Watershed Analysis Research Articles

Watershed of a small river as source of contaminants and biogenic elements

There is considered methodology of estimation of contaminants and biogenic elements intake into water objects from urban watersheds by municipal non-point runoff. We used the Volkovka River in St. Petersburg and its watershed for the research because the watershed is characterized by high degree of variety and includes all possible types of urban areas: multi-storey residential constructions, industrial areas, green spaces, cemeteries, wastelands, and even agricultural areas. The research included the monitoring data processing, the watershed analysis by GIS-technologies, and field studies.

Global mapper 15.0 - uporedni programski alat za dizajn otvorenih kanalskih sistema za odvodnjavanje

This research aimed at computing peak flow discharge using state-of-theart technology for watershed analysis to design a suitable open channel to minimize the effects of flood hazard during and after rainfall in an environment. A comprehensive topographical survey data obtained by Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission was employed in this study. The result of the survey shows that both the maximum and minimum elevation at 61.9 m and 51.1 m, respectively, and the mean slope of the area was 0.012. Watershed analysis of the study area was carried out using the Global Mapper15.0. The result shows that the parameters obtained such as the mean area of the sub-catchments is 1.43 ha, the mean length of channel flow is 99.33 m, the mean length of overland flow is 111.81 m, mean upstream elevation for overland flow is 63.30 m, mean downstream elevation for overland flow is 62.37 m and mean downstream elevation for channel flow is 61.12 m. The intensity duration frequency curve of the catchment was developed and a return period of 25 years was used to obtain an average rainfall intensity of 218.81 mm/hr. The peak discharge was obtained as 2.01 m3 /s using rational formula due to the area of the watershed being less than 80 hectares. Finally, several design parameters for the modeled rectangular channel were calculated. The result indicated that the width of the channel is 0.80 m and the depth of the channel is 1.0 m. The developed modeled channel has a design capacity of 2.03 m3 /s which is greater than watershed peak discharge 2.01 m3 /s. The size of the modeled channel was compared with the size of the existing channel and the result revealed that the existing drain was insufficient to carry the discharge from the catchment area due to its design capacity of 0.91m3 /s. It is recommended that the dimension of the existing drain should be increased to meet with the dimension of the modeled drain and a discharge point (safe outlet) should be provided.

Morphometric analysis of Moridhal watershed in Dhemaji District of Assam, India using remote sensing and Geographic Information System techniques

Morphometric analysis of Moridhal watershed in Dhemaji District of Assam, India using remote sensing and Geographic Information System techniques

Development of the GeoCRP for Smart River Management in the Smart City(I)

In this study, we developed the Geo City River Platform (GeoCRP), which regularly collects data on the web and provides the analyzed information by performing flood analysis based on the collected information in order to effectively perform smart city river management. GeoCRP was analyzed and tested in the Eco Delta City (EDC) area. In this platform, a watershed runoff analysis model, a river flow analysis model and an urban runoff analysis model were applied for flood analysis in EDC. GeoCRP can obtain more reliable results by taking a step-by-step approach to urban overflow that may occur in smart cities through the applied model. In addition, since all analysis processes such as data collection, input data generation and result data storage are automatically performed on the web, analysis can be performed, and results can be viewed if an environment that can access the web is established without special equipment or tools. The displayed analysis result is provided visually so that the user can intuitively confirm the information, so it is easy to understand the analysis results. Through this, smart city managers can effectively manage rivers, and it is expected that educational institutions will be able to use it as educational material on urban runoff.

A Framework for a Subwatershed-Scale Screening Tool to Support Development of Resiliency Solutions and Flood Protection Priority Areas in a Low-Lying Coastal Community

Flood risk analysis is the instrument for local officials to create a sound strategy and adaptation plans for the impacts of inundation due to heavy rains, climate change and sea level rise. Hence, cities with aging infrastructure are retrofitting their stormwater management systems to mitigate the impacts. However determining the most at risk areas and the options for corrections is more challenging. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop a screening tool to analyze watersheds and identify the most at-risk areas. High-quality, open source data and sophisticated spatial analysis techniques allow engineers to create innovative ways to conduct watershed wide inundation analysis. In this study, the investigators developed a screening tool to identify at-risk properties by combining readily available data on topography, groundwater, surface water, tidal information for coastal communities, soils, open space, and rainfall data. Once the screening tool is developed, the means to identify and prioritize improvements to be funded with scarce capital funds is the next step. A tool box of solutions was developed to address flood risk and vulnerability. Testing of the screening tool was conducted in Broward County, Florida and shows encouraging results. Comparison with FEMA Flood maps and repetitive loss mapping indicates that the process works in a coastal community. The framework appears to be viable across cities that may be inundated with water due to sea-level rise, rainfall, runoff upstream, and other natural events.

Evaluation of SMAP, SMOS, and AMSR2 Soil Moisture Products Based on Distributed Ground Observation Network in Cold and Arid Regions of China

Long-term surface soil moisture (SM) data are increasingly needed in water budget and energy balance analysis of watersheds. The performance of nine remotely sensed SM products from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions are evaluated based on observations collected from distributed observation networks in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) of China during 2013 to 2017. Results show that the SMAP Level 3 dual channel algorithm SM retrievals reflect the seasonal SM variations well with high temporal correlations of ∼0.7 and high accuracy within 0.04 m3/m3 in terms of unbiased root mean squared error (ubRMSE) over the grassland in the HRB. The SMOS level 3 SM retrievals present increased underestimation and ubRMSE of ∼0.10 m3/m3 as the vegetation increases. The newly published SMOS Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere product in version 2 outperforms the SMOS level 3 product with improved temporal correlation coefficient above 0.4 and lower ubRMSE of ∼0.05 m3/m3. AMSR2 Land Parameter Retrieval Algorithm SM products show extremely large overestimation over the vegetated regions in HRB, especially the C-band products. Drastically high underestimation biases are observed in the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency AMSR2 SM product. Parameter uncertainty analyses indicate that the different parameterization schemes of vegetation optical depth inputs could be one of the main reasons resulting in the systematic overestimation/underestimation biases in the AMSR2/SMOS/SMAP SM retrievals. The findings aim to provide insights into studies on algorithms refinements and data fusions of SM products in HRB.

MORPHOLOGY OF PARDO RIVER WATERSHED AT THE BORDER OF THE STATES OF BAHIA AND MINAS GERAIS

ABSTRACT The spatial analysis of watersheds, as well as the evaluation off the changes occurring in their catchment area along the time are essential for the qualification of environmental changes. This study aims to characterize morphometrically the Pardo river watershed, as well as to evaluate the changes in soil use and occupation occurring between 2001 and 2016. The morphometric analysis consisted of the determination of the geometric parameters, relief information and drainage network using Geographic Information Systems. The land use and occupation information was collected through data from the online mapping platform of the Brazilian Mapping and Land Use Mapping (MapBiomas). According to the results, morphometry indicated that the watershed has low propensity to flood occurrence and tendency to conservation; great part of its area is between 600 and 1000 m of altitude, with predominance of undulating and soft-undulating slopes. The analysis of land use and occupation showed that the area devoted to agricultural activities increased during the period evaluated and occupies most of the basin, while the area of ??forests was reduced, the second in size, and these two classes occupy more than 96 % of catchment area.

Monitoring of flood water propagation based on microwave and optical imagery

The economy of northern part of Bangladesh mainly depends upon agriculture based production. Flood disasters in Dinajpur along the Punarbhaba, Atrai Rivers result in significant loss of life and economic damage. This paper finds the optimum technique to use microwave (Sentinel-1A) and optical (Landsat-8) imagery alternatively along with GIS for fast and effective flood mapping, semi-real-time monitoring and analyzing the propagation of flood water in a flood prone area. Since flooded areas usually are covered by dense clouds, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage over optical data by operating at wavelengths not hampered by cloud cover or a lack of illumination. It has capability to continuous observation of flood events for producing rapid, accurate and cost effective flood mapping. This characteristic makes SAR a potential alternative to optical sensors. The focal steps in flood monitoring using optical satellite data are: identifying water bodies efficiently; disregarding some cloud influences; and, monitoring the flood process dynamically. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using freely available time series of Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR and Landsat-8 imagery. This study also assess the TRMM data for precipitation measurement in the study area for hydrological analyses of watersheds. The SAR images were first calibrated, geometrically corrected and filtered. Afterward, to extract the inundated areas from the SAR images threshold method was applied. In threshold method and MNDWI index was used to separate the open water and nonwater (land) areas from the images. This research proposed the combination model of SAR and optical data that describes how we can get water extraction result with higher accuracy during flood using optical and microwave data. The results showed that the VH of SAR backscattering coefficient achieved higher accuracy than VV of SAR backscattering coefficient, and the combination model provides the highest accuracy of flood water extraction. The highest number of populations are affected by flood that is around 827822 in 2017. Therefore, the findings of this study will help to require initiative to scale back the flood hazard impact and increase the pliability within the process of flood management. This study proposed a method to automatically generate periodic surface water at 10 m resolution, which may contribute to monitoring surface water in a timely manner. This has also played a significant role in the monitoring and early warning of emerging major natural disasters at home and abroad.

An integrated approach of flash flood analysis in ungauged Mediterranean watersheds using post‐flood surveys and unmanned aerial vehicles

AbstractThis study analyzes the flash flood event of two ungauged ephemeral streams in Olympiada region (Chalkidiki, North Greece), which occurred at the 21–22 of November 2019. Aim of the study is to reconstruct the specific flash flood event, investigate the causes of flood generation mechanisms, evaluate the performance of SCS‐CN hydrological and HEC‐RAS hydraulic models, investigate the relation between extreme flash floods and human intervention, using the combination of ground and aerial observations obtained from the field survey and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), respectively. The results of the specific discharge ranged between 9 and 11 m3 s−1 km2, values that are typical for flash flood events in Mediterranean region. The comparison between the observed and simulated values of flood extent showed sufficiently good performance of the hydraulic model (CSI = 82%). However, the statistical analysis of the observed and simulated flood depths displayed a flood depth overestimation by the applied model, despite that the values of the used statistic indexes are acceptable (RMSE = 0.35 m, SD = 0.53, NSE = 0.56, PBIAS = 11.26%). The model overestimation of flood depth was attributed to the DEM low resolution and quality. Ground and aerial observations depicted the alluvial fan activation, the alternation of flow paths and the huge sediment transport. Human intervention in main streams, urban sprawl, wet AMC and sediment transport were among the main factors that contributed to the flash flood generation. This integrated approach revealed the necessity of the constant evaluation and validation of hydrological and hydraulic models in small ungauged Mediterranean watersheds and ephemeral streams. The use of UAVs in combination with ground observations and hydraulic simulation could significantly contribute to the enhanced understanding of flash flood mechanisms, in the direction of flood risk mitigation, improvement of the planning efficiency of flood prevent measures, flood hazard estimation, evolution of flood warning systems and floodplain geomorphology analysis.

Land use planning for floods mitigation in Kelara Watershed, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Indonesia has a tropical climate with high rainfall. The high rain will affect the state of hydrology until the peak discharge is a flood. Other factors that influence flooding are morphometry, topography, soil type, and land cover conditions. The Kelara watershed in South Sulawesi has been flooded. Then a flood effort in the disaster mitigation disaster watershed is needed in the form of land use planning. So, this study conducted a mapping of watershed morphometry analysis, flood vulnerability areas, and hydrological modeling to obtain debit data using the Geographic Information System method. Based on flood mapping, the land use planning for mitigation will be formulated based on flood vulnerability areas, actual land use, district space patterns, and land suitability. The results showed that the morphometry of the Kelara watershed was not identified as vulnerable to flooding, namely the watershed shape, river density, and river gradient. While the mapping of flood vulnerability areas resulting from overlapping parameters of land cover, slope, elevation, and type of soil, indicates that there are flood vulnerability areas in Kelara watershed. The flood vulnerability areas to float in flat to gentle areas (0-15%) with a height of 0-50 meters above sea level and land that have a low infiltration rate. The peak of January in a maximum discharge of 1.7268 m3 / second Kelara river. Land use planning with the forest area and development of agroforestry patterns. The reduced land use planning of the maximum discharge on the Kelara River by 0.05 m3 / sec. But land use planning has not been optimal in decreasing peak discharge. So, it needs faster effort, namely other technical activities such as dam construction and river normalization.

Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Sub Watersheds of Umar Nala Watershed, Madhya Pradesh Using Geospatial Technique

Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Sub Watersheds of Umar Nala Watershed, Madhya Pradesh Using Geospatial Technique

Particle distribution analysis of Co-doped ZnO based dilute magnetic semiconductors

Specific particle size methodology is linked with deconvolving sedimentary and magnetic variability in different Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs). The crystalline phase detection along with unit cell dimensions analysis is prominently done by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique. Besides this, the MATLAB based digital image processing analysis of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image can provide more better assessment of the contribution of isolated constitute magnetic fragments of designed DMSs. In the present research work, particle distribution analysis has been done using XRD, XPS and SEM image assessment of Co (at 4.5% molar concentration) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) doped dilute magnetic semiconductor specimen. The XRD scans ratify that Co ions replace the Zn site and no structural change has been noted after the sintering. The XPS results reveal that Co atoms have been successfully incorporated in sites of the ZnO matrics without forming any noticeable impurity phase. Moreover, MATLAB based particle distribution analysis and watershed analysis techniques are also applied to the SEM image. The study reveals that the ZnO converts into semi hexagonal prism-like shaped grains from floret-like shaped grains due to Co doping by retaining their nano-dimension and adequate distribution for the Zn0.955Co0.045O specimen.

Magnetic and Geo-electrical Geophysical Techniques for Subsurface Delineation and Groundwater Assessment in Ras Matarma, Sinai

Groundwater constitutes the main source of the freshwater in Ras-Matarma, Sinai, which necessitates optimized management of it. In this context, geophysical ground magnetic, Schlumberger resistivity inversion, remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and pumping tests were conducted. The magnetic survey comprised 56 profiles, whereas, Schlumberger resistivity survey were 27 VES. GIS and RS were implemented for watershed analyses in the area. Interpretation of the magnetic data separated significantly the shallow and deep structures with depths ranged from 300 to 1400 m. Qualitative and quantitative modelling of the inverted resistivity data demarcated effectively the fresh aquifer with true resistivity and thickness ranged from 22 to 210 ohm.m and 2 to 80 m, respectively. GIS aggregated all the aforementioned results along with electric and hydraulic parameters of the fresh aquifer.

Study of passenger vessels design in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia for public transportation

Globalization had increased global economic activity, including production, trade and distribution activities in developing countries, especially in Asia. The increasing of trade traffic and cargo transportation in archipelago country like Indonesia, requires the utilization of sea lanes. This study was aimed to present the suitability of ship design to be passengers transportation in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The proposed design should be in accordance with the conditions of Berau which has 6 districts crossed by the river which still lack of transportation facilities. This research proposed an optimal ship design that can be used as a reference for renewable ships in Berau waters. This study produced a watershed design analysis concept as part of the reference and boundary dimensions of the ship. The obtained main size of the ship using linear regression method was total length of 12.5 meters, 3 meters wide, 1.5 meters high, and 0.6 meters full of water. Resistance analysis using the Savitsky method showed the engine capacity of 2x150 pk with a service speed of 25 knots. Maximum speed of 30 knots with a distance of 57.32 mill can be reached with 2 hours service speed and 1 hour 40 minutes at a maximum speed of 30 knots with the resistance value 12.8 kN. The total estimated budget for the production of this ship was Rp 1.773.656.800. This design may be adopted as an integrated reference for the procurement of transportation facilities for passenger ships, especially in the Berau river.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS USING GEO-INFORMATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIFFERENT WATERSHEDS IN NORTHEASTERN PART OF ERBIL CITY, KURDISTAN REGION, NORTH IRAQ

The present research attempts to study detail morphometric analysis of Harrir and Shaqlawa watersheds in the northeastern part of Erbil city, north of Iraq. The areas of the watersheds are 350 Km² and 223 Km² for Harrir and Shaqlawa, respectively. To achieve the aims of this study, the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model data, and Geo-information (Remote sensing and GIS) techniques were used for determining and analyzing morphometric parameters in terms linear, aerial and relief aspects. Several tools in ArcGIS 10.4 software were utilized for preparing and producing maps, analyzing and assessing various characteristics of the parameters. The main results show that there is a strong inverse relationship between stream order, number and length of the stream in the watersheds of the study area by R² values (R² = 0.78 and 0.81 of Harrir watershed and R² = 0.8 and 0.79 for Shaqlawa watershed, respectively). The watersheds are elongated in shape with dendritic, sub dendritic to parallel drainage patterns. Moreover, detail morphometric analysis shows that the watersheds have a low runoff, low permeable material, and moderate slope. The structural geology and climatic parameters of the study area have influenced the landform development and stream behavior in the watersheds. Hence, the present study is useful and essential for watershed management and planning rainfall harvesting.         

Application of the InVEST Model to Quantify the Water Yield of North Korean Forests

The calculation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in North Korea. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water retention capacity of North Korean forests using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) water yield model; six thematic maps were constructed and two coefficients were derived for use in the modeling. Data were obtained from the following sources: average annual precipitation from WorldClim; average monthly evapotranspiration from Global Potential Evapotranspiration (Global-PET); and the soil depth data from the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). The plant available water fraction was calculated using a bulk density formula. Land cover was classified using the Normalized Difference Snow, Water and Vegetation Indices, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery. Data for the watershed analysis were provided by the World Wildlife Fund. The total water retention in North Korean forests was estimated to be 760,145,120 tons in the 2000s. However, previous studies from 2011 showed a much higher (by 9,409,622,083 tons) water retention capacity in South Korea. In North Korea, the largest monthly water storage volume occurred in July, followed by August, September, and June. This mirrors rainfall patterns, indicating that precipitation has a significant impact on water storage. Analysis of the annual spatial distribution of water storage by administrative district showed that Hamgyongnam-do had the highest, followed by Jagang-do and Gangwon-do Provinces.

СЕЗОННАЯ ДИНАМИКА ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ВОД ОВРАЖНО-БАЛОЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ ГОРОДСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ САРАТОВА)

Актуальность исследования определяется необходимостью обеспечения экологического благополучия водных объектов в зоне воздействия крупных городов. В соответствии с современными природоохранными, экологическими и градостроительными требованиями водный сток с урбанизированных территорий не должен оказывать негативного воздействия на качество водных ресурсов. Цель: определение сезонной динамики (весенний максимум и летне-осенний минимум стока) поступления загрязняющих веществ с водным стоком оврагов и балок с территории города Саратова в Волгоградское водохранилище. Методы: морфометрический анализ водосборных бассейнов овражно-балочных комплексов; картографирование притоков естественного и техногенного происхождения; опробование вод в устьевых створах перед впадением в Волгоградское водохранилище; химический анализ состава поверхностных вод по приоритетным показателям по общепринятыми методикам (суммарно 140 определений); оценка и анализ качества вод относительно нормативов для водных объектов рыбохозяйственного значения. Результаты. Выполнена характеристика функционирования городских оврагов и балок; определены особенности формирования химического состава и транспорта вод по эрозионной сети урбанизированной территории; установлен состав вод десяти крупнейших овражно-балочных комплексов по приоритетным загрязняющим веществам для Волгоградского водохранилища (нитриты, железо общее, медь, цинк, сульфаты, азот аммония, нефтепродукты); в водном стоке обнаружены концентрации загрязняющих веществ, многократно превышающие установленные нормативы для водоемов рыбохозяйственного назначения. Качество водного стока не соответствует нормативам, установленным для водных объектов рыбохозяйственного значения, к которым относится Волгоградское водохранилище как часть волжского бассейна. В сезонной динамике химического состава вод не обнаруживается однонаправленных тенденций. Из 70 сравнительных пар проб весеннего и летне-осеннего стока снижение концентраций летом выявлено в 41 случае (58,6 %), повышение – в 21 (30 %), отсутствие изменений – в 8 (11,4 %). Контроль качества стока следует вести исходя из анализа конкретных водосборных бассейнов. Учитывая, что водохранилище служит источником централизованного хозяйственно-питьевого водоснабжения и объектом рекреационной деятельности, необходима организация систем очистки поверхностного водного стока.

Spatial Analysis of Phewa Lake Watershed of Kaski District, Nepal

Spatial Analysis of Phewa Lake Watershed of Kaski District, Nepal

Discriminating surface soil inorganic nitrogen cycling under various land uses in a watershed with simulations of energy balanced temperature and slope introduced moisture

Surface soil under various land uses/covers plays an important pool of N discharge in a watershed. Soil temperature and moisture drive soil N cycling, especially important for the watersheds with anthropogenic manipulations. Not all of the ongoing process-based models consider topographic factors of known importance when simulating soil moisture but most of them simulate soil temperature typically derived from empirical relations with air temperature. These assumptions might lead to underestimate the N discharge in the watersheds. This study employed an energy balanced soil temperature module and a slope introduced soil moisture module in coupling with a conceptual model of hydro-bio-geochemical process-based watershed life cycle analysis, i.e. the Watershed Inorganic Nitrogen Dynamic (WIND), to simulate soil N cycling across forest land, farmland, and urban bare land in an urbanizing watershed in southern China. The model was calibrated and validated by two individual survey events in 2013 and 2016–17 respectively using moisture and inorganic N in surface soil (0–10 cm) of the watershed with determination coefficients (R2) above 0.7. Significantly higher soil temperature arose when using the energy balanced module in comparison to the air temperature module. Meanwhile, soil moisture declining with land slope became significant above 15° steepness. Estimates of surface soil N cycling across all land uses were significantly altered. Importantly, land uses determined the extents of their alterations. The WIND provides insights into drivers of hot - spot/hot - moment hydro-bio-geochemical processes of soil inorganic N for land uses in the watershed. More generally, as the findings inform a better constraint of parameters in other physics-based watershed-scale water quality models they also potentially directly contribute to improved strategies for sustainable management of inorganic N discharges under the predicted climate changes.

GIS-BASED WATERSHED MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS USING DEM DATA IN DIYALA RIVER, IRAQ

In this study, GIS and image processing techniques were employed to identify the morphological features and analyzing the basin properties of Diyala river. GIS hydrology tools were used for watershed delineation and analysis of the morphological features based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data. Moreover, this study deals with the geometric characteristic, where it evaluates the sub-basins morphometric parameters such as area, perimeter, stream frequency, maximum width and length, drainage density and stream orders. The results led to delineate five sub-basins with five stream orders, the drainage density of these sub-basins are ringing between 0.47 to 0.99 km/km2. Stream orders were calculated, where the number of streams is 41494 with a length 7040.44 km as first order, 10747 with a length 3540.58 km as second-order, 59 with a total length 622.55 km as third order, 13 with a total length 454.98 km as fourth-order streams, and 5 with a total length 340.7 km as fifth order. The stream length reaches the maximum in the first-order, and it decreases with increasing the stream order. This result could be valuable for regional planners and overall policy-makers for agricultural/ water management strategies.