Analysis Of Water-soluble Vitamins Research Articles

SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS METHOD OF TEN WATERSOLUBLE VITAMINS WITH HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN FISH FEED ADDITIVES

Water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) as feed additives are useful for increasing growth and immunity against diseases. Analysis of WSVs has been carried out using HPLC with fluorescence or diode arrays detector. Currently, there is no simultaneous analysis method for 10 WSVs with an HPLC UV detector at two wavelengths detection. This study aimed to develop a simultaneous analysis method for 10 WSVs (vitamin B1, B2, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, ascorbic acid, niacin, and nicotinamide) with an HPLC-UV at 210 and 254 nm. The results showed that this method was able to analyze 10 WSVs in 25 min, with an isocratic mobile phase (24:76) consisting of methanol (A) and 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 3.0 containing 0.01 M sodium 1-hexane sulfonate and 0.1% TEA (B), Shimpack C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column, at flow rate 1 ml/min. The method has been validated with parameters based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The method has good specificity with resolution >1.15. Linearity was expressed as a correlation coefficient of r > 0.99. The LOD ranged from 0.71 mg/L and 16.32 mg/L; whereas the LOQ ranged from 2.23 mg/L and 54.40 mg/L. Intra-day and inter-day precision were expressed as relative standard deviations in the range of 0.16% to 4.18% and 0.40% to 5.59%, respectively. While the accuracies were in the range of 81.6% to 109.71%. The method can be used to quantify 10 WSVs in fish feed additives for routine analysis in the laboratory.

Recent trends in analytical methods for water-soluble vitamins

In this review, recent advances in the analysis of water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) have been reported considering the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction, separation and detection techniques, commonly used for their quantification. Acid hydrolysis, enzyme treatment, SPE based methods and some other extraction methods have been discussed. Particular attention has been devoted to the analytical techniques based on liquid chromatography and electrophoresis. Furthermore, suitability and selectivity of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) for WSVs has been discussed in detail. Problems related to these techniques and their possible solutions have also been considered. Special focus has been given to the applications of liquid chromatography (since 2014-2019) for the simultaneous analysis of WSVs and their homologous in complex food samples.

English

The present study carried out simultaneous analysis of water soluble vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, folic acid and ascorbic acid) in some foods prepared by a Nigerian eatery using a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The results (mg /100 g) indicate that pyridoxine ranged from 0.16 in amala to 1.14 in fried rice, niacin from 0.18 in doughnut to 0.70 in meat pie, thiamine from 0.30 in doughnut to 2.40 in cowpea. Ascorbic acid was lowest in doughnut and highest in eba composite meal while folic acid ranged from 30 μg /100 g in doughnut to 195 μg /100 g in meat pie. Thiamine was significantly higher in village kitchen meals and below detection limit in meal of rice alone. The gram per serving of the village kitchen would give 108-200% and 32-48 % of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for thiamine and folic acid, respectively, whereas the level of ascorbic acid was too low to meet the RDA. The study shows that fast foods have low content of water soluble vitamins and its consumption could compromise intake of some vitamins. Key words:    Thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, folic acid, ascorbic acid, eatery.

Determination of the design space of the HPLC analysis of water-soluble vitamins

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins has been tremendously approached through the last decades. A multitude of HPLC methods have been reported with a variety of advantages/shortcomings, yet, the design space of HPLC analysis of these vitamins was not defined in any of these reports. As per the food and drug administration (FDA), implementing the quality by design approach for the analysis of commercially available mixtures is hypothesized to enhance the pharmaceutical industry via facilitating the process of analytical method development and approval. This work illustrates a multifactorial optimization of three measured plus seven calculated influential HPLC parameters on the analysis of a mixture containing seven common water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, C, PABA, and PP). These three measured parameters are gradient time, temperature, and ternary eluent composition (B1/B2) and the seven calculated parameters are flow rate, column length, column internal diameter, dwell volume, extracolumn volume, %B (start), and %B (end). The design is based on 12 experiments in which, examining of the multifactorial effects of these 3 + 7 parameters on the critical resolution and selectivity, was carried out by systematical variation of all these parameters simultaneously. The 12 basic runs were based on two different gradient time each at two different temperatures, repeated at three different ternary eluent compositions (methanol or acetonitrile or a mixture of both). Multidimensional robust regions of high critical R(s) were defined and graphically verified. The optimum method was selected based on the best resolution separation in the shortest run time for a synthetic mixture, followed by application on two pharmaceutical preparations available in the market. The predicted retention times of all peaks were found to be in good match with the virtual ones. In conclusion, the presented report offers an accurate determination of the design space for critical resolution in the analysis of water-soluble vitamins by HPLC, which would help the regulatory authorities to judge the validity of presented analytical methods for approval.

Analysis of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Honey by Isocratic RP-HPLC

An isocratic RP-HPLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of water-soluble vitamins in honey. The mobile phase tested was an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and the detection was carried out simultaneously by UV and fluorescence. The separation of vitamins C (l-ascorbic acid), B1 (thiamine), B3N (nicotinamide), B3H (nicotinic acid), B5 (d-pantothenic acid) and B6 (pyridoxine) is achieved in these conditions in 15 min. The addition to the mobile phase of methanol 2 % v/v reduced significantly the analysis time in the separation of these vitamins up to 10 min. Moreover, in presence of a cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the mobile phase, the separation of vitamin C, B1, B3N, B3H, B2 (riboflavin) and B6 is possible in 6 min. The combination of both mobile phases, H2SO4/methanol and H2SO4/methanol/CTAB, has been applied to the analysis, in isocratic mode, of several monofloral honeys (rosemary, thyme, lavender, chestnut, echium) and a honeydew honey in a short time analysis.

Quantification of water soluble vitamins in six date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivar's fruits growing in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, through high performance liquid chromatography

In present investigation, a comparative analysis of water soluble vitamins viz., B1 (thiamine HCl), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine HCl), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin) was carried out in fruits (immature, semimature and mature) of six date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars (“Barhee”, “Khalasah”, “Muzati”, “Shishi”, “Zart”, “Zardai”) growing in United Arab Emirates (UAE) by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The fruits were collected at three developing stages (immature, semimature and mature). Quantitative analysis of water soluble vitamins yield showed a significant variation within the different cultivars and the developing stages of date palm fruit. Vitamin B1, B3, B5, B6 were maximum (μg/100 g f.w.) in “Shishi”, “Zardai”, “Shishi” and “Muzati” at their matured stage, however, vitamin B2, B9, B12 were detected in immature fruit of “Khalasah”, “Khalasah” and “Shishi” cultivars. The vitamin production in fruits of different date palm cultivars was, therefore, developing stage specific and cultivar dependent. The present study showed that the date palm fruit could be used for human consumption with value addition of water soluble vitamins at their specific developmental stages.

Food and dietary supplements

We all eat and drink, and a lot of us (more than half of the US population for instance) use dietary supplements including vitamin tablets. Food safety and nutrition impact each of us as consumers—and analytical methods and measurements play a key role in helping to ensure the safety of what we eat and guiding us toward making sound dietary choices. Most countries require nutrition labeling for some, if not all, of the packaged foods sold in those countries; in addition, there are often regulations addressing health claims on product labels (e.g., calcium builds strong bones, folate prevents neural tube defects, etc.) [1]. Regardless of label information, most people recognize the importance of fiber in their diets, and accurate and inclusive fiber measurement is described in the paper by McCleary. In some cases, labeling legislation evolves over time as components in foods are recognized to impact health, e.g., the recent requirement in the USA for trans fat information to be provided on labels, analyses for which are described in papers by DelMonte and Rader and Mossoba et al. While labeling requirements have been in existence in some countries for more than a decade, many nutrient analyses are still challenging, as is apparent in the paper by Phillips et al. Methods for analysis of water-soluble vitamins, for example, still often involve microbiological measurements, which are now generally considered outdated (Blake). Development of food-matrix certified reference materials (CRMs) to underpin the accuracy of nutrition measurements is described by Sharpless et al. Along with labeling requirements for both composition/ nutrition and health claims, legislation is in place that specifies limits on additives and contaminants, requires disclosure of the presence of allergens and genetically engineered ingredients, mandates food authenticity/identity or country of origin specification, and prohibits adulteration. Measurements in these areas are described by Camin et al. (food authenticity), Capar et al. (toxic elements), Quilliam et al. (marine toxins), van Egmond et al. (mycotoxins), van Hengel (food allergens), and van Leeuwen et al. (polychlorinated biphenyls, furans, and dioxins). The agriculture and food processing industries are working on a variety of ways to provide us with better products, but often, the safety of foods becomes an issue despite their best efforts. One example of this is generation of carcinogens as a result of cooking, as described in papers by Murkovik and Wenzl et al. Many people believe that dietary supplements will improve their health and that “natural” remedies are both effective and free from the side effects that may occur with other medications. Inaccurate labeling, adulteration, contamination (with pesticides, heavy metals, or toxic botanicals), and drug interactions have all been reported. The actual concentrations of ingredients and the presence of contaminants and adulterants in dietary supplements are typically unknown by consumers, researchers, and even manufacturers. Certain ingredients are banned (e.g., aristolochic acid in The Netherlands as described by Martena et al.), and reliable methods and reference materials are Anal Bioanal Chem (2007) 389:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s00216-007-1473-y

Pressurized capillary electrochromatographic analysis of water-soluble vitamins by combining with on-line concentration technique

A pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) system was developed for the separation of water-soluble vitamins, in which UV absorbance was used as the detection method and a monolithic silica-ODS column as the separation column. The parameters (type and content of organic solvent in the mobile phase, type and concentration of electrolyte, pH of the electrolyte buffer, applied voltage and flow rate) affecting the separation resolution were evaluated. The combination of two on-line concentration techniques, namely, solvent gradient zone sharpening effect and field-enhanced sample stacking, was utilized to improve detection sensitivity, which proved to be beneficial to enhance the detection sensitivity by enabling the injection of large volumes of samples. Coupling electrokinetic injection with the on-line concentration techniques was much more beneficial for the concentration of positively charged vitamins. Comparing with the conventional injection mode, the enhancement in the detection sensitivities of water-soluble vitamins using the on-line concentration technique is in the range of 3 to 35-fold. The developed pCEC method was applied to evaluate water-soluble vitamins in corns.

A fast and reliable route integrating calibration and analysis protocols for water‐soluble vitamin determination on microchip‐electrochemistry platforms

A novel analytical route to determine water-soluble vitamins (B group and C) using single channel microchip-electrochemistry platforms is presented. The electrochemical detection protocol was carefully optimized, and it was shown that it was crucial to use 1 M nitric acid in the detector compartment to detect folic acid. A phosphate buffer (pH 6, 10 mM) and a separation voltage of 2 kV gave the complete separation of vitamins in less than 130 s, with good reproducibility (RSDs less than 10%) and accuracy (error less than 9%). In addition, a methodological innovation integrating calibration and analysis of water-soluble vitamins on the chip is also proposed. The strategy consisted in sequentially using both reservoirs (named calibration and analysis reservoirs) as well as a calibration factor (defined as signal/concentration of analyte). The analytical route required 350 s in the overall protocol (employing 130 s in calibration plus 130 s in analysis), an improvement over the times used in both conventional and microchip protocols.

Determination of Water‐ and Fat‐Soluble Vitamins in Different Matrices Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Elimination of adsorption effects in the analysis of water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis

A tendency to an increase in migration times was observed when different water-soluble vitamins were analysed repeatedly in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary electrophoresis. In order to better understand the origin of this effect, the influence of the vitamins and the excipients, such as cellulose derivatives, was investigated. These studies indicated that the increase in analyte migration times was most probably due to the adsorption of different kinds of constituents to the capillary wall. Different rinsing procedures were tested in order to eliminate these unfavourable effects. A rinse of the capillary with a 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution in the running buffer between successive runs was found to be particularly effective when the analysis was performed by free solution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). When the vitamins were determined by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using SDS as surfactant, a short capillary rinse with the running buffer was sufficient to obtain reproducible migration times. The CZE and MEKC methods developed were validated and compared. Both methods could be applied to the determination of water-soluble vitamins in different multivitamin formulations.

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by ion-exchange chromatography

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by ion-exchange chromatography

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by high-performance liquid chromatography–particle beam-mass spectrometry

Particle beam (PB) LC–MS was investigated for the analysis of eleven water-soluble vitamins. A reversed-phase chromatographic method making use of volatile buffers was set up for the simultaneous separation of this mixture by using narrow-bore columns. After optimization of the PB interface parameters, the effect of the MS source temperature was evaluated at 200 °C and 300 °C in electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (positive-ion, PCI and negative-ion, NCI) modes. Electron impact mass spectra were library-searchable, but generally sensitivity was better under PCI conditions. Under these conditions and operating in selected-ion monitoring mode, linearity, detection limits and precision of the analysis was explored. Detection limits at the low-ng level were achieved for nicotinamide, nicotinic acid in PCI mode and pyridoxal under NCI conditions; repeatability of <6%(RSD) was obtained for all the compounds examined except for biotin.

Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seeds

Nigella sativa L. is an annual herbaceous plant which is cultivated for its seeds and is classified as an edible plant. The proximate chemical composition of Turkish N. sativa L. seeds was investigated. The compositions of fatty acids and sterols of the extracted oil were studied. The contents of total polyphenols and tocopherols of the oil were also determined, and an analysis of water-soluble vitamins and minerals in the seeds was carried out.

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins in total parenteral nutrition solution by high pressure liquid chromatography

A stability-indicating high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine the stability of water-soluble vitamins in total parenteral nutrition mixtures. Folic acid and thiamine were determined by direct injection and precolumn enrichment, followed by UV detection. Nicotinamide and pyridoxine were determined simultaneously without sample pretreatment by UV detection of nicotinamide and fluorescence detection of pyridoxine. Riboflavin 5'-phosphate was also determined without elaborate sample handling and by fluorescence detection. Ascorbic acid was determined as the sum of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. After derivatization to a quinoxaline the latter substance was determined by direct injection and fluorescence detection.

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Seven water-soluble vitamins were determined simultaneously by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with UV detection. All these compounds were separated from each other within ca. 22 min by using a carrier containing sodium dodecyl sulphate as the surfactant. On-column detection at 254 nm with ethyl p-aminobenzoate as the internal standard allowed sensitive, accurate and reproducible determination of these compounds. Five principal constituents of a vitamin injection were determined with relative standard deviations of less than 2.1%.

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Analysis of water soluble vitamins by high pressure liquid chromatography.

Resolution of the water-soluble vitamins--pyridoxin, riboflavin, niacinamide, vitamin B12, thiamin, ascorbic acid, niacin and folic acid--by high pressure liquid chromatography was examined on two bonded-phase columns, muBondapak C18 and muBondapak NH2. The effect on the retention times of individual vitamins and the separation of a multivitamin sample was determined using varying proportions of water/methanol as the eluting solvent and by addition of various salts, buffer solutions and PIC reagents to the water/methanol. Each vitamin was able to be eluted satisfactorily from muBondapak C18. It was found that seven vitamins could be resolved from a multivitamin mixture in a single analysis in several solvent systems with the total time for the analyses being always less than 40 min. With muBondapak NH2, all the vitamins except folic acid were eluted and six vitamins could be resolved from a mixture in a single analysis. The speed of analysis was greater with muBondapak NH2 with all compounds eluted in 15 min and the peaks were sharper. The order of elution was essentially the reverse of that obtained with muBondapak C18.

Analysis of water-soluble vitamins by high-speed ion-exchange chromatography.

High-speed liquid chromatography with superficially porous ion-exchange column packings has been used to separate and quantitatively analyze the water soluble vitamins nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, folic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. Chromatograms and chromatographic conditions for these as well as the phosphoric acid esters of riboflavin and pyridoxamine are shown. The reproducibility of retention time and peak area has been demonstrated to be better than 1.5% while the lower limits of sensitivity for the test vitamin compounds were better than 50 nanograms. Advantages of the technique include fast analysis times and minimum of sample clean up. Applications of the methods to vitamin analysis of food and pharmaceutical products are discussed.