen atoms of the Schiff base. In addition, IR spectra of the compounds also suggest coordination of the co-ligands namely benzoate, p-hydroxy benzoate, p-aminobenzoate, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate in the respective complexes. A consistent presence of a band at ca. 755 cm-1 in all the binuclear complexes arises due to (Mn-O-Mn) moiety originated from interactions of phenoxy oxygen and manganese atoms, resulted in dimeric structure of the compounds. The magnetic moment values ranging from 4.74-4.91 B.M. per manganese centre for the complexes suggest presence of Mn(III) ion in the complexes. The overall coordination geometry around the manganese centres is distorted octahedral. Redox behaviour of the synthesized complexes was ascertained from cyclic voltametric studies. The Schiff base complexes, [Mn(L)X]2 (X = p-aminobenzoate, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate) have demonstrated their catalytic potentials in oxidizing selective organic substrates namely cyclohexene and styrene by hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The oxidized products were characterized as trans-cyclohexane 1,2-diol and styrene epoxide, respectively. Complex 4 demonstrated a considerable level of effectiveness against a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms.

Step-by-Step Nanoscale Top-Down Blocking and Etching Lead to Nanohexapods with Cartesian Geometry.

In this research, we designed a stepwise synthetic method for Au@Pt hexapods where six elongated Au pods are arranged in a pairwise perpendicular fashion, sharing a common point (the central origin in a Cartesian-coordinate-like hexapod shape), featured with tip-selectively decorated Pt square nanoplates. Au@Pt hexapods were successfully synthesized by applying three distinctive chemical reactions in a stepwise manner. The Pt adatoms formed discontinuous thin nanoplates that selectively covered six concave facets of a Au truncated octahedron and served as etching masks in the succeeding etching process, which prevented underlying Au atoms from being oxidized. The subsequent isotropic etching proceeded radially, starting from the bare Au surface, carving the central nanocrystal in a concave manner. By controlling the etching conditions, Au@Pt hexapods were successfully fabricated, wherein the core Au domain is connected to six protruding arms, which hold Pt nanoplates at the ends. Due to their morphology, Au@Pt hexapods feature distinctive optical properties in the near-infrared region, as a proof of concept, allowing for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based monitoring of in situ CO electrooxidation. We further extended our synthetic library by tailoring the size of the Pt nanoplates and neck widths of Au branches, demonstrating the validity of selective blocking and etching-based colloidal synthesis.

Reactivity of [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] towards substituted anilines

AbstractThe reactivity of [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] towards o‐toluidine, m‐toluidine, o‐fluoroaniline, m‐fluoroaniline, p‐bromoaniline, p‐chloroaniline and p‐anisidine was examined and novel rhenium(V) imido complexes [Re(NC6H4R)Cl3(PPh3)2] (R=o‐Me, m‐Me, o‐F, m‐F, p‐Cl, p‐Br, p‐OMe) were obtained. The resulting products were characterized by elemental analysis, electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (ESI‐HRMS), 1H, 13C{1H}, 19F and 31P{1H} NMR, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. For m‐toluidine, m‐fluroaniline and p‐chloroaniline, the rhenium(V) imido‐amino mononuclear [Re(NC6H4R)Cl3(H2NC6H4R)(PPh3)] (R=m‐F, p‐Cl) complexes and the binuclear [{Re(m‐NC6H4Me)Cl2(m‐H2NC6H4Me)(PPh3)}2O] complex were isolated as side products and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. All six‐coordinate rhenium(V) complexes display distorted octahedral coordination geometry.

Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Carbon Dioxide Reduction using a Bioinspired Nickel Molecular Catalyst.

Inspired by natural enzymes, this study presents a nickel-based molecular catalyst, [Ni‖(N2S2)]Cl2 (NiN2S2, N2S2=2,11-dithia[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane), for the photochemical catalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light. The catalyst was synthesized and characterized using various techniques, including liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic analysis revealed a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry with a mononuclear Ni2+ cation, two nitrogen atoms and two sulfur atoms. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments were performed in homogeneous conditions using the catalyst in combination with [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) as a photosensitizer and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BIH) as a sacrificial electron donor. The catalyst achieved a high selectivity of 89 % towards CO and a remarkable turnover number (TON) of 7991 during 8 h of visible light irradiation under CO2 in the presence of phenol as a co-substrate. The turnover frequency (TOF) in the initial 6 h was 1079 h-1, with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 1.08 %. Controlled experiments confirmed the dependency on the catalyst, light, and sacrificial electron donor for the CO2 reduction process. These findings demonstrate this bioinspired nickel molecular catalyst could be effective for fast and efficient photochemical catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO.

Formation and persistence of glaciovolcanic voids explored with analytical and numerical models

Abstract One fifth of Earth's volcanoes are covered by snow or ice and many have active geothermal systems that interact with the overlying ice. These glaciovolcanic interactions can melt voids into glaciers, and are subject to controls exerted by ice dynamics and geothermal heat output. Glaciovolcanic voids have been observed to form prior to volcanic eruptions, which raised concerns when such features were discovered within Job Glacier on Qw̓elqw̓elústen (Mount Meager Volcanic Complex), British Columbia, Canada. In this study we model the formation, evolution, and steady-state morphology of glaciovolcanic voids using analytical and numerical models. Analytical steady-state void geometries show cave height limited to one quarter of the ice thickness, while numerical model results suggest the void height h scales with ice thickness H and geothermal heat flux $\dot {Q}$ as $h/H = a H^b \dot {Q}^c$ , with exponents b = −n/2 and c = 1/2 where n is the creep exponent. Applying this scaling to the glaciovolcanic voids within Job Glacier suggests the potential for total geothermal heat flux in excess of 10 MW. Our results show that relative changes in ice thickness are more influential in glaciovolcanic void formation and evolution than relative changes in geothermal heat flux.

Bis-Alkoxide Dysprosium(III) Crown Ether Complexes Exhibit Tunable Air Stability and Record Energy Barrier.

High-performance and air-stable single-molecule magnets (SMMs) can offer great convenience for the fabrication of information storage devices. However, the controversial requisition of high stability and magnetic axiality is hard to balance for lanthanide-based SMMs. Here, a family of dysprosium(III) crown ether complexes possessing hexagonal-bipyramidal (pseudo-D6h symmetry) local coordination geometry with tunable air stability and effective energy barrier for magnetization reversal (Ueff) are shown. The three complexes share the common formula of [Dy(18-C-6)L2][I3] (18-C-6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane; L = I, 1; L = OtBu 2 and L = 1-AdO 3). 1 is highly unstable in the air. 2 can survive in the air for a few minutes, while 3 remains unchanged in the air for more than 1 week. This is roughly in accordance with the percentage of buried volumes of the axial ligands. More strikingly, 2 and 3 show progressive enhancement of Ueff and 3 exhibits a record high Ueff of 2427(19) K, which significantly contributes to the 100 s blocking temperature up to 11 K for Yttrium-diluted sample, setting a new benchmark for solid-state air-stable SMMs.

Identification of Binding Sites in Copper(II)-Peptide Complexes Using Infrared Spectroscopy.

Complex formation of the copper(II) ion (CuII) with histidine (H) and H-containing peptides plays a crucial role in various metallo-enzymatic reactions. To elucidate the nature of coordinate bonding in CuII complexes, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 2D IR spectroscopy were employed to investigate the coordination geometries of CuII with diglycine, l-histidylglycine (HG), glycyl-l-histidine (GH), and glycylglycyl-l-histidine. The coordination of CuII to different peptide groups, including the peptide N- and C-termini, the amide group, and the imidazole of the H side chain, exhibits distinct spectral features. The derived molecular structure of the CuII-HG complex based on these spectral features significantly differs from that of CuII-GH, suggesting a preference of the N-terminus and the steric hindrance of the H side chain in CuII chelation.

Anisotropic Metal-Metal Pauli Repulsion in Polynuclear d10 Metal Clusters.

Metallophilicity has been widely considered to be the driving force for self-assembly of closed-shell d10 metal complexes, but this view has been challenged by recent studies showing that metallophilicity in linear d10-d10 dimers is repulsive. This is due to strong metal-metal (M-M') Pauli repulsion (Wan, Q., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021, 118, e2019265118). Here, we study M-M' Pauli repulsion in d10 metal clusters. Our results show that M-M' Pauli repulsion in d10 polynuclear clusters is 6-52% weaker than in similar linear d10 complexes due to the anisotropic shape of (n+1)s-nd hybridized orbitals. The overall M-M' interactions in closed-shell d10 polynuclear metal clusters remain repulsive. The effects of coordination geometry, relativistic effects, and the ligand's electronegativity on M-M' Pauli repulsion in polynuclear d10 clusters have been explored. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design and development of ligands and coordination geometries that alleviate M-M' Pauli repulsion in d10 metal cluster systems.

Fe(II) coordination transition regulates reductive dechlorination: The overlooked abiotic role of lactate

The coordination environment of Fe(II) significantly affect the reductive reactivity of Fe(II). Lactate is a common substrate for enhancing microbial dechlorination, but its effect on abiotic Fe(II)-driven reductive dechlorination is largely ignored. In this study, the structure-reactivity relationship of Fe(II) is investigated by regulating the ratio of lactate:Fe(II). This work shows that lactate-Fe(II) complexing enhances the abiotic Fe(II)-driven reductive dechlorination with the optimum lactate:Fe(II) ratio of 10:20. The formed hydrogen bond (Fe-OH∙∙∙∙∙∙O = C-) and Fe-O-C metal-ligand bond result in a reduced Fe(II) coordination number from six to four, which lead to the transition of Fe(II) coordination geometry from octahedron to tetrahedron/square planar. Coordinatively unsaturated Fe(II) results in the highest reductive dechlorination reactivity towards carbon tetrachloride (k1 = 0.26254 min−1). Excessive lactate concentration (> 10 mM) leads to an increased Fe(II) coordination number from four to six with a decreased reductive reactivity. Electrochemical characterization and XPS results show that lactate-Fe(II)-I (C3H5O3−:Fe(II) = 10:20) has the highest electron-donating capacity. This study reveals the abiotic effect of lactate on reductive dechlorination in a subsurface-reducing environment where Fe(II) is usually abundant.

General Pyrolysis for High-Loading Transition Metal Single Atoms on 2D-Nitro-Oxygeneous Carbon as Efficient ORR Electrocatalysts.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) possess the potential to involve the merits of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts altogether and thus have gained considerable attention. However, the large-scale synthesis of SACs with rich isolate-metal sites by simple and low-cost strategies has remained challenging. In this work, we report a facile one-step pyrolysis that automatically produces SACs with high metal loading (5.2-15.9 wt %) supported on two-dimensional nitro-oxygenated carbon (M1-2D-NOC) without using any solvents and sacrificial templates. The method is also generic to various transition metals and can be scaled up to several grams based on the capacity of the containers and furnaces. The high density of active sites with N/O coordination geometry endows them with impressive catalytic activities and stability, as demonstrated in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). For example, Fe1-2D-NOC exhibits an onset potential of 0.985 V vs RHE, a half-wave potential of 0.826 V, and a Tafel slope of -40.860 mV/dec. Combining the theoretical and experimental studies, the high ORR activity could be attributed its unique FeO-N3O structure, which facilitates effective charge transfer between the surface and the intermediates along the reaction, and uniform dispersion of this active site on thin 2D nanocarbon supports that maximize the exposure to the reactants.

Palladium and platinum complexes based on pyridine bases induced anticancer effectiveness via apoptosis protein signaling in cancer cells.

Palladium and platinum complexes, especially those that include cisplatin, can be useful chemotherapeutic drugs. Alternatives that have less adverse effects and require lower dosages of treatment could be provided by complexes containing pyridine bases. The complexes [Pd(SCN)2(4-Acpy)2] (1), [Pd(N3)2(4-Acpy)2] (2) [Pd(paOH)2].2Cl (3) and [Pt(SCN)2(paO)2] (4) were prepared by self-assembly method at ambient temperature; (4-Acpy = 4-acetylpyridine and paOH = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-oxime). The structure of complexes 1-4 was confirmed using spectroscopic and X-ray crystallography methods. Complexes1-4 have similar features in isomerism that include the trans coordination geometry of pyridine ligands with Pd or Pt ion. The 3D network structure of complexes 1-4 was constructed by an infinite number of discrete mononuclear molecules extending via H-bonds. The Pd and Pt complexes1-4with pyridine ligands were assessed on MCF-7, T47D breast cancer cells and HCT116 colon cancer cells. The study evaluated cell death through apoptosis and cell cycle phases in MCF-7 cells treated with palladium or platinum conjugated with pyridine base. Upon treatment of MCF-7 with these complexes, the expression of apoptotic signals (Bcl2, p53, Bax and c-Myc) and cell cycle signals (p16, CDK1A, CDK1B) were evaluated. Compared to other complexes and cisplatin, IC50 of complex 1 was lowest in MCF-7 cells and complex 2 in T47D cells. Complex 4 has the highest effectiveness on HCT116. The selective index (SI) of complexes 1-4 has a value of more than two for all cancer cell lines, indicating that the complexes were less toxic to normal cells when given the same dose. MCF-7 cells treated with complex 2 and platinum complex 4 exhibited the highest level of early apoptosis. p16 may be signal arrest cells in Sub G, which was observed in cells treated with palladium complexes that suppress excessive cell proliferation. High c-Myc expression of treated cells with four complexes 1-4 and cisplatin could induce p53. All complexes 1-4 elevated the expression of Bax and triggered by the tumor suppressor gene p53. p53 was downregulating the expression of Bcl2.

FROM EUCLID TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

We give 19 proofs of the famous Angle Bisector Theorem from Euclid's Elements. The first proof is the Euclid's original proof, the remaining proofs use the methods of Euclidean Geo\-metry, Trigonometry, Analytic Geometry, Complex Numbers, and Gr\"obner Bases. The Gr\"obner Bases proof is in the area of Automatic Proving and Artificial Intelligence, so that the proofs in a way symbolise the development of mathematics from 300 BC (the Euclid's time) to modern days. We discuss what the proofs illustrate and why they are important for Math Education. All the proofs, except the first one, are original.

Probing coordination geometry and electronic nature of Cu center in mixed ligand N,N,N′,N'-tetramethylethylenediamine copper complexes using XAFS

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) has been investigated at the Cu K-edge in the copper complexes: [Cu tmen ox]·4H2O(1), [Cu tmen bipy](ClO4)2 (2), [Cu tmen en](SO4)·4H2O (3), [Cu tmen gly](ClO4) (4), [Cu tmen phen](ClO4)2 (5), where tmen = N,N,N′,N'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine, ox = oxalate ion, en = ethylenediamine, gly = glycinate ion, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, to probe the coordination geometry and electronic nature of the Cu metal center. Crystal structure of 1 is known to be distorted octahedral and the same result has been obtained from EXAFS analysis. Structures of 2–5 are not available. From analysis of XANES and its derivative spectra, the structures of 2 and 3 have been estimated to be square pyramidal and of 4 and 5 to be square planar. From EXAFS analysis, the same structures have been arrived at. Four O/N atoms form the square plane in 2–5 with Cu atom at center of the square. In 2 and 3, one O/N atom is at apical position forming the pyramid. Ab-initio XANES calculations have been performed to obtain simulated XANES spectra as well as p-DOS and d-DOS for the absorbing Cu metal center and these have been compared and correlated with the experimental spectra. The splitting of Cu K-edge into two edges K1 and K2 in both the experimental and simulated spectra have been correlated with the theoretical p-DOS. The trends in the relative intensities of the two peaks in the derivative XANES spectra and in the p-DOS have been observed to be similar in the three geometries. The occurrence of pre-edge has been correlated with the d-DOS.

Effect of B-site cationic substitution on the structural, spectroscopic, and conductivity behaviour of Ho2(Hf1-xZrx)2O7 (x=0 and 1)

Ideally, a solid electrolyte which is a central component of SOFC should exhibit high anionic or cationic ionic conductivity at the proposed operating temperatures. In most cases, the performance is compromised when operating above 1000 °C due to poor mechanical, thermal and chemical stability of selected functional and non-functional materials. In this context, pyrochlores are one of the potential candidates due to their high conductivity, flexibility to accommodate large cations, and high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. In this study, we report the synthesis of nano-powders of Ho2Hf2O7 (HH) and Ho2Zr2O7 (HZ) pyrochlore ceramics by eco-friendly alginate mediated ion-exchange process also known as Leeds Alginate Process (LAP) and provide further insight into the structure - conductivity relationship of HH and HZ compounds by EXAFS studies. Both the compositions were sintered at temperatures, ranging from 1100 °C-1500 °C at 2 h dwell time to achieve the desired high-density ceramic with stable pyrochlore structure. X-ray diffraction and Extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS) analysis showed superlattice reflections and complex coordination geometry of these oxides. The coordination number and disorder factor in the case of HZ were found to be more stable than the HH sample, as evident from the EXAFS. Impedance spectroscopy and dc-conductivity analysis showed a better charge transport behavior in HZ ceramics than in HH making HZ as a preferred solid electrolyte for SOFC. The conductivity of Ho2Zr2O7 is comparable with the best-known fluorite oxide-ion conductor such as Sc2O3-stabilized ZrO2 at 500 °C.