Analysis Of Various Extracts Research Articles

Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Kickxia lanigera growing in Turkey

In this study, the phytochemical contents of the extracts of Kickxia lanigera plant from Baskil district of Elazığ province in Turkey obtained in different organic solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol) were determined by spectrometric methods such as GC-MS/FID, ESI-LC-MS/TOF and NMR. The result of GC-MS analysis: palmitic acid (19.08%), oleic acid ( 18.76%), dotriacontane (13.08%), CHCl3; linoleic acid (38.13%), oleic acid (34.08%), palmitic acid (13.79%) were determined in high amounts in hexane. HPLC-TOF/MS analysis showed that the CHCl3 and BuOH extracts had low levels of standard phenols, and the main components in the EA extract (in mg/kg plant) were cinnamic acid (5.92), hesperidin (4.7), apigetrin (4.5) and p-coumaric acid (2.8). the 1H NMR spectrum showed that the CHCl3 and EA extracts were rich in phenols.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro investigation of wound healing, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response in potentially active extracts of Anogeissus dhofarica

The traditional medicine plant Anogeissus dhofarica is only found in the Jabal Fartak region of Yemen and the Dhofar region of Oman. This plant has been used traditionally for medical purposes to treat wounds, skin tanning, and sores. People use it as an antiseptic, especially women. However, this plant has not been studied in great detail, and there is no scientific proof to back up its traditional uses of it. The goal of this study was to examine the biological properties and phytochemical analysis of various extracts made from A. dhofarica leaves. The powdered leaves of A. dhofarica were extracted using the solvents ethanol (A1), methanol (A3), acetone (A5), and ethyl acetate (A8), yielding concentrations of 3, 0.3, and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the active phytochemicals, were determined using standard methods. The proliferation potential and IC50 of human dermal fibroblasts were evaluated. Cytotoxicity, wound healing activity, and the inflammatory response to the extracts were all investigated. Our results revealed that the IC50 values for plant extracts A1, A3, A5, and A8 were 9.799 ± 0.07, 5.83 ± 0.9, 8.8 ± 0.12, and 3.98 ± 0.8 mg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts was observed at high concentrations (p <0.05). However, the lower concentration showed the least cytotoxic effect. For the inflammatory response, the secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12p70 were upregulated, and IL-10 was downregulated significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control. For wound healing activity, 0.3 and 0.03 mg/ml of (A8) extract and 0.03 mg/ml of (A3) and (A5) extracts showed complete closure of the scratch after 72 hours of treatment. In this study, we noticed that A. dhofarica plant extracts with a lower concentration are the most effective at healing wounds and have a minimal cytotoxic effect.

Green approach for the recovery of secondary metabolites from the roots of Nardostachys Jatamansi (D. Don) DC using microwave radiations: Process optimization and anti-alzheimer evaluation

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer's potential. Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 ± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in anti-Alzheimer's potential was also observed owing to the better concentration of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the selected medicinal herb.

Activity of Various Fractions of Saussurea Lappa Herb Against Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Rods

Background: Microorganisms are turning out to be greatly resistant to existing antibiotics, specifically gram-negative rods which shows resistance to currently accessible antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics are the main therapeutic option to treat infections of gram-negative microorganisms i.e., ESBL and Carbapenemase producers. Saussurea lappa herb is a medicinal herb use since many times. Basically, the roots of S. lappa herb were used as medicines. Current study was conducted to find out activity of various fractions of S. lappa herb against multidrug resistant gram-negative rods. Methods: Crude extracts of ethanol, methanol and water and fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol from S. lappa herb were used. Total of sixty multidrug resistant organisms were included in which thirty were ESBL and thirty were carbapenemase producing organisms. Mean MIC and comparative analysis of various extracts and fractions have been evaluated. Results: The mean MIC value of crude extracts of ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions and water extract from S. lappa against ESBL producing organisms were 109.33± 6.915 mg/ml, 154.67± 5.164 mg/ml, 150.00± 5.345 mg/ml, 55.33±5.164 mg/ml, 178.00±6.103 mg/ml, 64.00± 7.701 mg/ml respectively. Similarly, the mean MIC value against carbapenemase producing organisms were 100.67± 8.683 mg/ml, 158.67± 3.519 mg/ml, 150.67± 5.936 mg/ml, 54.67±5.164 mg/ml, 176.67±14.223 mg/ml, 64.33± 9.353 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that extracts and fractions of S. lappa herb can form the basis to develop novel broad-spectrum formulation for antimicrobial drugs as it contains compounds that has novelty to perform its action against multi-resistant mechanisms.

An imperical analysis of various extracts of Bacopa Monnieri towards antibacterial and antifungal activities

Bacopa monnieri was also known as “Brahmi.” Theses plant has been considered as medicinal plants in Ayurvedic systems for centuries. This present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of B. monnieri. Agar disc diffusion tests were carried out to determine the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of B. monnieri against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains and antifungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans). Among the various extracts, diethyl ether extracts of B. monnieri has an antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), and ethyl acetate extract showed effects on E. coli (gram negative) at higher concentrations of 300 μg mL-1. The ethanolic extract has potent antifungal activity against the fungus (Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans) compared to diethyl ether and ethyl acetate-ether. Both extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) has a minimum antifungal effect while these extracts showed more inhibitory effects on tested bacteria.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius

Aims: To evaluate pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius including macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters. Methods and Material: Macroscopic and microscopic properties of dried stem were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts and fluorescence analysis of dried stem powder was performed using various chemicals. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Organoleptic parameters of stem of C. lancifolius like colour, shape, size etc were noted. Transverse section of fresh stem revealed the presence of epidermis, cortex, sone cells, phloem, xylem and pith. Whereas, powder microscopy showed the presence of epidermis, xylem, stone cells, phloem fibre with crystals of calcium oxalate etc. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of stem showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, steroids etc. Ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of alkaloids and steroids while aqueous extract showed presence of tannins. Physicochemical parameters viz. ash value, extractive value, moisture content, fluorescence analysis and foaming index of stem powder were determined. The total tannins were also determined in the stem of C. lancifolius. Conclusion: The present study revealed pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical parameters of stem of C. lancifolius which would be beneficial for its standardization and future scope of the work.

Pathophysiology of STZ-induced pancreatic β cell injury and dysfunction: traditional role of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. & Henry on diabetes and dyslipidemia

Streptozotocin induces diabetic pathophysiology that results in systematic apoptosis in pancreas that ultimately leads to diabetes characterized by abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. The severity of diabetes increases along with life-threatening complications and side effects associated with oral hypoglycemic drugs. So, there is a need for traditional medicines with less or no side effects. Boswellia ovalifoliolata is a traditionally used medicinal plant. This study was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of stem bark of Boswellia ovalifoliolata (AESBBO). The phytochemical analysis of various extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins. Either hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts did not produce any antidiabetic activity but aqueous extract showed that a significant antidiabtic activity could be due to presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and saponins in aqueous extract. The diabetic rats were treated with aqueous extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg bw for 40 days. At the end of the study, the rats were dissected; blood and pancreas samples were collected to investigate the long-term effects. AESBBO exhibited antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential effects by controlling fasting blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profiles with improved levels of plasma insulin. Histopathological investigation of pancreatic islets also confirmed that AESBBO efficiently ameliorated pancreatic alterations by improving damaged islets. Finally, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of stem bark of Boswellia ovalifoliolata at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw has significant antidiabetic and hyperlipidemic activities without causing any toxic effects.

Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds of Leea guineensis (G. Don) Leaves Using Non-polar and Polar Solvents

Aims: Selection of a suitable solvent is important and utilized in the extraction of desirable chemical components in medicinal plants.
 Study Design: Chemical analysis of various extracts of Leea guineensis leaves using standard analytical procedures.
 Place and Duration of Study: Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, between March 2019 and August 2019.
 Methodology: Leaves of Leea guineensis were extracted with six solvents categorized into polar (Acetone, Methanol and Aqueous) and non-polar (Ethyl acetate, Hexane and Chloroform) types using cold maceration method, the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical assay was done on the respective extracts using the standard methods.
 Results: Phytochemical screening of the non-polar solvent extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins for all the solvents, while tannin was present only in ethyl acetate extract. For the polar solvent extracts, all the secondary metabolites determined were present except terpenoids and phlobatanins. In the quantitative test, alkaloid levels ranged from 1.31-38.25 mg/100 g, saponin: 2.01-14.35 mg/100 g, flavonoids: 1.10-6.25 mg/100 g, Tannin: ND-4.62 mg/100 g, terpenoids: ND-1.02 mg/100 g, cardiac glycosides: ND-0.84 mg/100 g, Anthraquinone: ND-2.58 mg/100 g and phlobatanins: ND-0.95. The results obtained for each of the phytochemicals are significantly different (p<0.05) across all the solvent extracts, while phytochemicals such as terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and phlobatanins were not detected in the non-polar solvent extract of L. guineensis.
 Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents detected in varying quantities depend on the polarity of the substances, L. guineensis could be exploited and extracted very well using a polar solvent like methanol, acetone and aqueous.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF MICHELIA CHAMPACA LEAVES

Objective: To investigate and compare the phytochemicals, antioxidant activities of various crude extracts from fresh leaves of locally available plant Michelia champaca belonging to family Magnoliaceae.
 Methods: The present study was designed to perform preliminary phytochemical (qualitative and quantitative) analysis of various extracts. The crude extracts from the leaves of M. champaca were prepared using various organic solvents viz. Methanol (MCMET), Ethanol (MCETH), Hexane (MCHEX), and Chloroform (MCCHLO). In addition, total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents of various extracts were also measured along with the evaluation of the antioxidant capacities using most widely accepted in vitro chemical tests such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay.
 Results: The methanolic extract of M. champaca showed the presence of maximum phytochemicals (12) when compared to other solvent extracts viz. Hexane (10), Ethanol (8) and Chloroform(7). The amount of phenolic and flavonoids present in solvents were in the order of Methanol>Hexane>Ethanol>Chloroform. The best antioxidant potential was found in the Methanol extract. The Methanolic extract exhibited an IC50 value of 72.03µg/ml (DPPH) and of 185.21µg/ml (ABTS), respectively for the two radical scavenging assays.
 Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of M. champaca (leaves) various extracts showed good amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents and also exhibited significant antioxidant activity. A positive linear correlation between the antioxidant activities and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant extracts was observed. Study revealed variations in such reported activities due to different organic extraction solvents used. In overall conclusion, Michelia champaca has good potential as a source of natural antioxidant for animal health and food industry and further relevant studies on similar lines would be worthwhile.

MICROSCOPIC, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF CRATEVA MAGNA (LOUR) DC. (LEAF)

Objective: Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step, in the detection of the bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. In the present study, the identity, purity and strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf), HPTLC, LC MS and phytochemical screening were analysed.Methods: Tests for Identity, Purity, and Strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) Botanical standards, Physicochemical constants such as Foreign matter, Total ash, moisture content, Acid insoluble ash, and water soluble ash and Extractive value such as Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Alcohol were determined. The Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of various extracts was also determined. HPTLC, LCMS ANALYSIS was analysed.Results: Microscopic studies T S of Crateva magna leaf shows the presence of prominent midrib, upper and lower epidermis and lamina. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of dry powder and aqueous extracts of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) showed the presence of flavones, steroids, glycosides, sugar, alkaloids, quinones, phenols, coumarin and lignin. HPTLC of an Aqueous extract of the Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf). LC MS spectrum indicates may be the presence of bioactive compounds.Conclusion: The results revealed that aqueous extract of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) has suitable for anti ulcer study.

Effects of Paederia foetida and its Bioactive Phytochemical Constituent Lupeol on Hepatic Phase I Drug Metabolism

There are many possible complications associated with the concomitant use of herbs and medications, but limited information is available on herb-herb or herb-drug interactions. Paederia foetida Linn. (family: Rubiaceae) is utilized in the Indian traditional medicine. It exhibits various pharmacological properties, such as antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, antiulcer and antioxidant activities. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the inhibitory potential of the P. foetida ethanolic extract and its bioactive constituent lupeol on hepatic phase I drug metabolizing enzymes. The high performance thin layer chromatography was performed for qualitative analysis of various extracts of P. foetida. The effects of P. foetida extract on rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and individual cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) were investigated using CYP450-carbon monoxide complex assay and fluorescence microplate assay, respectively. The ethanolic extract and lupeol (both at a concentration of 100 μg/mL) showed 45±3.3 and 44±3.8% inhibition of rat liver microsomes, respectively, which were significantly less than that of known inhibitor ketoconazole (74±5.4% inhibition at 100 μg/mL). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of ethanolic extract on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were 78±2.3 and 82±3.1 μg/mL, respectively, whereas its major bioactive constituent lupeol has IC50 values of 83±2.0 and 84±2.6 μg/mL for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively. The results were of lesser magnitude compared to known inhibitors, ketoconazole and quinidine, respectively. The current study revealed that P. foetida has less inhibitory potential in comparison to that of known inhibitors, ketoconazole and quinidine, on two major drug metabolizing isozymes, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Thus, the use of P. foetida as a complementary or alternative medicine may be safe in regard to herb-drug interactions.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L

ABSTRACT: Obesity is an international health problem caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Herbal supplements have proved to be active against obesity. Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to the family of Fabaceae. Glycyrrhiza glabra was used traditionally to treat various diseases. Hence the current study was planned to investigate the phytochemicals and antioxidants present in Glycyrrhiza glabra. Materials and Methods: The preliminary qualitative, quantitative phytochemicals and antioxidants were investigated from the root extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Results: The preliminary qualitative analysis of various extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed the presence of Phenols, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and Quinones. Quantitative analysis of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed elevated amounts of phenols, flavonoids and tannins in ethanolic extracts. The Aqueous, ethanol, hydro alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed 211±2.64, 281.66±1.57, 263±14.2 mg of phenols, 152.66±3.05, 187.33±1.52, 183.33±3.05 mg of flavonoids, 21.33±0.57, 41±3.46, 34.3±1.15 mg of Tannins, 42.33±2.05, 63.33±1.52, 36.33±1.57 mg of terpenoids. The antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric Oxide radical (NO), Superoxide radical (SO), Hydrogen peroxide radical (H2O2), Hydroxyl radical (HO) Scavenging activity. The IC50 value of Glycyrrhiza glabra is 120 µg/ml for DPPH, 208 µg/ml for (NO), 196 µg/ml for (SO), 148 µg/ml for (H2O2), and 252 µg/ml for (OH). Invitro method suggests that Glycyrrhiza glabra is more powerful against nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion: This preliminary study shows that Glycyrrhiza glabra is a promising herb with many phytochemicals and antioxidants it can be further investigated for its antiobesity potential.Key words: Glycyrrhiza glabra L., phytochemicals, antioxidant and obesity.

Analyses of the Chemical Composition of the Extracts of Bee Brood and Adult Bees

Living organisms in the beehive communicate by chemical language. The study of the chemical composition of bee brood extracts and adult bees is interesting assuming as bee brood emissions could be “words” in the “dialogues” in the hive.This study proposes an analysis of the composition of worker bee brood and drone brood extracts, using different solvents. The bioassays start with GC-MS analysis of various extracts obtained by dissolving biological material (bee brood, adult bees) in different solvents (ethylic ether, hexane, pentane, aqueous solution, brine). The substances found in these extracts that could be kairomones are fatty acids (9-Octadecenoic acid and Hexadecanoic acid) and methyl ester fatty acid, 2-methyl propionic acid, hydrocarbons with long chain (Heptacosane, Octacosane). “Communication” by some of these substances will be used for the behavioural studies of the bees’ enemy mite, Varroa destructor.

Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Euphorbia dracunculoides.

BackgroundPlants provide an alternative source to manage various human disorders due to diverse metabolites. Euphorbia dracunculoides of family Euphorbiaceae is used by local practitioners in rheumatism, epilepsy, edema, snake bite, warts and also possesses diuretic and purgative effects. The present study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of various extracts of E. dracunculoides. Further, phytochemical constituents of the leading extracts were also investigated.MethodsDry powder of E. dracunculoides was extracted with n-hexane (EDH), acetone (EDA), ethanol (EDE), ethanol + water (1:1) (EDEW) and methanol (EDM) and screened for phytochemical classes, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant effects of the extracts were manifested by in vitro multidimensional assays. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extracts were evaluated through carrageenan induced paw edema and hot plate test in rat. In addition, GC-MS analysis of EDH and HPLC-DAD analysis of EDEW was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents.ResultsQualitative analysis of various extracts of E. dracunculoides assured the existence of tannins and coumarins while presence of anthraquinones and anthocyanins was not traced in these extracts. Maximum quantity of TPC and TFC was recorded in EDEW followed by EDE. EDEW and EDE showed significant antioxidant activities with therapeutic potential against hydroxyl and phosphomolybdate radicals, β-carotene bleaching assay and in reducing of iron while moderate to low scavenging abilities were recorded for DPPH, nitric oxide and for iron chelation. During anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h of drug administration the 300 mg/kg body weight dose of EDH (68.660 ± 10.502 %) and EDE (51.384 ± 8.623 %) exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat as compared to standard drug diclofenac sodium (78.823 ± 6.395 %). Treatment of rats with EDH (70.206 ± 5.445 %) and EDE (56.508 ± 6.363 %) after 90 min showed significant increase in percent latency time in hot plate test as compared to morphine (63.632 ± 5.449 %) treatment in rat. GC-MS analysis of EDH indicated the presence of 30 compounds predominantly of steroids and terpenoids. HPLC-DAD analysis against known standards established the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin in EDEW.ConclusionOur results suggest that presence of various polyphenolics, terpenoids and steroids render E. dracunculoides with therapeutic potential for oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders.

Antibacterial, cytotoxic and larvicidal potential of Dictyota bartayresiana Lamour

Objective: To reveal the antibacterial, cytotoxic and larvicidal activity of Dictyota bartayresiana Lamour (D. bartayresiana). Methods: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of D. bartayresiana was performed. The antibacterial activity of D. bartayresiana was evaluated by agar diffusion method. The larvicidal activity of crude extract was evaluated as per the protocol described by World Health Organization. The evaluation of LC50 value was carried out after 24 h by probit analysis. Cytotoxicity test was carried out using the standard procedure. The LC50 and LC90 values were obtained from the best-fit line plotted concentration verses percentage lethality. Results: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of D. bartayresiana showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenolic groups, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and amino acids. It was observed that the methanolic extracts of D. bartayresiana expressed maximum zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli ((9.4 依 0.2) mm). Crude methanolic extracts of D. bartayresiana showed the highest larval mortality (LC50 = 166.33 mg/L and LC90 = 265.69 mg/L) against Culex quinquefasciatus. Similarly, methanolic extracts of D. bartayresiana displayed the highest cytotoxicity with LC50 and LC90 values at 202.63 and 354.24 mg/L respectively against Artemia salina. Conclusions: The present results revealed the biopotentials of D. bartayresiana and further investigations are needed to elucidate the active principle.

Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Analysis of Various Extracts of Cocculus hirsutus

showed the presence of 15 compounds of which 11 are nitrogenous compounds. In the same way methanol extract of Cocculus hirsutus showed the presence of 12 compounds of which 8 are nitrogenous in nature. This GC-MS analysis gives an idea that phytoconstituents present in Cocculus hirsutus are rich in nitrogenous substances. Some of the nitrogenous compounds identified from this plant in this study are Aziridine, 2-hexyl-, Azocine octahydro-, Boraneamine-N-ethyl-1,1-dipropyl-, 4-[1,4]Diazepan-1-yl-1,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-one, Pyrazol3(2H)-one,4-(5-hydroxymethylfurfur—ylidenamino) -1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-, Cinnamic acid, a-[N-benzoylamino]-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy- with the peak area of 2.12%, 3.04%, 2.64%, 2.38%, 12.75% and 33.04.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Trewia nudiflora Linn. Roots and Leaves

Oxidative stress is one of the major causative factors of many chronic and degenerative diseases. Plants have been used in traditional medicine in different parts of world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies for human kind. The present study was to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts of roots and leaves of Trewia nudiflora (Euphorbiaceae) and antioxidant activity by 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of several phytochemicals including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds and tannins. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of roots and leaves of Trewia nudiflora showed significant antioxidant activity compared to standard drug ascorbic acid.

Antimicrobial efficacy and phytochemical analysis of <i>Indigofera trita</i> Linn

An in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Indigofera trita L. viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were carried out. A total of 21 microorganisms (19 bacteria and 2 fungal strains) were used for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method and a standard procedure was used to identify the phytochemical constituents. Petroleum ether extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14.40 mm), S. epidermidis (14.20 mm), Salmonella paratyphi A (12.80 mm), Streptococcus mutans (12.20 mm), Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, S. typhi and Burkholderia cepacia (12.00 mm). The chloroform extract also showed antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (14.20 mm), S. typhimurium (12.60 mm), S. paratyphi A, S. brunei and Yersinia enterocolitica (12.00 mm). The acetone extract of I. trita showed considerable inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis (18.20 mm), S. typhimurium (14.60 mm), S. infantis (13.80 mm), S. aureus (13.40 mm), Y. enterocolitica (13.00 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (12.00 mm) were documented. Ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (18.60 mm), S. paratyphi A (14.60 mm), Y. enterocolitica (13.40 mm), S. typhi (12.40 mm), S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium and S. infantis (12.00 mm). Aqueous extract of I. trita considerably inhibited S. epidermidis (13.80 mm), S. paratyphi A and Y. enterocolitica (12.20 mm), E. aerogenes and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (12.00 mm). All the five extracts showed a minimal antifungal activity when compared to antibacterial activity. The result revealed that the antimicrobial properties of I. trita might be associated with the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols and alkaloids.

English

The present research study was designed to characterize the physiochemical, minerals, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activities and FTIR spectra analysis of various extracts ofHippophae rhamnoides L. leaves. The physiochemical and mineral content of H. rhamnoides L. leaves revealed that fiber was 18.0 ± 2.64%, protein was 10.45 ± 0.88% and carbohydrate value calculated was found to be 68.75 ± 1%. Sodium was 3,000 ± 1 ppm, calcium was 7,800 ± 1 ppm and potassium was 6,200 ± 2 ppm, referred to as a high concentration while qualitative phytochemicals investigation showed that tannins, phenols and flavonoids were present in large quantity. The highest antibacterial zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous and methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae (21 ± 1 mm), and the lowest zone of inhibition measured 07 ± 0 mm against V. cholerae (ethyl acetate extracts). The antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration values of extracts were determined, ranging between 40 to 120 mg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the extracts ranged between 50 and 135 mg/ml. The highest antifungal zone of inhibition was calculated against Alternaria alternata (18 ± 0 mm) followed by Aspergillus parasiticus (17 ± 1 mm) of methanolic extract, while A. alternata (07 ± 1 mm) and Penicillium digitatum (07 ± 0 mm) were the least, found in chloroform and aqueous extract, respectively. Further assessment of antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration ranged between 40 to 135 and 50 to 180 mg/ml, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of all extracts revealed the presence of different functional groups ranging from hydroxyl (OH) stretching for hydroxyl group, alkanes (C-H), alkenes (C=C), aromatic rings (C=O), carboxylic (C=O) and amides (aromatic).   Key words: Seabuckthorn leaves, antibacterial, antifungal, secondary metabolites, Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves, functional groups.

Spectrofluorimetric, spectrophotometric and chemometric analysis of wheat grains infested by Sitophilus granarius

Invisible infestation of wheat grains by Sitophilus granarius during postharvest handling is one of the main problems particularly for small enterprises and farm grain storage facilities due to the lack of cheap and fast methods for early detection of infestation, especially when only a small proportion of grain is infested by larvae. In order to determine whether the spectrofluorimetric, spectrophotometric or chemometric analysis of various extracts of wheat grains infested by S. granarius larvae could be used for detection of infested grain, four different types of extracts: 50 mmol dm−3 Tris–HCl pH 8.9, aqueous iso-propanol (φ = 0.55), methanol, and aqueous trichloroacetic acid (γ = 0.2 mg cm−3), of non-infested and infested wheat grains have been examined for fluorescence properties and UV/VIS spectral characteristics, while the chemometric analysis included determination of protein, reactive amino groups, polyphenols and soluble sugar content. Analysis of extracts revealed significant differences in UV/VIS spectral characteristics, level of reactive amino groups and polyphenol content between infested and non-infested grains. The results obtained indicate that instrumental analysis of spectral characteristics of grain extracts could be used as a method for determination of grain infestation.