Analysis Of Technological Change Research Articles

Economic Value and Farmers’ Response of Chili Proliga Technology In Rembang Regency, Central Java

The study was aimed to i) analyze the economic value and feasibility of the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) analyze farmers’ responses to the introduction of chili proliga technology. The study was conducted in Rembang Regency, from August 2021 to February 2022. Two treatments were involved: i) chili farming with the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) existing chili farming. The economic value and feasibility were analyzed quantitatively by calculating i) cost of farming, ii) economic feasibility, and iii) partial analysis of technological changes. Farmers’ responses were analyzed based on i) level of understanding, ii) level of difficulty, and iii) level of willingness to adopt chili proliga technology. The study’s results showed that the introduction of chili proliga technology was able to increase profits by 392.21% with an R/C value of 2.3. The benefits obtained by farmers from technological changes received an MBCR of 3.07, meaning that every additional cost of IDR 100,000 brought an additional profit of IDR 307,000. Farmers’ responses to chili proliga technology show that i) farmers “understand” that technology ii) farmers find it easy to apply that technology, and iii) farmers are “willing to adopt” that technology.

Volver a las metáforas Darwinianas: la evolución de los artefactos Back to Darwinian metaphors: The evolution of artefacts

Evolutionary concepts may have great appeal when studying material culture and its designed objects. As a matter of fact, there is robust tradition in using biological analogies to understand designs, as it occurs in the field of bionics, where the simulation of vital processes advocates not only an approach of a purely cognitive nature but, rather, an operative programme allowing the translation of isomorphisms between living organisms and technology into effective design solutions. More generally, natural sciences offer an uncommonly rich apparatus for analogies to be applied to the domains of the sciences of the artificial. But how widely applicable are Darwinian metaphors? To which extent do the Darwinian concepts of variation and selection provide meaningful theoretical tools across product innovation? What can they add to the analysis of product designs? To this end, this study takes the form of a literature review about evolutionary approaches to the analysis of technological change, along with a number of interpretations about the analogies between natural evolution and the dynamics of product variety generation.

Innovation as a political process of development: are neo-Schumpeterians value neutral?

ABSTRACTTechnological innovation has been one of the fastest growing areas of economics scholarship and one where history and philosophy have played important roles. Since the reconstruction of Joseph Schumpeter’s view of innovation as a driver of capitalist development and the subsequent formation of the national innovation systems (NIS) theory in the early 1990s that can be described as neo-Schumpeterian, there has been a continuous attempt to explain innovation in social-scientific terms. However, much of this has positioned innovation as a value-neutral process. We argue that such value-neutrality requires closer analysis because the neo-Schumpeterian thinkers do appear to acknowledge that capitalism itself is an uneven, dynamic process. The relationship between the vital dynamism of such analysis of technological change and the context of its description of power relations and value deserves further attention. Under what conditions can systemic interactions between institutions and actors function as universal frameworks? Can the theory of innovation be abstracted from its social and political bases? This paper aims to redefine innovation as a predominately political process that is both historical and contextual, and thus draw out its implications for economics and development. The paper suggests some preliminary steps toward a more critical approach to innovation scholarship.

Structural Analysis of Technological Changes and the Strategy of Economic Growth

The paper discusses the content of the concept “digital economy” and its main characteristics. It reveals and analyses scientific approaches to treatment of the concept “digital economy”. The authors prove that digital economy marks the dawn of a new information era and the goal of building digital economy in Russia sounds highly realistic. The paper justifies the necessity to align the formation processes of the digital economy with new industrial development of the country and improvement of the quality of life in the coming years. The authors devote particular attention to the role and importance of higher education in formation of the digital economy. They prove that every Russian region should determine which industries, sectors of the digital economy to develop in the first place in its territory proceeding from the regional specifics. The researchers arrive at the conclusion that digital technologies, which are taking their shape in Russia, are completely able of making the national economy high-tech intensive, competitive and bring it to the wave of growth.

Experiential Lock-In: Characterizing Avoidable Maladaptation in Infrastructure Systems

Facing the combined challenges of environmental, social, and technological change, long-lived infrastructure systems run the risk of getting locked into unsustainable, maladapted pathways. This is particularly challenging in the context of climate change, given projected climate impacts are characterized by high degrees of uncertainty (Hallegatte 2009). Lock-in is a concept developed by economic historians to describe how economies get tied into using inefficient technologies, and it is linked to the concept of path dependence (Arthur 1983; David 1985), which refers to the fact that infrastructure systems follow specific trajectories that are difficult and costly to change. As shown in Arthur (1989), these trajectories depend on historical circumstances, timing, and strategy as much as on optimality. In the 1990s, some investigations highlighted the need to approach the analysis of technological changes through coevolutionary approaches that recognize the technological systems influences and are influenced by the social, economic, and cultural setting in which they develop (Rip and Kemp 1998). Liebowitz and Margolis (1994) argued that the role of some elements of the system, such as network externalities, remains contested. Of particular interest is the extent to which favoring incumbent infrastructure systems limits the development capacity of socioeconomic groups such as communities, industries, or countries. While exploring the whole phase space of possible fundamental influences is impractical, the authors argue that it is still possible to avoid some lock-in by effectively utilizing existing anticipatory capacity. The paper elaborates on three ideas, firmly rooted in the scholarly literature and recent studies, which characterize one type of avoidable lock-in: (1) the observed dominance of experiential versus analytical anticipatory capacity of communities, industries, and countries in the governance of sociotechnical systems; (2) the existence of formal approaches to quantify the limits to adaptation in such systems; and (3) limitations of the impact and capacity approach to adaptation. The elements of an avoidable lock-in are then summarized and illustrated by an example. Finally, some conclusions are given on the implications of this type of avoidable lock-in and how it might increasingly affect policy decisions that have long-term implications, such as those related to long-lasting infrastructure systems and spatial planning.

Dilemmas in the Analysis of Technological Change. A Cognitive Approach to Understand Innovation and Change in the Water Sector

In this paper we argue for the need to apply a cognitive approach to understand deep dynamics and determinants of technological evolutions. After examining main contributions from innovation studies to the conceptualization of innovation and change in complex socio-technical environments, we highlight the contribution coming from the application of the cognitive approach to evolutionary studies on technologies and we introduce the concept of technological memory as an interpretative tool to understand those changes. We discuss our hypothesis with reference to several observations carried out in different local contexts – Mexico, India and Italy – in relation to technological change in the water sector. In those cases deliberate attempts to substitute traditional technologies with modern ones led to interesting trajectories of change ranging from the collapse of old technologies to the development of multifaceted hybridization patterns.

Return to work - are we prepared for the future? Analysis of technological changes and future generations

In addition to demographics and ongoing changes on structures of families and societies, the way in which persons are interacting with organizations is also changing. These interactions are defining service delivery and also the way in which we are and will be working. The power of digital information foster by cloud, mobility and social media is heavily influencing these changes. Twitter for instance, generates in one day more than 12 terabytes and Facebook more than 15 terabytes, while many organizations in the world are producing and processing petabytes of information.We are certainly facing a new way of doing things and a new work force generation with different values and certainly different ways of understanding prevention and rehabilitation. Do we need to add new strategies and data analysis to prevent accidents and diseases and to bring people back to work? How much information are we prepared to use to properly combine personal medical findings with socio-environmental variables? Can we see trends in our field or in other sectors that can show us where we might be heading? Where is the future heading?This presentation is about reflecting on some evidence with the aim of provoking discussions and motivate the participants to jointly keep on finding better ways to cope with the future.

A Estruturação do Sistema de Produção e Inovação Sucroalcooleiro como Base para o Proálcool

O artigo mostra como o processo de estruturação do Sistema de Produção e Inovação Sucroalcooleiro – SPIS, no período anterior a 1975, pode ter sido importante para o sucesso do Programa Nacional do Álcool – Proálcool. Implementado em novembro de 1975, o Proálcool é considerado um programa de referência na substituição dos combustíveis líquidos fósseis por fontes renováveis de energia. A análise da estruturação do SPIS tomou como base o mapeamento das funções que influenciaram esse sistema, entre 1875 e 1975. O artigo identifica seis motores que transformaram o SPIS, no período anterior a 1975, e que podem explicar as diferenças entre os modelos produtivos do Nordeste do Brasil e do Estado de São Paulo, a mudança no paradigma de desenvolvimento e seleção de variedades de cana, a formação do mercado de álcool combustível no Brasil, a expansão produtiva da agroindústria sucroalcooleira de São Paulo e sua interação com a indústria de equipamentos.

Veblen on the machine process and technological change

This paper explores Veblen's analysis of technological change. I claim that, rather than succumbing to the traditional criticisms, his approach founders due to his failure to fully articulate a social ontology. Whilst Veblen's analysis of his own time remains in many ways compelling, this failure creates a gap between meta-theoretical promise and current theoretical results. I show how work in the social studies of technology has successfully avoided the ontological problems associated with Veblenian economics. This success is tempered by the fact that the field has not yet provided an appropriate framework to systematise the ways in which technical innovations transform social relations in ways that are beyond conscious control and manipulation. Copyright The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

Technological paradigms and complex technical systems—The case of Smart Homes

This paper explores the concept of technological paradigms in the context of complex technical systems. It presents a review of Thomas Kuhn's notion of scientific paradigms and their early adoption as technological paradigms. This review reveals that an important feature of scientific paradigms has not been fully utilized in the analysis of technological change—the distinction between a paradigm as an exemplar and as a shared group commitment. Using the case of Smart Homes, I advocate that this distinction is critical in understanding the dynamics of open technical systems where multiple industries jointly shape innovation. I discuss the implications with regard to both the concept of technological paradigms and innovation of complex technical systems.

Charles Babbage, Technological Change and the National System of Innovation

I investigate the role played by Charles Babbage in the economic analysis of technological change. His contribution is quite important, for the way in which he carried out his studies anticipated themes that are the centre of economics and policy-making today. He considered the economic forces that shape technology and its change, the importance of scientific knowledge, and the role that institutions may play. Particularly in his Reflections on the Decline of Science in England and Some of its Causes, he anticipated the concept of the national system of innovation.

Technical Change in the Private Consumption Converter

The analysis of technological change is centered on the study of the evolution of technical coefficients in the input–output table. Complementary to this analysis, the household consumption expenditure matrix, relating consumption by commodities to consumption by purpose or by function, also incorporates some other aspects of technological change. Thus, the evolution in time of the coefficients of this consumption expenditure matrix will portray technological processes, implying substitutions between commodities to satisfy the different functions The substitution between consumption expenditure by functions is also to be taken into consideration, because it can influence, together with technological change, the use of commodities in the final demand. For Switzerland, a 1980–89 time series of household consumption expenditure matrices with 37 commodities and 58 functional consumption categories has been estimated using data from consumer expenditure surveys. In this paper, instruments generally applied to the analysis of changes in input–output technical coefficients are extended to these matrices, including methods that deal with biproportional processes of substitution.

Forecasting technological change: insights from theories of evolution

This paper applies concepts from the theory of evolution in nature, such as adaptation, punctuated equilibrium, purposive selection, hierarchical selection, and self-organisation, to the analysis of technological change. Future technological trajectories are uncertain. However, it is possible to analyse the structure of technological trajectories using analogies from evolution. Scanning signals of change, developing anticipatory intelligence, and continuously assessing trajectories are the major initiatives or competencies required for improving our ability to predict future technological paths.

The "Revealing" and "Concealing" of Technology

AbstractFrom the point of view of the oppressed and the exploited in an iniquitous political economic order, technological change conceals more than what it reveals. The concealing of technology could be the ideological bias or intentions of its promoters or protagonists which is more often concealed than revealed in social theories and analysis of technological change. Using the poison gas explosion at the Union Carbide pesticide plant at Bhopal as a case in point, I will argue that this technological massacre of a city population can be read only as the concealing of the "real" nature of the technology of the so-called "Green Revolution" in India's agricultural modernization programme.

Long-period method and analysis of technological change: is there any inconsistency?∗

A recurrent theme in economic analysis is the criticism of the traditional method based on the investigation of ‘normal’ or long-period positions (LPP) considered as centres of gravitation for the actual positions of the economy. The paper discusses this criticism with particular reference to the consistency of the long-period method (LPM) with the analysis of technological change and competition. It is argued that the role of the tendency towards the LPP was seen by traditional economists as part of the process of selection from among competing technologies. This process was regarded as leading to the emergence of dominant techniques determining normal prices and profitability. The concept of competition covered by the notion of gravitation towards the LPP is not, therefore, restricted to the diffusion of given technologies, but includes the introduction of new techniques. In addition, traditional economists did not look at the adjustment towards the LPP as a fully accomplished process, but only as tende...

An analysis of technological change, factor substitution and economies of scale in manufacturing industries in India

The biases of technological change, factor substitution and economies of scale in four major manufacturing industries (viz. Cement, electricity and gas, cotton textiles and iron and steel) in India are examined. The translog cost functions are estimated using annual time series data covering the period 1960-61 to 1982-83. The study reveals that technical change has been biased towards the use of labour and materials and against the use of capital and energy in electricity and gas industries. In cotton textiles, the technological change has shown the opposity biases. Significant economies of sclae exist in the production of electricity and gas. Enough evidence of substitution possibilities among factors of production in all the four industries was also found.

Science, Technology and the Large Corporation

ECONOMIC HISTORY IS FAR REMOVED FROM PRECISE SCIENCE and cannot offer an unambiguous explanation of the initiation, pace and causes of rapid industrial growth. Nevertheless, few economic historians would disagree that the pattern of growth is not random; and that in evaluating it, technological innovation must be a central element.The landmarks of industrial development are conventionally thought of in terms of science and technology. From the adoption of the stirrup and the plough, which heralded the feudal age in Europe; to the spread of the silicon chip and the microprocessor, which lie at the core of the emergent IT economy, the development of society can be charted in terms of technological change. And just as the analysis of technological change has become one of the dominant tools of the economic historian, so ‘futurology’ is centred around trajectories of innovation. Over the next century changes are projected which are just as profound as those experienced since 1890. The world of 2090 will be different, and while the fundamental political differences may be unpredictable, there is a presumption that it will be technologically very different from the present. It is appropriate that popular speculation about future society is termed not ‘future fiction’ but ‘science fiction’.

Frameworks for technology analysis and classification

Technology classifications are required for structur mg data on technological innovation for information storage and retrieval and to provide frameworks for the analysis of technological change This paper renews different types of principles used in technology classification and their embodi ment in vaneties of classification schemes. The principles considered are classification according to historical develop ment; natural laws; branch of production: function within branch of production; or by construction principle. The paper briefly discusses four types of classification: bibliographic: patent: product, and analytical. It explores the extent to which such principles and practice deal with technology in terms of ideas and frameworks rooted in the objective or internal structure of technology or the extent to which they rely on "extra-technological" concepts and frameworks. A cunceptual framework is proposed which expresses the tension between approaches which rely on extra-technological principles and approaches based on some notion of the objective or mternal structure of technology. This takes the form of a contrast between "linguistic" and "taxonomic" paradigms.

Frontiers of Input-Output Analysis

Part 1 Input-output and econometric models: Lawrence R. Klein: Econometric aspects of Input-Output analysis Clopper Almon: Industrial impacts of macroeconomic policies in the INFORUM model Comparison of two approaches to industry effects of macro developments Industry effects of macroeconomic changes William Peterson: Supply functions in an Input-Output framework. Part 2 Alternative accounting frameworks: Karen R. Polenske: Historical and new international perspectives on Input-Output' accounts Norbert Rainer: Descriptive versus analytical make-use systems -- Some Austrian experiences Reiner St aglin: Towards an Input-Output subsystem for the information sector Solomon I. Cohen: Multiplier analyses in social accounting and Input-Output frameworks: Evidence for several countries. Part 3 Extended models and multiplier decompositions: Jeffry I. Round: Decomposition of Input-Output and economy-wide multipliers in a regional setting Peter W. J. Batey & Melwyn J. Weeks: The effects of household disaggregation in extended Input-Output models Adam Rose & Paul Beaumont: Interrelational income distribution multipliers for the U.S. economy Edward H. Wolff & David R. Howell: Labor quality and productivity growth in the United States: An Input-Output growth-accounting framework. Part 4 Regional, interregional, international issues: Yusuhiko Torii, Seung-Jin Shim & Yutaka Akiyama: Effects of tariff reductions on trade in the Asia-Pacific region William B. Beyers: Structural change in interregional Input-Output models: Form and regional economic development implications Peter Nijkamp & Aura Reggiani: Spatial interaction and Input-Output models: A dynamic stochastic multi-objective framework. Part 5 Measurement error and data scarcity: Randall W. Jackson & Guy R. West: Perpectives on probabilistic Input-Output analysis Ranko Bon: Qualitative Input-Output analysis Michael Sonis & Geoffrey J.D. Hewings: Error and sensitivity Input-Output analysis: A new approach Benjamin H. Stevens, George I. Treyz & Michael L. Lahr: On the comparative accuracy of RPC estimating techniques Janusz Szyrmer: Trade-off between error and information in the RAS procedure. Part 6 Measurement and implications of technological change: Faye Duchin: An Input-Output approach to analyzing the future economic implications of technological change Peter D. Blair and Andrew W. Wyckoff: The changing structure of the U.S. economy: An Input-Output analysis Hideo Kanemitsu & Hiroshi Ohnishi: An Input-Output analysis of technological changes in the Japanese economy: 1970-1980.

Input–Output Data Base for Analysis of Technological Change

Appropriate combination of theoretical analysis with factual observation has always played a crucial role in the development of empirical science. The advance of the so-called ‘systems approach’ accelerated by the introduction of powerful computers opens up the possibility of managing and utilizing efficiently larger and more detailed data bases, and consequently makes the need for compiling them particularly urgent.