Syntactic Structure Analysis Research Articles

Graph Confident Learning for Software Vulnerability Detection

Code vulnerability exposes millions of software to the possibility of being attacked, as evidence every year on increasing reports of security issues, such as information leaks, system compromise, and denial of service. Despite with many vulnerability detection models proposed so far, their effectiveness is still limited due to the ignorance of syntactic structural information analysis in source code and the improper handling of labeling errors. To address these issues, we propose the Graph Confident Learning for Software Vulnerability Detection (GCL4SVD) model, a machine learning model to detect software vulnerability in the development phase. It comprises two components: code graph embedding and graph confident learning denoising. To address the syntactic structural information analysis limitation, the code graph embedding component extracts the structure and semantic information of source code with a sliding window mechanism, and then encodes source code into a graph structure to capture the patterns and characteristics of code vulnerabilities. Additionally, the graph confident learning denoising component identifies labeling errors to improve the quality of training set. Experimental results show that GCL4SVD outperforms the state-of-the-art vulnerability detection models on four open source datasets by 3.7%, 3.3%, 2.5%, 0.8% in terms of Accuracy, respectively, and by 10.2%, 21.8%, 8.2%, 11.2% in terms of F1-score.

X-Bartheory: Its Pros/Strengths and Cons/Weaknesses in Generative Grammar

The X-bar theory is an interesting field in linguistic investigation. X-bar theory deepens our understanding of grammatical structure, and as a result may help us use the language in question (English language) more effectively. This study is a critical review, primarily aimed at exploring and examining the strengths and limitations of the X-bar theory in the analysis of syntactic structures in the English language. While we do not claim that X-bar syntax is the “best” approach to the analysis of [English] sentences, it has advantages over some other approaches. The study proves that despite the limitations of the X-bar theory like overworking the I-node et.c. It is an important theory that is worth studying by linguists as relevant in the study of syntactic structures of the English language. The analytical frameworks provided by contemporary scholars, Aarts and Radford, which ultimately are based on insights of Chomsky, Jackendoff and other scholars going back to the 1970s, are used and adapted for the analysis of sentences in this study. These two linguists use the Transformational Generative Grammar approach in their analysis of English phrases and sentences. It is therefore hoped that this study will provide, in addition to the already existing data, a current material on the X-bar theory especially for researchers in the field of generative linguistics.

Automatic question generation using extended dependency parsing

<span>The importance of automatic question generation (AQG) systems in education is recognized for automating tasks and providing adaptive assessments. Recent research focuses on improving quality with advanced neural networks and machine learning techniques. However, selecting the appropriate target sentences and concepts remains challenging in AQG systems. To address this problem, the authors created a novel system that combined sentence structure analysis, dependency parsing approach, and named entity recognition techniques to select the relevant target words from the given sentence. The main goal of this paper is to develop an AQG system using syntactic and semantic sentence structure analysis. Evaluation using manual and automatic metrics shows good performance on simple and short sentences, with an overall score of 3.67 out of 5.0. As the field of AQG continues to evolve rapidly, future research should focus on developing more advanced models that can generate a wider range of questions, especially for complex sentence structures.</span>

The syntactic structure analysis of the phrase "blow his horn"

The syntactic structure analysis of the phrase "blow his horn"

PS-GCN: psycholinguistic graph and sentiment semantic fused graph convolutional networks for personality detection

Personality detection identifies personality traits in text. Current approaches often rely on deep learning networks for text representation but they overlook the significance of psychological language knowledge in connecting user language expression to psychological characteristics. Consequently, the accuracy of personality detection is compromised. To address this issue, this paper presents PS-GCN, a model integrating Psychological knowledge and Sentiment semantic features through Graph Convolution Networks. Firstly, the Bi-LSTM network captures local features of preprocessed sentences to accurately represent the output of sentence sentiment features. Secondly, GCNs map psycholinguistic knowledge, forming semantic networks of entities and relationships. P-GCN is designed to capture the dependency information between psycholinguistic features, while S-GCN utilises syntactic structure analysis to gather more abundant information features and enhance semantic understanding ability. Finally, attention calculation is employed to reinforce key features and weaken irrelevant information. Additionally, a sentence group model captures combined features of related sentences, effectively utilising the text structure to mine sentimental features. Experimental results on multiple datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the classification accuracy in personality detection tasks.

Алгоритм построения дерева синтаксических единиц русскоязычного предложения по дереву синтаксических связей

Automatic syntactic analysis of a sentence is an important computational linguistics task. At present, there are no syntactic structure parsers for Russian that are publicly available and suitable for practical applications. Ground-up creation of such parsers requires building of a treebank annotated according to a given formal grammar, which is quite a cumbersome task. However, since there are several syntactic dependency parsers for Russian, it seems reasonable to employ dependency parsing results for syntactic structure analysis. The article introduces an algorithm that allows to construct the constituency tree of a Russian sentence by a syntactic dependency tree. The formal grammar used by the algorithm is based on the D.E. Rosenthal’s classic reference. The algorithm was evaluated on 300 Russian-language sentences. 200 of them were selected from the aforementioned reference, and 100 from OpenCorpora, an open corpus of sentences extracted from Russian news and periodicals. During the evaluation, the sentences were passed to syntactic dependency parsers from Stanza, SpaCy, and Natasha packages, then the resulted dependency trees were processed by the proposed algorithm. The obtained constituency trees were compared with the trees manually annotated by experts in linguistics. The best performance was achieved using the Stanza parser: the constituency parsing F1–score was 0.85, and the sentence parts tagging accuracy was 0.93, that would be sufficient for many practical applications, such as event extraction, information retrieval and sentiment analysis.

The Internal Structure of Copular Sentences with desu and da in Japanese

Japanese is a language known for its rich honorific morphology. Different from many Indo-European languages, Japanese language has its honorifics built into the grammar system. Japanese honorifics have many different forms and their usages are not always clearly predictable, which makes it quite challenging for second language learners to grasp. This paper introduces a less-known honorific pattern that clearly shows how Japanese honorifics behave grammatically. The copula verb be in Japanese has two forms: a non-honorific form da and an honorific form desu. Da is used under conditions where the speaker indicates an informal or casual talk, while desu is used when the speaker intends to present good manners to the listener. From a formal linguistic perspective, a sentence with the plain copula form and one with the honorific copula form have a different underlying structure represented in the grammar of native Japanese speakers. The paper explains such difference between copular sentences with desu and da by presenting a syntactic structure analysis. It proposes a different internal structure for a copular sentence with desu and da, and further argues that the sentence with desu has more structure in the left periphery and presents a different verb position in the internal structure in comparison to the sentence with da. The analysis motivates a syntactical way to present and explain the differences in grammatical structures and social contexts of copula use when teaching honorifics in Japanese second language classrooms. It suggests that modern Japanese second language education start teaching honorifics with copular sentences where the distinction between honorific and non-honorific use is very clear and simple.

Грамматические структуры и метафорическое содержание в китайских идиомах

The aim of this research is to clarify the typology and relationship of grammatical structures and metaphorical expressions within Chinese idioms. In this study, a corpus of 30,000 Chinese idioms was compiled from various idiom dictionaries, and 1,000 idioms were randomly selected, annotated, and categorized based on their internal syntactic structures, grammatical functions in sentences, metaphor types, and metaphorical content for statistical analysis. The innovation of the research lies in employing a corpus to conduct a quantitative analysis of the prevalent syntactic structures and the most common types of metaphorical usage found in Chinese idioms, as well as to explore the quantified relationships between them. The findings reveal that Parallel Structure, Attributive Structure, and Subject-Predicate Structure are the most prevalent internal syntactic structures of Chinese idioms, while the structural metaphor is the most widely used conceptual metaphor. However, no significant correlation was observed between the internal syntactic structure of Chinese idioms and metaphorical content, grammatical function in sentences.

Structural and semantic features and national specificity of English and Russian proverbs with the meaning "foresight", "caution".

The subject of this study is the structural and semantic features of English and Russian proverbs with the meanings of "foresight", "caution". Proverbs with the meanings "foresight", "caution" have not been sufficiently studied in terms of revealing their meaning and describing their structural and semantic characteristics. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the general and unique meanings of English and Russian proverbs of this thematic group were considered in a comparative aspect, as well as an analysis of syntactic structures and a semantic analysis of the lexical components of proverbs and an analysis of figurative and expressive means reflecting their national and cultural identity were made. The results of the study can be used in the process of teaching English, as well as the basis for a deeper comparative study of the proverbs of the two languages of this thematic group. The study used descriptive and comparative methods, functional-stylistic analysis, structural and syntactic analysis. In the course of the analysis, we revealed the following pattern: in most of the presented thematic groups there are proverbs close in meaning that are not equivalents. They use the same syntactic structures (imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate conditions, time clause, subordinate concessions and subordinate attributive clauses, syntactic compression: ellipsis, incompleteness of sentences, non-conjunction, as well as complex sentences with an adversative meaning) and similar expressive techniques (antithesis, comparison, oxymoron, tautology, allegory, metaphor, including personifying metaphor), while differing in lexical content (emotional and expressive, evaluative vocabulary, vocabulary associated with the realities of everyday life, zoonyms, somatisms, archaisms). These differences are due to the peculiarities of climate, life, traditions, as well as the environment of their occurrence, which, on the one hand, indicates the universality of human experience, and on the other hand, indicates the national specificity of the thinking of the two peoples.

An Analysis of Syntactic Structure of Coordination on The English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk

This study is about Syntactic Structure of Coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. The purposes of this research are to find out the types of constituents to form syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk and to explain the distribution of syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. The data is formed as sentences having syntactic structure of coordination on the English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk. Method of the research in this study is analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. To collect the data, the writer used documentation method. The steps to analyze the data are reading, collecting, and numbering the data. To analyze the data, the writer uses structural grammar. The main theory applied in this study is the theory of Syntax proposed by Francis (1957). The result of the analysis shows that: 1) the types of constituents being combined are categorized in three groups: words which are noun, adjective, verb, and to infinitive; phrase which is noun phrase; and clauses which are independent clause and dependent clause, and 2) the distribution of syntactic structures of coordination on The English Translation of Surah Al-Mulk analyzed based on its function in word, phrase and sentence: two functions in words: as head and as modifier; one function in phrase: as modifier and one function in sentence/clause: as predicate.

Ludwig: a revolt against the modern world. The language and ideology of an Italian Neo-Nazi group in the Years of Lead

ABSTRACT The Ludwig group is usually described by the media as a group of serial killers operating in Italy during the so-called Years of Lead. The present article examines the structure and the nature of the group’s language through a multidimensional approach to rediscuss its current classification and description. The source material of the analysis is represented by the handwritten leaflets released by the group to claim its actions. The collected material, comprised of seven leaflets released by the Ludwig group in 1980–1984, has been examined through the analysis of language register, syntactic and rhetorical structure, adopted lexicon and co-occurrences. According to the analysis of the group’s language and messages it passed on, this paper suggests that the political nature of the Ludwig group receives its inspiration from Nazi ideology. The ideology that inspired the group’s violent actions must be brought back to Nazi Ideology, especially to the ideas of what is generally known as Esoteric Nazism.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЛИНГВОКОГНИТИВНОГО АСПЕКТА АНАЛИЗА В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СИНТАКСИСА ТЕКСТА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ПРОЗЫ Б. Л. ПАСТЕРНАКА)

The article focuses on the linguocognitive aspect in the analysis of the fictional text syntax. The analysis of syntactic structures as ways of reflecting the mental categories of the author's consciousness allows considering a fictional text as an intermediary between the author and the reader. Analysis of the text syntactic organization in the linguocognitive aspect makes it possible to describe it as a system of interacting mental situations, implemented in the development of text fragments. This helps to characterize the macrostructure of fictional prose texts, identify and describe the montage fragment as the main unit of analysis, and correlate it with the concept of a situation model. This provides an opportunity to model the reader's perception strategy, reveal the specifics of the spatio-temporal organization of the text, the dynamics of changing viewpoints and the system of modus text organization at the level of its macrostructure.

Speech Patterns in Litigation Documents (Exemplified by Decrees)

The study focuses on speech patterns typically used in litigation documents issued at the stage of criminal proceeding initiation and pre-trial investigation, which belong to the genre of decree. It is stated that Russian Federation Criminal Procedure Code and most of the Comments to it lack any language requirements to the text organization in these litigation documents. The article is aimed at defining characteristics of the decree genre structure; in particular, lexical and grammatical means that are used in decree texts are equated to the language norms. Some most frequent cases of lexical compatibility violation within set expressions and cliché of litigation documents and their combinations are detected. The author adheres to the opinion that language norms violations may have legal consequences in qualifying offenses and their types. The analysis of syntactic structure of sentences reveals that there is no distinction in the linguistic category of event completeness, in the texts they are presented as hypothetical events. Several aspects of modality in decree texts are studied. The author lays down some requirements on composing a narrative part of the decree as a forensic genre, makes an assertion that it is time to formulate some firm linguistic criteria of decree documentation organization and indicate the consent on expediency of linguistic expertize.

Semantic and Syntactic Features of Constructions with the Meaning of Measure and Degree in Russian

The syntactic structures, that are intended in Russian to express the meaning of measure and degree, are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the problems of modern syntax, which is aimed at a multidimensional analysis of syntactic structures and the study of the functions of service words involved in their organization. The work was carried out in the traditions of the Vladivostok scientific school, which applied the “from construction” approach to the analysis of syntactic units. It is indicated that this term is used here in a narrow sense as a structure embedded in a complex sentence, having a certain set of components and a specific means of connecting these components. The novelty of the research is determined by the use of the concept of “construction” as the main tool for analyzing syntactic units with the meaning of measure and degree in the formal grammatical aspect. A features analysis of the formation of the semantics of measure and degree within the framework of syntactic structures is presented, the formal organization of these structures is described in detail: the component composition, the “core” of the structure — service complexes used to link components, the role of clarifiers and the possibility of phraseologization of the structure. It is noted that this study is important both for solving theoretical issues that relate to a versatile description of syntactic structures, and for teaching the syntax of the Russian language to foreign students.

The contrastive analysis of English, Ukrainian and Chinese syntactic structure

The contrastive analysis of English, Ukrainian and Chinese syntactic structure

The role of the alternative relation in cognition and the disjunctive conjunctions as a means of its verbalization

The cognitive processes of the human mind are not perceived directly, the information about them can be received through the analysis of their representation in the language means. The article is devoted to the cognitive study of the English syntactic structures with the disjunctive conjunctions used in speech, in the contextual environment. The inherent meaning of alternative which these conjunctions possess is modified under the influence of the lexical-grammatical context. It makes the English syntactic structures containing these conjunctions applicable not only for the description of the situation of choice, but also for the depiction of the situations of deficient knowledge, alternation, distribution, motivation. Due to the neutralization of the inherent meaning of the conjunctions in the context the constructions which contain them can convey in English such mental operations as enumeration, approximation and addition. The analysis of English syntactic structures with the conjunctions reveals the cognitive work of the human mind. The results of the research are useful for the English language acquisition as the syntactic structures with the disjunctive conjunctions help the speaker to achieve the variety of communicative goals.

Syntactic Structure Analysis on Deaf Student of Brawijaya University

This paper is aimed to investigate the syntactic structure of deaf students of Brawijaya Universirty. Syntactic structure which focuses on this discussion is the ability to recognize the sentence structure produced by deaf students. This study basically focuses on the language produced by deaf students of Brawijaya University in form of narrative writing. The narrative writing is written in Indonesian language. I chose Indonesian language as the language recourse, because the primary language of deaf students is Indonesian.This study uses descriptive qualitative research because this research basically aimed at describing the data in the form written text. The participant of this research is five deaf students who are classified into mild and moderate hearing loss. In term of analyzing the data, we concern on the three aspects of sentence structure. Those are: types of sentence, the presence of Subject and Verb in a sentence and the presence of Object for transitive verb.The finding indicates that the deaf students of Brawijaya University are able to write both simple sentences and compound sentence. They are also capable to write transitive verb which is followed by the object well. Yet, they are less in writing the passive voice form. Moreover, the data shows that different time durations of writing create a different number of words produced by them. Different deaf classification can provide different significance to a number of sentences produced by them.

Frá skiptisögn til ósamhverfrar aukafallssagnar: Um 'líka' í fornu máli

In Modern Icelandic the verb líka ‘like’ occurs with a subject in the dative case and an object in the nominative case. It has been argued that this was also the case in Old Icelandic. In this paper we argue that in contrast to Modern Icelandic, the nominative argument of líka could also constitute the subject during the Old Icelandic period and the dative argument the object. More specifically, we maintain that the verb líka was an alternating (or symmetric) verb where the nominative and the dative argument could raise to the subject position, whereas in Modern Icelandic only the dative is able to raise to the subject position. In other words, we argue that a change in the argument structure of the verb has taken place such that líka has changed from being an alternating (symmetric) verb to an asymmetric oblique subject verb. The main argument that is used to substantiate this claim comes from control infinitives in Old Icelandic, taking on the form in (i): (i) girntiz meirr at líka einum guði en mönnum desired.mid more to PRO.nom like.inf alone.dat god.dat than men.dat ‘(He) desired more to please God alone than men.’ (Æv 150.15) Based on a generative analysis of syntactic structure, we present evidence that reveals that the dative argument functions syntactically as the object, in addition to discussing other potential evidence based on word order. When the nominative argument is the subject, the meaning of 'líka' is sometimes closer to that of English 'please' than 'like'. We also discuss how this might be accounted for.

Особенности интерпретации уступительного высказывания, содержащего консессив quand meme, на основе ситуативной референциальной опоры в современном французском языке

The article examines the process of broadening the pragmatic meaning of the concessive quand meme in the modern French language. The interpretational analysis of the concessive syntactic construction grammatical structure is carried out taking into account dynamics of the interlocutor’s speech thinking. Relying on the analysis of linguistic material, which includes sentences with the concessive quand meme, the authors identify and describe changes in its pragmatic meaning in the context of a communicative situation, which serves as a basis for interpretation of concessive relations.

T-Pattern Detection and Analysis (TPA) With THEMETM: A Mixed Methods Approach.

This work, which was started in the early 1970s, was inspired by social interaction analysis based on direct observation and careful coding of behaviors according to a list of behavioral (mostly ethological) categories, especially the ethological work of N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz, and K. von Frisch, for which they shared a Nobel Prize in 1973 in Medicine or Physiology but also H. Montagner’s ethological analyses of interactions in social insects and children. S. Duncan’s psychological and linguistic research on turn-taking in human interactions provided great inspiration, and so did Chomsky’s work on syntactic structure and Skinner’s probabilistic real-time functional analysis and their consequent debate. A hypothesis concerning numerous kinds of temporal and spatial natural and especially biological structures, the T-pattern is a hierarchical self-similar fractal-like structure that recurs with significant translational symmetry on a single discrete dimension, initially real time. It also points to profound self-similarity across many levels of biological spatio-temporal organization, as it seems characteristic of molecular structures such as genes and a multitude of recurrent motives on DNA and its 3D generalization corresponding to (3D) folded proteins. Developed initially to facilitate empirical analysis, the T-pattern and its detection algorithms were first presented in AI (Magnusson, 1981) and Applied Statistics (Magnusson, 1983) through THEME (3 k Fortran IV) software using an evolution algorithm. It is now over 300 k lines of code, runs under Windows, and, more recently, uses parallel processing for increased speed. This has allowed abundant detection of hidden structure in numerous kinds of biological phenomena at highly varied scales, from human behavior at timescales of days (Hirschenhauser et al., 2002; Hirschenhauser and Frigerio, 2005) to interactions of many individual neurons simultaneously registered at a temporal resolution of 10–6 s in neuronal networks in rat brains to ongoing work on T-patterns in DNA molecules at a spatial nano-scale. T-pattern detection and analysis (TPA) thus mix qualitative and quantitative analyses, as T-patterns themselves are artificial categories composed of recurring coding categories with special real-scale statistical relations between their instances. After their detection, T-patterns are thus analyzed much as are other behavioral categories.