Analysis Of Suicide Rates Research Articles

Analysis of suicide rates among Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) personnel: A decade of data

Analysis of suicide rates among Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) personnel: A decade of data

An analysis of suicide rates in Kerman province, the largest province in Iran, before and after COVID-19: (2017–2020)

This study aimed to investigate the suicide incidence rate in Kerman before and after the pandemic and the characteristics of suicides. During four years, 642 suicide occurred in Kerman province. The suicide rate of suicide has increased in 2020 compared to previous years. Suicide among females, singles, people with bachelor's degrees, students, governmental, non-governmental occupations, and people without a history of mental illness, and suicide history increased in 2020. Identifying individuals at risk is crucial in order to get exceptional support from the government and society during crises like COVID-19.

Suicide in Switzerland: why gun ownership can be deadly

There is a great deal of empirical evidence that owning a firearm increases the risk of dying from suicide. Most suicides are impulsive. Nearly 50% of survivors of suicide attempts report that they took less than 10 minutes between the decision to die and their suicide attempt. The great majority of these suicide survivors never make another attempt and die of natural causes. Because nearly 90% of firearm suicide attempts have a deadly outcome, gun owners are unlikely to have such a second chance. These impulsive suicide attempts are typically carried out with the means at hand. Swiss men have much higher firearm suicide rates than men in other European countries and this excess is likely to be due to their easy access to guns, because army conscripts have to keep their guns at home. When the number of conscripts was nearly halved in 2003/4 as a result of the Swiss Army Reform XXI, the number of army-issued firearms was reduced by an estimated 20%. An analysis of suicide rates before and after the reform indicated that male (but not female) suicide rates decreased by 8%, with no evidence of substitution with other means of suicide. If the army would require that the remaining half of conscripts had to keep their weapons at their barracks rather than at home, a further decrease in male suicide rates could be expected.

Age, period, cohort trends of suicide in Japan and Korea (1986–2015): A tale of two countries

Japan and South Korea have among the highest suicide rates in the world. However, the age, gender, and time trends in each country differ substantially. Age-Period-Cohort (APC) analysis of suicide rates was conducted to better understand these differences. Using age- and gender-specific data on suicide between 1986 and 2015 in Japan and Korea, we implemented APC analysis to decompose the country-specific trends into age, calendar period, and birth cohort effects. APC analysis revealed three trends: (1) there was a sharp increase in suicide around retirement age in Korea but not in Japan (age effect); (2) there was a dramatic increase in suicide during the three decades of observation in Korea (period effect) whereas rates were more stable in Japan; and (3) the post-War generation in Japan (including baby boomer) had lower rates of suicide compared to generations born before 1916 or after 1961 (birth cohort effect), whereas suicide rate has increased linearly in each generation in Korea. Although Japan & Korea share high suicide rates, our APC analysis suggests divergent causes underlying these trends. Japanese suicide rates plateaued among the cohorts who experienced the post-War rapid economic growth (women born in 1951-1956 and men born in 1916-1961) (birth cohort effect) due to a strong social safety net for this cohort, while suicide rates in Korea continue to rise with each generation and is particularly elevated in post-retirement age. Japan and Korea need to pay more attention to suicide prevention in more recent birth cohorts.

The ethno-cultural peculiarities of suicidal behavior in multinational Russia

IntroductionAccording to the data of 2015, suicide rate in Russia was 17.1 cases per 100,000 population. However, many aspects of the problem of suicidal behavior are not studied. This prevents the organization of the system of effective suicide prevention. In this regard, special attention deserves ethno-cultural factors, since they are essential to the moral and ethical attitude to the possibility of suicide and to potential willingness to formation of suicidal behavior.ObjectiveStudy of the rate of suicide among different nations of Russia.MethodsStatistical analysis of suicide rate in constituent entities of the Russian federation from 2010 to 2015.ResultsThe specificity of suicide situation in Russia is that suicide rates in different ethnic groups of the population has the distinction of reaching 21: from 2.8 per 100,000 in the Republic of North Ossetia to 59.7 per 100,000 in the Altai Republic. This is due to cultural peculiarities of different ethnic groups, including the historically established their relationship to suicide. Taking in consideration these factors were elaborated the differential programs for suicide prevention. That has allowed to lower suicidal rate in Russia in 1.4 times for the last 5 years. That indicates the possible beneficial effects of the ethno-cultural approach in suicide prevention strategies.ConclusionIn planning programs suicide prevention in multinational countries should take into account the ethno-cultural characteristics of the residing peoples.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Analysis of suicide rates in the Slovak Republic in the period 1993-2014

Analysis of suicide rates in the Slovak Republic in the period 1993-2014

Understanding Suicide: A Sociological Autopsy

Ever since Durkheim's seminal work, the sociology of suicide has tended to focus on the analysis of suicide rates. Some may even argue that a concern with rates is the defining feature of the sociological approach. But like any other behavior, each suicide occurs in a particular time and place and responds to concrete social conditions, such as the loss of a job or a conflict between spouses. The great advantage of Understanding Suicide is that it goes beyond mere rates to discuss the immediate social context in which suicide occurs. Language: en

2604 – The ethnocultural peculiarities of suicides in russia

Introduction According to the data of 2011, Russia is among the ten countries in the world with the highest suicide rate - 21.4 cases per 100 000 population. However, many aspects of the problem of suicide are not studied. This prevents the organization of the system of effective suicide prevention. In this regard special attention deserve ethnocultural factors, since they are essential to the moral and ethical attitude to the possibility of suicide and to potential willingness to formation of suicidal behavior. Objective Study of the rate of suicide among different nations of Russia. Methods Statistical analysis of suicide rate in the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2011. Results The specificity of suicide situation in Russia is that suicide rates in different ethnic groups of the population has the distinction of reaching 30: from 3 per 100,000 in the Republic of Dagestan to 89.8 per 100,000 in the Nenets Autonomous District. This is due to cultural peculiarities of different ethnic groups, including the historically established their relationship to suicide.Taking in consideration this factors were elaborated the differential programs for suicide prevention. That has allowed to lower suicidal rate in average in 1.5 times for the last 7 years. That indicates the possible beneficial effects of the ethnocultural approach in suicide prevention strategies. Conclusion In planning programs suicide prevention in multinational countries should take into account the ethnocultural characteristics of the residing peoples.

How Do Durkheimian Variables Impact Variation in National Suicide Rates When Proxies for Depression and Alcoholism are Controlled?*

Sociological research on Durkheim's theories of egoistic and anomic suicide has given Durkheim continued support more than a century after Durkheim published his work. Recent criticism by Breault (1994), though, argues that Durkheim's theories of suicide actually have not been empirically supported given the lack of psychological variables included in sociological research on suicide rates. Using proxy measures of depression and alcoholism, two known psychological variables to impact suicide, as well as classic Durkheimian variables, suicide rates in eight European countries from 1973–1997 were examined. Results indicate that Durkheim's theories of egoism and anomie, while not completely supported in statistical analysis of suicide rates, received moderate support. Results suggest the continued usefulness of Durkheim's work in aggregate analyses of suicide.

Changes in Scottish suicide rates during the Second World War

BackgroundIt is believed that total reported suicide rates tend to decrease during wartime. However, analysis of suicide rates during recent conflicts suggests a more complex picture, with increases in some age groups and changes in method choice. As few age and gender specific analyses of more distant conflicts have been conducted, it is not clear if these findings reflect a change in the epidemiology of suicide in wartime. Therefore, we examined suicide rates in Scotland before, during and after the Second World War to see if similar features were present.MethodsData on deaths in Scotland recorded as suicide during the period 1931 – 1952, and population estimates for each of these years, were obtained from the General Register Office for Scotland. Using computer spreadsheets, suicide rates by gender, age and method were calculated. Forward stepwise logistic regression was used to assess the effect of gender, war and year on suicide rates using SAS V8.2.ResultsThe all-age suicide rate among both men and women declined during the period studied. However, when this long-term decline is taken into account, the likelihood of suicide during the Second World War was higher than during both the pre-War and post-War periods. Suicide rates among men aged 15–24 years rose during the Second World War, peaking at 148 per million (41 deaths) during 1942 before declining to 39 per million (10 deaths) by 1945, while the rate among men aged 25–34 years reached 199 per million (43 deaths) during 1943 before falling to 66 per million (23 deaths) by 1946. This was accompanied by an increase in male suicides attributable to firearms and explosives during the War years which decreased following its conclusion.ConclusionAll age male and female suicide rates decreased in Scotland during World War II. However, once the general background decrease in suicide rates over the whole period is accounted for, the likelihood of suicide among the entire Scottish population during the Second World War was elevated. The overall decrease in suicide rates concealed large increases in younger male age groups during the War years, and an increase in male suicides recorded as due to the use of firearms. We conclude that the effects of war on younger people, reported in recent conflicts in Central Europe, were also seen in Scotland during the Second World War. The results support the findings of studies of recent conflicts which have found a heterogeneous picture with respect to age specific suicide rates during wartime.

Durkheim's scenography of suicide

Durkheim's classic study Suicide still has many surprises and mysteries over 100 years after it was written: why was the order of analysis reversed in this study? Why did Durkheim have recourse to theory? Why did the study require dramatizations of its 'individual forms'? This paper tries to answer these questions with reference to Durkheim's failure to find a link between the way individual suicides are committed and social causation. This simple and unexpected finding suggested to Durkheim that analysis of suicide rates was more complex than he had anticipated. Because he could not establish a continuous causal chain via the means employed to commit suicide, he looked elsewhere and claimed to have established it in the emotional character of the act itself. This led him to a highly speculative construction of a set of ideal typical scenographies of suicide to save his conception of expressive causation, rather than restructure his theory of suicide to meet the complexity he had found, and particularly his conclusion that 'the form of death chosen is ... something entirely foreign to the very nature of suicide'.

Age-period-cohort analysis of suicide rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1979?1998

Recent studies in Brazil have demonstrated that suicide rates have been rising over the last years. The objective of this study was to investigate trends in suicide from 1979 to 1998 in Rio de Janeiro State, with emphasis on age, period, and cohort effects. Age-specific suicide rates from 1979 to 1998 were estimated for males and females based on mortality data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System, and population counts from the 1980, 1991 and 2000 censuses. Poisson regression and graphical methods were used to evaluate age, period and cohort effects. Suicide rates increased steadily with age, particularly among males. In both males and females, age-adjusted suicide rates decreased until 1992. In 1993, rates started to rise. Cohort effects showed that younger generations had significantly lower rates of suicide than older ones. The recent rise in suicide rates might be a result of the increasing levels of firearm availability, drug use, and unemployment. Follow-up over longer periods and powerful epidemiological studies are needed to sustain the implication of socio-economic changes in the observed features.

The impact of media coverage of the suicide of a well-known Quebec reporter: the case of Gaëtan Girouard

Evidence of a media impact on suicide is mixed and needs further research. The main objective of this article is to document the effects of the media coverage following the suicide of a well-known and popular television reporter in Quebec, Canada. A content analysis of the printed media and an analysis of suicide rates during the following year, of coroners’ records and of calls to Suicide Prevention Centres during the following 3 months was conducted. Most guidelines for responsible reporting of a suicide were not applied. The results showed a rise in the suicides rates immediately after the reporter's suicide, especially by hanging as in the original case. A cluster of six suicides by hanging also took place in the small municipality where the reporter's suicide occurred. There was also an indication of direct influence in the coroners’ records and a rise in calls to Suicide Prevention Centres. This research indicates that the reporting of the suicide of a popular figure preceded an important rise in the number of suicides. A possible theoretical explanation is that a positive role model appeared to suddenly fail to cope with life, thus creating high distress and cognitive dissonance in the audience. The news media should apply more caution and follow recommended guidelines in reporting this type of news.

The effect of war on suicide rates. A study of France from 1826 to 1913.

An analysis of suicide rates in France from 1826 to 1913 indicated that suicide rates were lower during years of war than during years of peace. This effect was stronger for female suicide rates than for male suicide rates and seemed to hold both for major and minor wars.

Effect of using age-adjusted suicide rates on the results of time-series analyses of the suicide rate.

Using data from Motohashi, differences in results of time-series analyses of crude and age-adjusted suicide rates in Japan were observed.

Bias resulting from the choice of sample and results of cross-national analyses of suicide rates

Although many cross-national studies of suicide rates have appeared, no research has explored the extent to which the results of the study depend upon the choice of the sample. The present note explores the relationship between the quality of life and suicide rates using different criteria to choose a sample of nations. It was found that restricting the sample to European or industrialized nations gave different results to the use of a total sample or one chosen so as to sample randomly from all regions of the world.

A regional analysis of suicide: The USA vs Sri Lanka

A regional analysis of suicide rates in the districts of Sri Lanka was carried out, and the results compared to an earlier regional analysis of suicide rates in the states of the USA. Some common results were identified, such as the correlation between suicide rates and interregion migration and the birth rate which were positive in both countries. The importance of simultaneous study of two or more nations in identifying generalizable findings was stressed.

On the age-period-cohort analysis of suicide rates.

Cohort analysis has become a popular method of examining national trends in suicide rates. Most of the studies investigating this phenomenon have reported a cohort effect to be present. Using a graphical approach, this paper places cohort analysis within the broader framework of age-period-cohort analysis. It is shown that published reports may have failed to identify cohort effects due to using only portions of the available data. With a simple mathematical model it is demonstrated that what appears to be a cohort effect may be a period effect, and conversely. It is recommended that suicide rates be examined for both period and cohort effects before conclusions are drawn regarding trends, and that the complete data set be used for this purpose.

The impact of unemployment and familial integration on changing suicide rates in the U. S. A., 1920?1969

This study attempted to examine the Durkheimian notion of the variation in suicide rates by introducing a time series dimension instead of the cross-sectional method employed in most previous sociological investigations. The major theoretical thrust of this paper is that social solidarity is not constant, and that socio-economic and demographic forces will affect social solidarity which, in turn, will affect suicide rates. Based on time series data for the U. S. A. for the period 1920–1969, the relationships between suicide rates controlled for sex and race, and unemployment and the ratio of divorce to marriage were examined. The regression analysis produced the following significant findings: A further refinement of the analysis employed a separate regression analysis for the period 1920–1941 (pre WWII era) and 1946–1969 (post WWII era). This analysis supported the contention that there is a differentiation in sex roles with regard to suicide rates. Thus in the post WWII period whereas neither males nor females (white or non-white) were affected by changes in familial integration, males seemed to respond to economic hardships as measured by unemployment, while females did not. It was also noticed that unemployment lost some of its high predictive power in explaining variations in suicide rates after the war. It is evident that future research is necessary to identify socio-structural variables that can explain changes in female suicide rates. The operationalization of familial integration is a problem, because in different time periods marriage and divorce rates are related differently to suicide rates controlled for sex and race. This also suggests a new perspective for theorizing and data interpretation, namely that the changing socio-cultural connotations of divorce and marriage and unemployment must be considered as intervening variables in the time series analysis of suicide rates.

An Analysis of Suicide Rates among Occupational Categories

The correlation between the NORC prestige scale of 1947 with 1950 suicide rates is extremely low for thirty‐six specific occupations. The low correlation calls into question the findings of previous studies which employed gross occupational categories and impressionistic prestige rankings. The results indicate that client dependency and two multivariate models, status inconsistency and distributive justice, deserve further exploration in predicting suicide rates for occupations.