Analysis Of Social Inequalities Research Articles

United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10.2: Analysis of Social Inequality in Ghana

United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10.2: Analysis of Social Inequality in Ghana

Analysis of Social Inequality and Education Level in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to analyze social inequality and education levels in regencies and cities in South Sulawesi so that the development process can be improved and there is an equitable distribution of development. This type of research is survey research with quantitative data. The factors analyzed and influencing social inequality in this study are population growth, population density, level of education, and the number of workers. The findings show that the average socio-economic inequality in the high category includes Selayar regency, Bulukumba regency, Bantaeng regency, Takallar regency, Pangkep regency, Soppeng regency, Wajo regency, Sidrap regency, Bone regency, Barru regency, Enrekang regency, Tana Toraja regency, North Luwu regency, Luwu regency, East Luwu regency and Makassar city. Meanwhile, the average socio-economic inequality in the moderate category includes Jeneponto regency, Gowa regency, Maros regency, Sinjai regency, Pinrang regency, North Toraja regency, Pare-pare city, and Palopo city. The suggestions to be conveyed are to expand the study by adding several related variables and developing a Green Open Space (RTH) variable to see the environmental quality of each Regency and City in responding to climate change issues.

Inequality and diversity in sport - Developments and perspectives

Despite the steady increase in the number of people active in sport over the past decades, certain population groups are still underrepresented in sport and especially in sport clubs, e.g. people with a low level of education and income, with a migration background or disabilities. In view of the diverse functions attributed to sport involvement, such as health promotion, transmission of norms and values, and social integration, analyses of social inequalities with regard to sport participation are of particular relevance. The symposium organized by the Research Committee for the Sociology of Sport aims, on the one hand, to highlight current developments and relevant factors with regard to the participation of different population groups in sport and, on the other hand, to present possibilities in the sense of diversity management of how sport organizations can facilitate access to sport. This will provide a knowledge base on the question of how to reduce barriers to access in sport and ensure greater equality.
 The first two presentations highlight developments with regard to social differences in the sport behavior of the Swiss population. Bürgi and Lamprecht analyze the effects of the Covid 19 pandemic and Klostermann et al. examine historical changes in sport behavior. The two other contributions look at specific target groups and the importance of structural conditions. Klenk et al. focus on the social participation of children with cognitive impairment in inclusive school sport. Buser and Nagel show how inclusive measures for people with a migration background are structurally anchored in soccer clubs.

СОЦІАЛЬНА НЕРІВНІСТЬ ЯК СФЕРА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ НАУКИ

In the article, the author proposed a scientifically based view on the establishment of a relationship between the study of social inequality and the problems studied and solved by financial science, identified the points of intersection of spheres and outlined the directions of practical application of financial science in order to reduce the impact of the negative consequences of social inequality. Transformations in the socio-economic plane, changes in paradigms and priorities of state policies regarding the formation of leading positions, namely the concepts of personal and social development, knowledge economy, human capital, population welfare and the importance of inclusive processes in the market economy, determine the importance of monitoring the changes taking place in the approaches to the examination and study of social inequality, as one of the broadest manifestations of the stratified division of society. It is emphasized that the analysis of economic relations in the formation of the phenomenon of social inequality in general, without detailing the directions of economic implementation, does not fully reveal the specifics of financial science and financial relations formed in society. Attention is focused on the fact that in the conditions of a market economy, the formation of income occurs through the creation and distribution of GDP, which can be researched and analyzed precisely through the prism of financial science. It is substantiated that the study and analysis of social inequality, in terms of economic dominants, enables the consideration of financial relations that are formed and implemented in the studied society. Significant differences in the possibilities of access to certain benefits and social inequality signal the low efficiency of the functioning of the mechanisms for ensuring social development and social security of the population, which directly depends on the financial situation and system formed in the state and society, on the methods of financial interaction between participants, that is, it is included in the scope of financial science research.

Inequality in Peruvian neonatal mortality generated by poverty and education, 2011-2019.

This study aimed to analyze inequality in the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) between departments in Peru, generated by poverty and education, in the years 2011 and 2019. Ecological study based on the analysis of social inequalities in health, recommended by the World Health Organization. The health indicator was the NMR. Poverty, measured as the existence of at least one unmet basic need per department, and education, average years of study of women of childbearing age per department, were selected to stratify equity. We calculated the absolute inequality gap (AG), the relative inequality gap (RG) and the health concentration index (HCI). A higher NMR was found in departments with greater poverty and less education. In the NMR generated by poverty, the AG decreased from 8.13 to 2.24 between 2011-2019 and the RG from 2.08 to 1.31. The AG of the NMR according to education dropped from 4.50 to 2.31 and the RG from 1.62 to 1.28. The HCI registered values close to zero and with a decreasing trend; in 2019 it was 0.07 for poverty and 0.06 for education. There is inequality in neonatal mortality between departments in Peru according to poverty and education, which decreased between 2011 and 2019 mainly in the poor or less educated population. The Ministry of Health should continue to reduce neonatal mortality by promoting interventions with a greater population focus.

Residential Segregation and Living Conditions. An Analysis of Social Inequalities in Catalonia from Four Spatial Perspectives

Spatial inequalities in living conditions have traditionally been attributed to geographical location, the opposition between urban and rural settings or the size of settlements. Accordingly, the geographical literature has used these oppositions to explain not only differences in access to education, work and services but also diversity of lifestyles, beliefs and even political attitudes. In recent decades, however, urban areas have extended their scope, urbanization has become more dispersed, territories have become more interdependent and spatial hierarchies have tended to weaken. At the same time, social inequalities have become more marked, as manifested spatially by residential segregation. This article puts forward the thesis that residential segregation constitutes a considerably better explanatory factor currently for the elucidation of social inequalities and differences in living conditions in regional spaces than geographical location, the urban/rural divide or the size of settlements. A set of key indicators in the population of residents in Catalonia (level of education, socio-economic position, risk of poverty, self-perceived health and life satisfaction) are therefore analyzed from various spatial perspectives to explore this argument and evaluate each indicator’s explanatory potential. The main results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the most striking spatial inequalities are associated with residential segregation.

The Evolution of Educational Expectations in Spain (2003-2018): An Analysis of Social Inequality Using PISA

This paper examines the educational expectations of the Spanish student body at the end of compulsory education. Using the 2003 and 2018 waves of PISA, I report a remarkable increase in the educational ambition of the Spanish student body. Two aspects are worth noting. Firstly, virtually all 15-years-old students expect to enroll in Upper Secondary Education by 2018. Secondly, Higher Vocational Education has become a very appealing alternative at tertiary level. Furthermore, significant inequalities have been documented in the configuration of educational expectations. However, inequality has been reduced in the expectations of enrolment in Upper Secondary and Tertiary Education due to the higher educational ambition among socioeconomically disadvantaged students. In turn, inequality has increased in the horizontal expectation of enrolment in the academic track in both levels because a larger share of socioeconomically disadvantaged students preferred the vocational track in 2018 (diversion thesis). Using counterfactual analysis, I have observed that this increase in horizontal inequality would have been larger had it not been for the change in the social structure between 2003 and 2018

Who Collects the Data? A Tale of Three Maps

Who makes maps and who gets mapped? Using a comparative reading of three maps, this case study introduces the idea that data may be useful, but they are not neutral. Rather, they represent the interests and goals of the groups and institutions that are doing the data collection. These interests and goals may be liberatory, discriminatory, or something in between. In all cases, we argue that an analysis of social inequality is essential to understanding the ethical impacts of data collection and use. To aid such analysis, we introduce a model of power out of sociology called the matrix of domination. This model helps us understand why collecting data is political, why not collecting data is also political, and what actions we can take to address unequal social relations using data science.

Round hole, square peg: a discourse analysis of social inequalities and the political legitimization of health technology in Norway

BackgroundAs research increasingly investigates the impacts of technological innovations in health on social inequalities, political discourse often promotes development and adoption, limiting an understanding of unintended consequences. This study aimed to investigate national public health policy discourse focusing on innovative health technology and social inequalities, from a Norwegian context.MethodsThe analysis relies on a perspective inspired by critical discourse analysis using central State documents typically influential in the lawmaking procedure.ResultsThe results and discussion focus on three major discourse strands: 1) ‘technologies discourse’ (types of technologies), 2) ‘responsibility discourse’ (who has responsibility for health and technology), 3) ‘legitimization discourse’ (how technologies are legitimized).ConclusionsResults suggest that despite an overt political imperative for reducing social inequalities, the Norwegian national discourse gives little attention to the potential for these innovations to unintentionally (re) produce social inequalities. Instead, it is characterized by neoliberal undertones, individualizing and commercializing public health and promoting pro-innovation ideology.

Što vrtić ima s tim? Pristup ranom i predškolskom odgoju i obrazovanju i reprodukcija društvenih nejednakosti u redovnom školovanju: analiza podataka PISA i TIMSS istraživanja

Numerous studies have pointed to the importance of early childhood education and care (ECEC) for the development of children’s cognitive skills and their preparation for school, with the ECEC effect generally being stronger for the children coming from the families of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Empirical analyses of social inequalities in access to education and school achievement in Croatia have been primarily focussed on the later stages of schooling, while the ECEC area remains unexplored. The aim of this paper was to establish patterns of association between ECEC attendance and the cognitive achievements of children aged 10 and 15 in Croatia. More specifically, using the data collected for Croatia within the several waves of the PISA and TIMSS studies (2009–2015), we examined whether there was a link between ECEC attendance and subsequent level of cognitive skills in mathematics, reading and natural sciences (general positive contribution), and whether this effect differed with respect to parents’ SES (compensatory effect). The analysis did not support the compensatory effect hypothesis, but in most cases a certain general contribution of long-term ECEC attendance to the cognitive achievements of pupils was found (ranging from one-fifth to one-tenth of the span of a single “level of proficiency” in TIMSS and PISA tests) which cannot be explained by parents’ education or profession, migration background, household composition or local environment features. Observed within the context of the Croatian ECEC system and huge inequalities found in the frequency and duration of children’s ECEC attendance in regards to parents’ SES, the paper additionally points to the mechanism of effective maintenance of education inequalities in Croatia, which may be reduced by further expansion of the ECEC system.

Measuring Socioeconomic Position From The Social Inequalities In Health Perspective?: The Case of Costa Rica

Introduction: Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) is central in the analysis of social inequalities in health (SIH). It requires the use of updated instruments, adapted to a particular conceptual framework, taking into account the local context and the population characteristics. This study aims to present and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different measurement of SEP used in Costa Rica for the analysis of health inequalities. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the existing instruments and methods used to characterize SEP in Costa Rica was carried out. Results: There is a great diversity of instruments used as proxies of SEP in Costa Rica, both at the individual, and at geographical level. These measures allow to capture specific dimensions of SEP potentially associated with different health outcomes. Being a latent concept, variables approaching SEP should refer to their specific conceptual framework, be adapted to the study design, and population’s characteristics (e.g. age), and should consider the study feasibility of data collection. Due to the variety and different conceptual frameworks behind each SEP variable, it is not possible to establish the existence of a gold standard. Conclusion: This review of the Costa Rican health inequalities literature regarding SEP instruments, can contribute to a better use of the existing tools. It will allow researchers to better evaluate the instruments that have been previously validated, their respective theoretical frameworks and limitations, to choose the most suitable proxy of SEP for the local context analyzed.

Enhancing Student Motivation in Secondary School Mathematics Courses: A Methodological Approach

In this paper, a teaching experience carried out within the framework of the subject of mathematics is presented. This subject is taught at several levels in secondary schools. In addition to some specific content related with mathematics (percentages, fractions, graphics, and bank interest), the methodology is designed in order to enhance the development of transversal skills (e.g., oral exposition, poster design and presentation, the analysis of social inequalities, etc.). Survey results based on the responses from over 110 students across four consecutive years, as well as the teacher’s self-assessment, indicate that the proposed methodology enhanced the students’ motivation and was helpful for developing mathematical content in a more pleasant way than in a conventional class based on a master class and problem-solving class.

Парадокс Истерлина и адаптация в России

In recent years the dynamic Easterlin Paradox has been confirmed for many European countries as well as for the USA: satisfaction does not depend on real income in the long run. In this paper we test this hypothesis for Russia, in particular we test two main mechanisms of the paradox: adaptation to changes in income and social comparison effect. In order to do that we specify two ARDL-type models and use the RLMS NRU HSE dataset for estimating their parameters. It is shown that there exists only the short run association between agents’ real income and satisfaction with their financial situation even though the dynamics of these two variables was very similar in the past 20 years. Moreover, authors confirm that satisfaction with income is of autoregressive nature itself and it tends to reach and maintain some constant level in the long run. Therefore, these results indicate in favor of the adaptation mechanism and hence the presence of the Easterlin Paradox in Russia even though the social comparison effect is statistically insignificant. The positive co-movement of the aggregate variables might be explained by the massive negative shocks during the 90s which brought down the income and satisfaction. These results are most applicable in the analysis of social inequality, social tension and instability rather than of the effects of economic growth itself.

The concept of the 'undeserving poor': pejorative stereotypes and worsening inequalities undermine welfare reform.

I support the current government’s attempts to reform the UK welfare system, which resembles a road to bankruptcy paved with good intentions. However, I take issue with unsympathetic narratives in the press mocking the supposedly undeserving poor, with ‘dole scrounger’ and ‘bogus asylum seeker’ caricatures firmly embedded in the national psyche. Pejorative stereotyping masks what really matters — worsening inequalities, and how politicians are actively complicit in this process. The number of poor children has risen recently,1 yet two-thirds are from working households.2 Over-represented among them are the children of migrant workers,2 whose parents are often on the minimum wage or zero hours contracts, and experiencing hardship and poor health.3 Meanwhile, what remains of the indigenous working class is disenfranchised, with employers opting instead for the migrants. Youth unemployment continues to rise,4 challenging the wisdom of making older people work longer.5 Analysis of social inequality has historically compared …

Analysis of social inequalities in health through an integrated measure of perceived and experienced health in Spanish and Portuguese adolescents

This article compares the self reported health of a sample of 9854 Spanish and Portuguese adolescents aged 11-15 years using an integrated measure of health, which takes account of positive and negative factors that affect overall feelings of health and wellbeing. This improved measure supports the emergence of health agendas that aim to make wellbeing improvements in populations through a combination of both the promotion of positive protective factors and the need to deal with those risk factors that inhibit individuals, communities and populations to attain good health.

Integrating Space and Mobilities into the Analysis of Social Inequality

Although there is an observable increase in socio-economic polarizations within most (Western) countries, the debate on social inequalities has lost its former central position within sociology. Against the background of current political and economic changes as well as technological developments, which appear to re-structure social relations, traditional approaches to social class, social mobility and social inequality show less and less analytical and interpretative power. This paper seeks to contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms through which social inequalities are being continuously reproduced. I suggest a synthetic approach which understands social inequality as multidimensional and relationally constituted within different social spaces. For this purpose, Bourdieu's approach to relational social inequalities represents a fruitful point of departure but also contains several shortcomings. Therefore, I propose an extension by Shepphard's concept of positionalities as the relationally defined places of actors within these spaces. Furthermore, I elaborate on the relational character of the socio-spatial world by drawing on the mobilities paradigm. The establishment and sustaining of social relations, which constitute spaces through material practice, rest to a large extent on mobilities allowing or denying access to the spatialities of resources, activities and goods. Understood in a broader sense encompassing potential, virtual and physical movement of goods, symbols and people, mobilities thus constitute a significant stratifying force through which unequal life chances are being continuously reproduced. The suggested integration of so far largely unconnected strands in social theory is seen as a fruitful frame for further research of the reproduction of social inequalities and their impacts on people's lives. A corresponding research agenda is at the end of the paper.

Racial health inequalities in the USA: The role of social class

Racial health inequalities in the USA: The role of social class

Le revenu équivalent-santé, un outil pour l'analyse des inégalités sociales de santé

This paper argues that the analysis of social inequalities in health should be part of the general analysis of inequalities in living standards. An index of living standards is proposed, namely, healthy-equivalent income, which takes account of individual preferences about the relative importance of health among other dimensions. As it is shown, the criterion which evaluates social situations by looking at the distribution of healthy-equivalent incomes, giving priority to the worst-off in this distribution, is the only one that satisfies basic conditions of efficiency and equity. This approach is compared to related empirical approaches (cost-benefit analysis, health concentration curve). It is argued that the correlation between health and income (or socio-economic status) does deteriorate the distribution of healthy-equivalent incomes, but does not deserve the excessive amount of attention devoted to it in social epidemiology because it is only a component of inequalities in living standards. More specifically, improving the situation of the worst-off in terms of healthy-equivalent income should be adopted as the objective of health public policies, instead of reducing this correlation, which is not a defensible objective.

Social inequalities in mortality in a retrospective cohort of civil servants in Barcelona.

The objective of this study is to describe the inequalities in mortality by occupational category and sex in a retrospective cohort of civil servants working in the city council of Barcelona (Spain). The cohort was followed for the period 1984-1993. There were 11 647 men and 9001 women. Age-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of death for occupational categories and manual versus non-manual groups and 95% CI were derived from Cox proportional hazards models. For total deaths in males, compared with high-level professionals, auxiliary workers (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.96-1.77), skilled manual workers (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.95-1.77), unskilled manual workers (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.07-1.98) and police and fire manual workers (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.08-1.87) had higher risk of death. Among women, for all causes of mortality, only police manual workers had higher mortality (HR = 5.63, 95% CI: 1.89-16.7) whereas auxiliary workers had the lowest HR (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.25-1.05). The HR comparing manual and non-manual categories for all causes of death was 1.29 for males (95% CI: 1.09-1.52) and 1.07 for females (95% CI: 0.77-1.49). Among males, whereas manual workers had lower cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.63-1.15), cancer mortality was higher in the manual category. No association between manual category and mortality was found among women. This study provides an analysis of social inequalities in mortality in a cohort from a Southern European urban area.

Monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and violence: geocoding and choice of area-based socioeconomic measures--the public health disparities geocoding project (US).

To determine which area-based socioeconomic measures, at which level of geography, are suitable for monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), tuberculosis (TB), and violence in the United States. Cross-sectional analysis of public health surveillance data, geocoded and linked to area-based socioeconomic measures generated from 1990 census tract, block group, and ZIP Code data. We included all incident cases among residents of either Massachusetts (MA; 1990 population = 6016425) or Rhode Island (RI; 1990 population = 1003464) for: STIs (MA: 1994-1998, n = 26535 chlamydia, 7464 gonorrhea, 2619 syphilis; RI: 1994-1996, n = 4473 chlamydia, 1256 gonorrhea, 305 syphilis); TB (MA: 1993-1998, n = 1793; RI: 1985-1994, n = 576), and non-fatal weapons related injuries (MA: 1995-1997, n = 6628). Analyses indicated that: (a). block group and tract socioeconomic measures performed similarly within and across both states, with results more variable for the ZIP Code level measures; (b). measures of economic deprivation consistently detected the steepest socioeconomic gradients, considered across all outcomes (incidence rate ratios on the order of 10 or higher for syphilis, gonorrhea, and non-fatal intentional weapons-related injuries, and 7 or higher for chlamydia and TB); and (c). results were similar for categories generated by quintiles and by a priori categorical cut-points. Supplementing U.S. public health surveillance systems with census tract or block group area-based socioeconomic measures of economic deprivation could greatly enhance monitoring and analysis of social inequalities in health in the United States.