Switching Loss Analysis Research Articles

Switching and Frequency Response Assessment of Photovoltaic Drivers and Their Potential for Different Applications.

Newly introduced Photovoltaic (PV) devices, featuring a built-in chip with an illuminating Light Emitting Diode (LED), have emerged in the commercial market. These devices are touted for their utility as both low- and high-side power switch drivers and for data acquisition coupling. However, comprehensive knowledge and experimentation regarding the limitations of these Photovoltaic Drivers in both switching and signal processing applications remain underexplored. This paper presents a detailed characterization of a Photovoltaic Driver, focusing on its performance under resistive and capacitive loads. Additionally, it delineates the device's constraints when employed in signal processing. Through the analysis of switching losses across various power switches (Silicon and Silicon Carbide) in both series and parallel driver configurations, this study assesses the driver's efficacy in operating Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs). Findings suggest that Photovoltaic Drivers offer a low-cost, compact solution for specific applications, such as high-voltage, low-bandwidth measurements, and low-speed turn-on with fast turn-off power switching scenarios, including solid-state switches and hot-swap circuits. Moreover, they present a straightforward, cost-effective method for driving JFETs, simplifying the circuit design and eliminating the need for an additional negative power source.

Three Parts Modulation and Hybrid DC Capacitor Voltage Balancing for a Single-Phase Two-Leg Five-Level NPC Inverter

Capacitor voltage unbalance in NPC multilevel inverters is an inherent challenge and has a severe effect on five and higher-level inverters. Current modulation-based voltage balancing schemes for five-level NPC inverters require a high number of switching, especially at high modulation index operations. Moreover, hardware-based voltage balancing techniques come with a high component count. This paper proposes a unique three-part modulation technique combined with a hybrid voltage balancing approach to reduce switching losses and maintain voltage balancing. The modulation is composed of different carrier-based modulations, while the hybrid balancing scheme combines modulation-based and hardware-based balancing techniques. Comparative switching loss analysis demonstrates a reduction in inverter switching associated with the modulation. While the voltage unbalance characteristics of the modulation are determined considering linear loading conditions. Furthermore, balancing capacity analysis and switching loss reevaluation are used to justify the hybrid balancing performance. The concept verification use Matlab-Simulink simulation and hardware experiments on a five-level single-phase NPC inverter setup operated at different modulation index and power factor conditions.

A Combinational Level-Shifted and Phase-Shifted PWM Technique for Symmetrical Power Distribution in CHB Inverters

In cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters (MLIs), phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM) and level-shifted pulse width modulation (LSPWM) are the two prominent techniques to attain multilevel and better performance. But both of them have certain drawbacks like in PSPWM the switching loss of all the semiconductors is high, and in LSPWM the power-sharing between the cascaded modules is not identical. These two drawbacks have been addressed in this article by proposing a novel modulation technique, named the phase opposed disposed phase-shifted PWM (PODPSPWM). In this technique, the level-shifted carriers have been rotated in such a way that there should not be any active power loss and simultaneously the carriers are phase-shifted as per the PSPWM technique. A detailed mathematical analysis of switching loss for all three methods has been presented. Moreover, the power-sharing and harmonic spectrum of the proposed PODPSPWM over other PWMs have been discussed. This novel modulation technique has been simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink software to validate the superiority of the operation. The 1.5-kW experimental prototype is developed to validate the performance of the proposed PODPSPWM modulation.

Modulating Wave-Based Timing Calculation for a Multilevel 24-Sided Polygonal Voltage Space Vector Structure With Similar Triangles

This article proposes a multilevel 24-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure (VSVS), eliminating lower order harmonics up to 19th order and suppressing higher order harmonics in motor phase voltage throughout the modulation range. Unlike switched average vectors in literature, the proposed scheme generates real active vectors that have the advantage of less switching frequency operation. The proposed VSVS consists of two concentric polygons divided into similar triangles resulting in a simple modulation algorithm. Instantaneous error in phase voltage reduces due to the multilevel property of the proposed VSVS. The proposed scheme extends the dc bus utilization and linear range of operation. The proposed scheme is implemented on an open-end winding induction motor fed with primary and secondary inverters from either end. This article also presents a modulating wave-based method to compute nearest vector timings using sampled reference waves only. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed timing calculation method does not require trigonometric operations, sorting algorithms, and iterative search algorithms. Experimental verification of the proposed scheme is performed to validate the concept. Switching loss and Fourier analysis comparison with some existing schemes is also presented.

Calculation and analysis of switching losses in IGBT devices based on switching transient processes

Calculation and analysis of switching losses in IGBT devices based on switching transient processes

Analysis of torque ripples and switching losses of a diode clamped inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Analysis of torque ripples and switching losses of a diode clamped inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Analysis of torque ripples and switching losses of a diode clamped inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

The modern-day electric vehicles use brush less DC motors (BLDC) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) as the main driving units. The traction systems also have tried PMSM machine as the driving unit. The variable frequency power source is required to control the speed and torque of the motor to meet the load requirements. The Inverter – power modulator is causing the production of ripples in source current and flux components, hence the torque. This paper presents the effect of inverter on the flux and torque ripples. Also, the simulation results of inverter switching losses are discussed.

Switching loss analysis of IGBT and MOSFET in single phase PWM inverter fed from photovoltaic energy sources for smart cities

Switching loss analysis of IGBT and MOSFET in single phase PWM inverter fed from photovoltaic energy sources for smart cities

Comparative Switching and Conduction Loss Analysis of a SVPWM and DPWM based DTC of Open End Winding Induction Motor Drive

Comparative Switching and Conduction Loss Analysis of a SVPWM and DPWM based DTC of Open End Winding Induction Motor Drive

Power Loss Analysis in 15 Level Asymmetric Reduced Switch Inverter Using PLECS Thermal Model & SIMULINK Precise Models

Power losses are the most critical metrics in power converters analysis and has a significant impact on economic and technological assessments due to its sufficient approximation. This article aims to prove that the power losses (Switching & Conduction losses) are very low in low frequency switching modulation in contrast with high switching frequency modulation. Two switching modulation techniques Phase Disposition (PD-multi carrier-based pulse width modulation at high switching frequency) and Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHEPWM-fundamental switching frequency) are considered for the power loss assessment in 15-level reduced switch asymmetric multi-level inverter. This work proposed a simplified model for calculation of switching losses in multilevel inverters using MATAB SIMULINK. Further, the thermal model of the proposed inverter is implemented on PLECS for analyzing the power losses. The comparative analysis of switching and conduction losses of the proposed inverter with the PLECS thermal model and MATLAB precise models are integral part of this research.

Performance of Single Phase Soft Switching Inverter using Artificial Neural Network

Advanced teaching method for Single Phase Soft Switching, Inverter using Artificial Neural Network based on simulations and hardware experiment been described in this paper. In this proposed inverter used one extra auxiliary switch. The auxiliary and main switches to achieve zero voltage switching through proper PWM gate pulse with suitable delays. All the switches were working under ZVS condition. The performance of the planned soft switching inverter with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller has been analyzed and compared with Fuzzy and PI controller with complete simulation circuit developed using MATLAB/Simulink toolbox. Experimental setup Input voltage: 220Vdc, Output voltage: 120Vrms, Switching frequency: 50kHz hardware model is presented. Controllers are compared based on the time response specifications. Simulation and hardware results were obtained and presented to validate the proposed controller's overall operation under practical operating environment. The proposed method used to students learning the switching losses analysis in the inverter and focus the research in the field of power electronics switches.

Novel Level Shifted PWM Technique for Unequal and Equal Power Sharing in Quasi Z-Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for PV Systems

Conventional phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation (PS-PWM) is a usual switching technique for Z-source/quasi-Z-Source (qZS)-based cascaded multilevel inverters (CMIs) (qZS-CMIs). The PS-PWM scheme causes higher switching losses and creates an electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem for higher number of cascaded modules. To address these issues, a novel, modified level-shifted PWM (LS-PWM) technique is proposed with the aim of obtaining equal power from cascaded modules under abnormal conditions. The direct use of the alternate phase-opposed disposed PWM (APOD-PWM) results in unequal power sharing between the qZSI modules, under all operating conditions. An effective carrier rotation is incorporated in the conventional APOD-PWM to make equal power sharing between the qZSI modules. The proposed scheme is an excellent solution for photovoltaic (PV) systems to address the problem of partial or complete shading, temperature variation, PV module failure, and dust accumulation on the PV panels. Furthermore, the relationship between PS-PWM and APOD-PWM is geometrically obtained, which indicates that the proposed modulation scheme gives higher voltage gain over LS-PWM and PS-PWM techniques. In addition, detailed switching loss analysis for the proposed PWM methods is added to validate low-switching losses, and thus high efficiency. The MATLAB Simulink simulations are presented to verify the proposed modulation. An experimental prototype is developed, and the experimental outcomes validate the improved performance of the multilevel qZSI with proposed modulation.

Comparative analysis of switching losses and current ripple of continuous and discontinuous SVPWM strategies for unbalanced two‐phase four‐leg VSI Fed unsymmetrical two‐phase induction motor

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the continuous space vector pulse width modulation and the discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation in terms of the switching losses and current ripple reduction for the unbalanced two-phase four-leg voltage source inverter fed unsymmetrical two-phase induction motor. The main function of both space vector pulse width modulation strategies is to produce unbalanced two-output voltages with constant phase shift of 90° for main and auxiliary windings. The discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation principle is modified from a traditional two-phase four-leg voltage source inverter by placement of the space vectors to alternatively eliminate zero space vector in each switching sequence. As a consequence, the proposed unmodulation region or clamping zone of the discontinuous modulation strategy has 180° all the time. The experimental results illustrate the modulation waveforms of both methods, output voltage spectrum, normalized switching losses, output current ripple and inverter efficiency at high modulation index. The evaluation of the normalized average switching losses and the current ripple of the discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation method can be reduced more than that of the continuous space vector pulse width modulation method.

Novel Switched Capacitor Boost Inverter Configuration for Three-Phase Induction Motor Driven Home Appliances

To operate a 3-φ induction motor from a voltage source of low magnitude, 3-φ inverters are traditionally cascaded with a boost-type dc-dc converter. However, the use of inductors in the boost stage results in larger volume and weight of the overall motor drive system besides increased losses. To address this issue, an inductor-less boost inverter configuration for 3-φ, low power home appliance motor drives is proposed in this article. The proposed converter is formed by integrating a switched capacitor voltage boosting circuit with a 3-φ inverter. As, the proposed configuration results in an unusual space vector (SV), two novel pulsewidth modulation strategies are proposed: virtual vector space vector modulation (VSVM) and common mode voltage reducing (CMVR) space vector modulation (SVM). The use of VSVM improves the current total harmonic distortion (THD) and reduces the torque ripple while the CMVR SVM results in a 66.6% reduction of CMV without using any external hardware other than the boosting network. As compared to the conventional solutions, the proposed configuration incurs lower losses, improved current THD, and reduced semiconductor requirement. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the various claims. A thorough switching and conduction loss analysis is also carried out using the PLECS software.

Switching Losses Analysis of a Constructed Solar DC-DC Static Boost Converter

The DC-DC converter is majorly used in several renewable energy applications. It is usually relevant in a hard-switching operating mode at the cost of increasing power losses and declining efficiency. Power losses are comprised of switching losses and conduction losses, which affect the reliability and speed up the aging of the switch. Therefore, soft-switching techniques are inescapable to reduce electromagnetic interference EMI, minimize losses, and enhance power conversion efficiency. Among the sundry techniques of soft-switching, passive snubbers are uncomplicated and vigorous, besides it has been spotlighted as a finer alternative compared to the active snubbers that involve extra switches and an additional control circuit. This paper investigates the power loss of a conventional solar DC-DC static converter designed and controlled through Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). It evaluates the switch's temperature in the hard-switching operating mode. Besides, this paper presents a new research initiative that aims to allow a zero switching and stabilizing the temperature of the switch through a novel approach of design for RLD and RCD snubber cells. This new design allows the switch to achieve soft-switching, by abolishing the voltage stress, minimizing the power losses, and stabilizing the junction temperature. This snubber has a simple structure with a few components and ease of control, which helps to upgrade the power conversion efficiency through controlling the high voltage and current stress in the switch. In this treatise, elements of the snubber are designed and adjusted for maximum reliability through the simulation in OrCAD environment. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the model is approved through experimental results on a 1600 W conventional boost to validate the proposal.

Performance comparison of switching losses of SiC DMOS vs Si IGBT

Silicon Carbide Double Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (SiC-DMOS), having a more comprehensive bandgap, fast switching and low power losses, has been rapidly developed and applied. This paper elaborates a detailed analysis of switching losses by comparing Si IGBT and SiC DMOS under the same voltage parameters and identical conditions. The switch’s characteristics are evaluated and contrasted in various gate resistances. In addition, a gate driver is designed to calculate the switching losses of IGBT and SiC DMOS at different frequencies. Then they are respectively used in the buck converter. The experimental platform is built to test and validate that the SiC DMOS buck converter achieves faster dynamic performance and higher efficiency than Si IGBT.

Novel Level-Shifted PWM Technique for Equal Power Sharing Among Quasi-Z-Source Modules in Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

Phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation (PS-PWM) is a well-known switching technique for quasi-Z-source (qZS)-based cascaded multilevel inverters (qZS-CMI). PS-PWM ensures equal power distribution (among operating modules) and equal switchings in all the semiconductors of the every given module; however, this technique suffers from higher number of switchings. On the other hand, level-shifted pulsewidth modulation (LS-PWM) ensures optimal switching but suffers from uneven distribution of power among the all the operating modules and also all the semiconductors of the same module of qZSI. This article proposes a novel switching technique which combines the advantages of both PS-PWM and LS-PWM, such as equal power distribution (among operating modules) and optimal switching sequence along with equal switch utilization. The proposed method is phase opposed disposed PS-PWM. This article details the switching technique along with switching loss analysis and compares it with the PS-PWM technique to show its superiority. Simulation results are carried out to study the cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) performance. Experimental prototype is developed to validate the performance of the proposed modulation.

Dodecagonal Voltage Space Vector Based PWM Techniques for Switching Loss Reduction in a Dual Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive

The dodecagonal space vector generation scheme eliminates the most dominant lower order harmonics fifth and seventh for the entire modulation range, thereby improving the quality of the output waveform and eliminates the sixth harmonic torque pulsations. By considering this advantage, a group of dodecagonal space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques is proposed in this article. These techniques improve the harmonic profile of the output waveform further at higher modulation indices compared to conventional dodecagonal space vector PWM. In this article, a generalized closed-form expression for harmonic distortion of various dodecagonal space vector PWM schemes is derived and the analytical results are compared. The proposed PWM techniques are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment and validated experimentally on a laboratory prototype. Also, a detailed switching loss analysis for various dodecagonal space vector PWM schemes are obtained and it is shown that the proposed PWM techniques yield lower inverter switching power losses than the conventional scheme throughout the power factor range.

A Hybrid 7-Level Inverter Using Low-Voltage Devices and Operation With Single DC-Link

This paper proposes a new 7-level inverter topology for induction motor drives. It is a hybrid topology formed by cascading a 5-level active neutral-point-clamped inverter with a 3-level T-type converter. It is obtained using low-voltage semiconductor devices with voltage blocking capability of Vdc/3 and Vdc/6. The topology uses three floating capacitors per phase, which are balanced within a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching duration using switching-state redundancies for each pole-voltage level. Topology forms two stacks at the front-end, which requires individual symmetrical dc source. The analysis of switching loss and conduction loss is performed and compared with some of the existing 7-level multi-level inverters reported in various literatures to show the advantages of the proposed topology. Furthermore, the single dc source operation with two stacked capacitors and closed-loop control of neutral-point voltage using symmetrical six-phase induction motor is proposed. The voltage-control algorithms for floating capacitors and dc-link stacked capacitors are proposed, which are independent of load power factor and modulation index. Open-loop V / f and closed-loop rotor field oriented control are performed, and various results at steady and transient states are presented to validate the aforementioned claims.

Decomposition-Based New Space Vector Modulation Algorithm for Three-Level Inverter with Various ADSVPWM Strategies

The three-level inverter is extensively preferred in medium-voltage industrial applications over the conventional inverter due to its benefits. The performance of inverter is better when the space vector modulation (SVM) approach is preferred. However, the implementation of conventional SVM approach is more complex. In this paper, a decomposition-based new SVM algorithm for three-level inverter is proposed to reduce computational complexity and implementation time using a low-cost digital controller. Initially, the performance of the proposed SVM algorithm is studied through MATLAB simulation using the conventional switching sequence 0127. Further enhancing the performance, the proposed algorithm is implemented with various advanced discontinuous SVPWM strategies using the advanced switching sequences of 1012–2721 and 0121–7212. The no-load motor current THD and switching loss analysis for ADSVPWM and conventional SVPWM strategies at different modulation indices are presented is this paper for a comparison point of view. The no load motor current THD results obtained through simulation are validated experimentally by implementing the proposed algorithm on real-time interface tool through dSPACE, which is used to control constant V/F-controlled three-level inverter-fed induction motor. Further to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique, the experimental investigation is done on induction motor at loaded condition and the results are presented.