Proximate Composition Analysis Research Articles

Nutrient Composition of Different Cooked and Raw Pangasius Meat and their Analysis of Proximate, Fatty Acid and Mineral Composition

Nutrient Composition of Different Cooked and Raw Pangasius Meat and their Analysis of Proximate, Fatty Acid and Mineral Composition

Visual assessment, proximate composition and cost analysis of three differently processed discarded vegetable-bovine blood-rumen content mixtures

With increased search for least-cost alternative feed resource in animal production, this study was conducted to determine the visual properties, chemical composition and cost analysis of three differently processed discarded vegetable-bovine blood-rumen content mixture as potential alternative feed resource. These mixtures were obtained by mixing whole bovine blood, discarded vegetable and rumen content at ratio 1:1:1 under different processing methods. The processed mixtures obtained were in three categories: discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (D1), discarded vegetable-ensiled bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (D2) and discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-ensiled rumen digesta (D3). The mixtures were cooked and sun-dried to constant moisture content and thereafter were subjected to particle size reduction. Chemical composition of the products indicated a good potential nutritional quality with metabolizable energy and crude protein contents ranging from 9.66 to 10.49 MJ/kg and 40.79 to 50.21, respectively. Crude fibre concentrations were relatively low (8.39-13.14) for most of the products compared to conventional protein sources. Visual assessment of processed mixtures revealed D1 to be brownish in colour while D2 and D3 tend towards grey. In terms of odour, all three test mixtures were strongly pungent. Processed mixture D1 had an intermediate texture (it was neither finely ground nor coarse) where D2 and D3 had a finely ground texture. Cost analysis revealed a lower production cost for the three processed mixtures indicating its adequacy to replace soybean and other plant and animal protein sources in terms of their cost/kg inclusion in diet. Processed mixtures can serve as suitable replacements for soybean meal in terms of chemical constituents and reduced cost/kg feed for animal.

Nutritional Composition and Sensory Quality Evaluation of Injera Prepared from Supplementation of Bread Wheat and Tef Flours

The increased price of tef, makes tef injera unaffordable for low income households that depend on it as a daily staple food despite tef ’s excellent amino acid composition, lysine levels higher than wheat or barley, as very high calcium, phosphorous, iron, copper, aluminum, barium, and thiamine thus there should be a study which fills the gap to optimize the blending of tef with other crops while ensuring nutritional quality, sensory acceptability and cost feasibility to be popularized and consumed. Injera made from whole wheat tef blend can be an important vehicle for conveying nutrition to pregnant women, young females in areas where there is less tendency of consuming wheat and teff blended injera. Red tef grain (Asgori), white teff grain (Quncho) was obtained from DZARC and bread wheat variatty (kingbird) was collected from Kulumsa Agricultural Research center. Proximate composition, mineral and sensory analysis of 100% tef, 100% wheat and wheat tef blend (10 to 50% wheat added to tef) were carried out. 30% wheat: 70% tef blended injera proves to be acceptable with respect to 100% tef injera and it has shown nutritional quality higher value for both iron and zinc content compared to 10% wheat, 20% wheat, 40% wheat and 50% wheat blended tef injera. Thus, 30% wheat and 70% tef blended injera has shown similar sensory quality with respect to overall acceptability to 100% tef injera and it is also economical important to substitute 30% of tef flour with 70% wheat flour in injera preparation.

Formulation and Characterization of Calcium-Fortified Jelly and Its Proximate Composition and Sensory Analysis.

Calcium is a dynamic mineral. Recent discoveries designate that low intake of calcium generates deficiencies and path to other diseases. Food fortification could play a key role to overcome this problem. To cope with this deficiency problem, jellies were formulated with food-grade calcium salts and chicken eggshell powder. In the present study, three different concentrations of calcium salts, as well as eggshell powder were used to formulate jellies. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that the two jelly products (A&D) in the current study were suitable for consumers. Results of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer revealed Jelly A and jelly D had 151±0.05 ppm and 133±0.06 ppm calcium concentration, respectively. Proximate analysis of Jelly A showed that it has 6.0±0.01% ash, 9.2±0.1% moisture, 0.4±0.01 g crude protein, 82.79±0.001 g crude fiber, and 0.61±0.001 g crude fat, while the jelly D that was made with chicken eggshell powder exhibited 6.0±0.01% ash, 10.1±0.1% moisture, 0.5±0.01 g protein, 84.54±0.01 g crude fiber and 1.61±0.01 g crude fat. Therefore, these two jelly A & D were greatly appreciated among other attributes. In spite of naturally available calcium-rich sources, calcium-fortified jellies can be consumed by individuals who are incapable to take sufficient calcium from their diet.

Proximate composition analysis of trash fish from the selected landing sites of Jaffna district, Sri Lanka

Marine coastal fishery often yields a considerable portion of the non-target species and by-catch as trash fish in total catch. Generally, it consists of edible and inedible fish species, which are unacceptable for human consumption usually discarded as waste. However, it has significant potential to use as animal feed. The current study was intended to determine the proximate composition of abundant trash fish in selected landing sites of Jaffna peninsula from November 2018 to March 2019. Crude protein, fat, ash and moisture content were analyzed in trash fish samples. Eight dominant trash fish species such as Trichiurus lepturus, Carangoides talamparoides, Arius caelatus, Hilsa kelee, Pellona ditchela, Dussumieria acuta, Aurigequula fasciata, and Leiognathus splendens were subjected to proximate analysis. Among the selected trash fish species Carangoides talamparoides has highest protein value (18.68%), Hilsa kelee consisted highest fat content (12.62%), Ash value (2.33%) is highest in Aurigequula fasciata and moisture content (80.32%) was high in Arius caelatus. The present study revealed the rich nutritive values of the locally available resources that were presently being wasted, has the potential to use as a nutrient ingredient for artificial feed formulation in livestock farming. It could be concluded that the converting of trash fish into wealth (livestock feed) as an opportunity of adding value to the fish by-product.

Formulation and Nutritional Evaluation of a Nutraceutical with Antioxidant Activity Developed for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Antioxidants are critical for maintaining optimum health and wellbeing and they protect the body against the development of diseases caused by oxidative stress. Nutraceuticals are foods or part of food that have medical benefit. The present study formulated and nutritionally evaluated an antioxidant rich nutraceutical. Materials/Methods: Nutritional analysis of proximate composition, amino acids and fatty acids profile, antioxidants vitamins and minerals were determined using standard methods. Tomatoes, ginger, garlic, onion, watermelon seed, lemon juice and palm oil were used to formulate the nutraceutical. Results: Proximate composition analysis

Seed Quality Status of Rice Varieties Based on Physical Properties, Seed Health and Proximate Composition

In the present study, seed quality status of fifteen rice varieties were evaluated for physical properties, health status and proximate composition. Physical properties like moisture content, seed purity, germination and vigor index varied between 11.77-14.67%, 96.08-98.93%, 96.50 to 99.00% and 1972.74 to 2639.76, respectively. The shoot length and root length of seedlings were from 8.93 cm to 12.99 cm and 10.89 cm to 14.22 cm, respectively. Seed health was determined by blotter test method. Five seed-borne fungi were detected and the identified fungi were Bipolaris oryzae (1.00-8.50%.), Fusarium moniliforme (0.50-3.50%), Fusarium oxysporum (0.50-9.00%.), Curvularia lunata (0.00-7.50%) and Alternaria padwickii (0.00-4.00%). Proximate composition analysis assessment was done using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. The dry matter, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate were between 92.52- 93.77%, 2.39-6.70%, 8.65-14.27%, 6.51-9.13%, 1.23-1.97% and 62.84-71.06%, respectively.

Chemical composition of snail meat species (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) in Odeda Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria

The cost of procuring meat as an animal protein source in Nigeria is on the increase. There is therefore the need to source for alternative cheap source of animal protein that can serve the populace the nutritive value needed in the body system. The study was carried out to assess the proximate composition and mineral analysis of the two species of snail meat (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) in Odeda Local Government Area of Ogun State Nigeria. The result revealed that snail meat (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) were found to contain; 0.16g/100g and 0.18g/100g of Crude fibre, 1.43g/100g and 0.79g/100g of Ash content, 1.53g/100g and 0.88g/100g of Ether extract, 22.75g/100g and 11.92g/100g of Crude Protein, 0.09g/100g and 0.19g/100g of NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract), 74.06g/100g and 86.1g/100g of moisture content respectively while the mineral content of snail meat (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) was found to be 1.216mg/g and 1.343mg/g of Phosphorus, 0.426mg/g and 0.438mg/g of Magnesium, 0.084mg/g and 0.093mg/g of Iron, 2.011mg/g and 2.046mg/g of Calcium, 1.934mg/g and 1.967mg/g of Potassium, 0.795mg/g and 1.000mg/g of Chlorine. The overall nutritional potential of the two species was quite good. These results show that these species of snail are highly nutritive. The findings were discussed in line with the importance and implication of the uses of edible land snail meat to man. It is therefore recommended that there is need to increase animal protein production in Nigeria and other developing countries of the world as a panacea to imminent problem of malnutrition.

Optimization of three anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria as feed to enhance growth, survival, and water quality in fairy shrimp (Streptocephalus sirindhornae) cultivation

The fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae has been commercially produced as a potential live feed to replace the use of brine shrimp in freshwater aquaculture. To determine an optimal diet for these fairy shrimp, the use of highly nutritious microorganisms that are relatively simple and cost effective to cultivate should be explored. In this study, the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and Rhodopseudomonas faecalis PA2 were assessed for fairy shrimp cultivation, and the effect of dried bacterial biomass is reported. Fairy shrimp fed R. faecalis PA2 showed the highest survival and growth performance in both larval and adult experiments. At the adult stage, the survival and growth of fairy shrimp fed R. faecalis PA2 were higher than those of the control, whereas those fed R. sphaeroides complete died at 12 days of age. Dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations in the treatments containing photosynthetic bacteria were acceptable. The effects of air-dried (without sunlight) R. faecalis PA2 (AD) and freeze-dried R. faecalis PA2 (FD) on fairy shrimp were investigated and compared with those of commercial dried Spirulina (SP), a bacterial suspension of R. faecalis PA2 (BS), and a control treatment. The maximum survival rate and growth performance were observed in fairy shrimp fed BS; meanwhile, those fed AD, FD, and the control had similar results, which included slightly lower survival than those fed the BS. Surprisingly, the SP treatment group had the lowest survival rate and DO concentration as well as the highest ammonia concentration. Analyses of proximate composition showed that the nutritional values of AD and FD, particularly in terms of their protein and carbohydrate contents, were favorable for aquatic feeds. Our results suggest that R. faecalis PA2 may be used as a new feed for fairy shrimp to enhance growth and survival with no effect on water quality. Although the fresh form was superior, the dry form is also a satisfactory option if storage time is a concern.

Proximate composition and GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of Solanum spirale Roxb.

Solanum spirale Roxb. is abundantly grown in eastern Himalayan regions. The shoot is used as a vegetable as well as medicine to control high blood pressure. The present study was carried out to profile the phytochemical compositions, mineral contents and proximate composition of the Solanum spirale shoot. GC-MS was used for the identification of phytochemicals and methods described in standard protocols were used to study minerals and proximate composition. A total of 40 phytochemicals were recorded from the ethanol extract. Mineral contents of the sample 0.115 (Fe), 0.07 (Mn), 0.015 (Cu), 0.040 (Zn), 2.25 (Mg), 3.08 (Na) and 16.7 (K) mg/g while proximate composition were 76.25± 0.093 % (moisture)3.82±0.26 % (Carbohydrate), 12.54±0.08% (Total ash), 0.39±0.98% (Crude protein), 6.12±1.07 % (Crude fibre), 0.37±0.07 % (Crude fat). (Z,Z)-6,9-Cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene occupied highest area percentage in TIC peak report with 24.55%, followed by Pentadecanoic acid with 18.81 percent, with Pentadecane with 9.99%, Hexadecanoicacid, Ethyl ester with 8.64%, (2E)(7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol with 7.75%. Useful phytocompounds related to health problems including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, hypocholesterolemic, increase zinc bioavailability, inhibit uric acid formation, antibacterial, anti-inflamatory, antioxidant etc. are major components and such findings advocate Solanum spirale as a nutraceutical herb.

Physicochemical properties and storage stability of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivated on single (sawdust) and mixed substrates (sawdust and oil palm fibre)

Oyster mushroom nutrientshave been rated side by side with proteinsin meat and eggs. Oyster mushroomsarehigh in vitamins and essential amino acids, but theircultivation is poor. Oil palm fibre is being used in making material strength in mechanical engineering with little or no use in the cultivation of food products. This study determined the physicochemical properties and storage stability of mushroomscultivated on single and mixed substrates (sawdust and oil palm fibre). Oil palm fibremixed with sawdust at different ratios (95:5, 90:10 and 85:15) was used to grow oyster mushroomsin other to turn waste to wealth. The oyster mushroomscultivated on both single and mixed substratesweresubjected to proximate composition analysis (22.99, 4.54, 6.93,and 6.98%, for crude protein, fat, fibre, and ash),mineral content (5.92 mg/100g for sodium and 25.76 mg/100g for potassium), amino acid profile (155.85 mg/g for a total essential amino acid), fatty acid profile (43.82% for linoleic acid), anti-nutritional factor, and storage stability for three months. The mushroomscultivated on the mixed substrate (oil palm fibre + sawdust) havea higher proximate composition, mineral content, amino acid profile,and fatty acid profiles than mushroomscultivated on a single substrate (sawdust). Although the peroxide value of the oyster mushroom samples from the mixed substrates increased with storage time, the peroxide value was lower than 10 meq/kg of fat throughout the storage period,which means the samples could still be considered stable during storage. Cultivation of oyster mushroomson mixed substrates of oil palm fibreand sawdust should be encouraged for highly nutritious oyster mushroom production. Oil palm fibre can also serve as a raw material in mushroom cultivation.

Proximate Composition, Phytochemical and Mineral Analysis of Cooked and Raw Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)

Aim: This work attempts to determine the bioactive agents’ groups probably responsible for the diverse growth characteristics and medicinal uses of (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Nigerian walnut.
 Methodology: The following analyses were carried out in the study proximate, phytochemical and mineral were analyzed.
 Results: The result for proximate analysis of the raw and cooked walnut seed extract contained the following parameters 42.57% and 40.91% moisture content, 20.54% and 23.03% protein, 4.51% and 4.27% Fat content, 7.26% and 7.05% crude fiber, 5.02% and 5.16% Ash content, 20.12% and 19.59% carbohydrate respectively. The phytochemical analysis results obtained revealed the presence of bioactive compounds containing 0.92 mg/100 g Tannin, 1.69 mg/100 g Saponin, 2.78 mg/100 g Flavonoid, 0.41 mg/100 g Alkaloid for cooked walnut while raw walnut contained 1.10 mg/100 g Tannin, 3.09 mg/100 g Oxalate, 2.63 mg/100 g Phytate, 3.43 mg/100 g Saponin, 3.19 mg/100 g Flavonoid and 1.34 mg/100 g Alkaloid. This study has shown the phytochemical, mineral and proximate compositions of boiled Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds.
 Conclusion: The study revealed that the boiled seeds contain concentrations of alkaloids and also contain moderate quantities of tannins. These bioactive compounds could be responsible for the reported medicinal properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds. This partly shows the use of this seed in herbal medicine.

Proximate, Antinutritional, Microbial, and Sensory Acceptability of Bread Formulated from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus).

Background Breads are made throughout the world. Bread can be prepared from cereal like wheat, maize, and rice. Nowadays, gluten intolerance, requirement of healthy, and nutritious products have increased and interests towards underutilized crops have also been increasing with the aim of improving global food security and to ease an adverse effect of climate changes. Amaranth is one of nutritionally balanced and naturally grown underutilized crops, but it is mainly considered weed in Africa including Ethiopia. Method The aim of the study is to develop bread from wheat and Amaranthus and to evaluate proximate composition, antinutritional, microbial, and sensory acceptability of bread. The experiment contained 100% wheat as control and four blending proportions (90% wheat and 10% amaranth, 80% wheat and 20% amaranth, 70% wheat and 30% amaranth, and 60% wheat and 40% amaranth). A complete randomized design is used for proximate composition, antinutritional, and microbial data analysis whereas a randomized complete block design with three replications was applied for sensory acceptability. SAS for windows version 9 was used for data analysis. Result The study revealed that moisture, protein, fat, fiber, and antinutritional content were increased as Amaranthus concentration is increased from 10% to 40%. However, carbohydrate, microbial load, and sensory acceptability were decreased. But the gross energy is constant. Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that beside the good nutritional profile of Amaranthus, it has antinutritional content which needs to limit the concentration of Amaranthus in blending with other grains during product development.

Analysis of Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Selected Edible Leaves: Nutritional and Therapeutic Implication

The present study was designed to document the nutritional and functional properties of Ceylon Spinach, Mustard as well as Pumpkin leaves. These samples were selected owing to their economic affordability and utilization within the local population. Proximate analysis revealed a significant percentage of minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamin C in all the leaf extracts. Phytochemical screening displayed Ceylon Spinach, Pumpkin and Mustard leaves to be rich sources of polyphenols (106.6, 76.24 and 89.86 mg/100 g) and alkaloids (12.8 %, 13.2 % and 16.8 %) respectively. Furthermore, these edible leaves could effectively scavenge 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radicals with Mustard leaves showing the greatest efficiency, hence portraying antioxidant properties. Ceylon Spinach leaves depicted the highest reducing power compared to the other samples. Additionally, the edible leaf extracts were shown to possess anti-bacterial abilities with Mustard leaves displaying the strongest inhibition against growth of both Gram positive (ZOI 18.5mm) and negative bacteria (ZOI 25.5mm). Interestingly, the selected samples could also elevate the growth of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro thereby confirming their prebiotic potential. Therefore, inclusion of these edible leaves in the diet may promote good health owing to their nutritional and therapeutic benefits.

Effect of Temperature on Moisture, Ash and Crude Fat Content in Etak (Corbicula fluminea)Tissue via Modified Oven Smoking Method

Etak salai is a popular traditional snack consumed by the people of Kelantan. Raw etak or scientifically known as Corbicula fluminea, a bivalve which is marinated using special ingredients and undergoes a smoking process before being sold as a local snack. However, some people are sceptical when it comes to the hygiene aspect in the preparation of etak salai. Previous studies have also proven the nutritional values of the smoked etak may be reduced during the smoking method process because carried out openly thus becoming suscepticle to microbial contaminations. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of temperature on moisture, ash and crude fat content of C. fluminea by using a modified oven. The present study focused on the moisture, ash and crude fat content in C. fluminea soft tissue that has undergone the smoking process using a modified oven method, with optimum temperature, air flow and time. Samples were collected from Pasir Mas and Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia. Then, the C. fluminea were subjected to proximate composition analysis according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists standard method (AOAC 2000). The results of smoked C. fluminea in Pasir Mas station shown the moisture (79.71%) and ash (3.70%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) at 75 ° C and 100 ° C, respectively. On the other hand, crude fat content (9.85%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 95 ° C in Tumpat station. In conclusion, the smoking method should be improved to ensure the quality and safety of smoked C. fluminea.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF GOLDEN LILY AND CHOKANAN MANGO (Mangifera indica) PEELS

Mango is one of the popular fruits in Malaysia and has been used in the jam, puree and drinks production. Production of food products using mango pulp has generated by-products such as peel and kernel. Disposal of these by-products will cause environmental pollution if not properly treated. Mango peel contains high nutritional composition and antioxidant properties and can be utilised as food ingredients. The objectives of this study are to determine the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of the peels of two selected mango varieties, namely Golden Lily and Chokanan. Analysis of proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) were carried out in this study. Results of the proximate analysis showed that the peels of both mango varieties were a good source of fibre, which were 14.45% for Golden Lily and 14.89% for Chokanan. The crude fat, crude protein, and total carbohydrate of Chokanan peel (2.62%, 4.67% and 57.74%, respectively) were higher than the Golden Lily peel (1.13%, 2.90% and 53.16%, respectively). Contrastingly, the moisture content of the Golden Lily peel (24.67%) was higher than the Chokanan peel (16.61%). Potassium was the main mineral found in both Golden Lily and Chokanan mango peels (8802.10 mg/kg and 8443.60 mg/kg, respectively). The total phenolic compounds in the peels of both mango varieties were not significantly different. The Chokanan peel contained a higher carotenoids content (35.26 μg/g) than the Golden Lily peel (15.03 μg/g). The ABTS value for Chokanan peel was higher (1406.00 μmol TE/g) than Golden Lily peel (1314.00 μmol TE/g). This study showed that Chokanan and Golden Lily mango peels have the potential to be utilised as ingredient in food products due to their high fibre content.

Comprehensive nutritional profiling and activity directed identification of lead antioxidant, antilithiatic agent from Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (family Fabaceae) is traditionally important pulse used for kidney stone degradation, cold,cough, asthma and in bronchial issues. It is well reported for the antilithiatic activity and nutritional profiling but no attempt has been made to find out the mechanism and nutrient responsible for the activity in its seed decoction. Therefore, lead high altitude variety responsible for the highest nutrient content and antilithiatic activity was selected for the study. Boiled spray dried extract (M1), lead fractionation (Spray dried residual water fraction: M2), and crude powder extract (M3) were nutritionally profiled using proximate composition analysis, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (minerals and trace elements), Ion exchange chromatography (carbohydrate analysis) and NMR spectroscopy (polar and non polar metabolite analysis). These extracts were also screened for the antilithiatic activity and found significantly important. M1 showed more activity than M3. Further, boiled extract was fractionated with different polarity of solvents (hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, residual water extract). All fractions and reference standard (cystone) were screened for the antilithiatic activity. M2 showed highest activity followed by ethyl acteate while hexane and chloroform did not show any activity in comparison to standards. Thus, lead fraction and market reference standard (cystone) were validated for the presence of nutritional components. Moreover, the selected nutritional components were individually and in combinations screened for the activity which revealed that kidney stone degradation was due to the synergetic action of components than the individual. The results clearly pave a way that Macrotyloma uniflorum is best for combating with malnutrition and kidney stone related problems.

Effect of germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) on chemical, amino acid and organoleptic properties of meat pate

Germinated cereal crops are widely used in the technology of meat products, as they contain a significant amount of vitamins, minerals and protein. This study presents the formulation and processing technology of meat pate with the addition of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ. Three treatments of 10, 15 and 20% of germinated wheat (GW) were prepared. Wheat sprouts were crushed and mixed for 6 minutes in a meat mixer together with broth, oat flour, and spices to obtain a smooth mass. This was mixed with minced meat and grinded on a cutter to obtain a more uniform finished paste that was dosed into lamister or tin containers, sterilized and stored for 2 years. This was followed by the determination of its proximate composition, water-binding capacity, and sensory analysis. Results show that the meat pate with 10% of GW in comparison with the control, contain more protein, is more nutritious with a lower fat content of 6.8% and a lower carbohydrate content of 11.3%. The results of organoleptic evaluation showed that the highest average score was for the meat pate with a recipe that contains 10% of germinated wheat, and the lowest was for the meat pate containing 20% of germinated wheat. Meat pate containing 10% of germinated wheat has a higher water-holding capacity and the optimal pH value. This study suggests that wheat can be used in appropriate formulation to improve the organoleptic quality of meat pate.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Heat Source Plantain Roaster

The increasing demand for roasted plantain has brought about recent interest to upgrade the local method of roasting to be more user-friendly, hygienic and versatile. The objective of this work was to design, fabricate and evaluate the performance of a low cost and affordable multi-heat source plantain roaster and to determine the effects of different heat sources (charcoal, gas and electricity) on the proximate and micronutrients composition of the roasted plantain. Heat supplied to each compartment and medium of transfer was determined. The roasted products from different heat sources were evaluated for moisture, crude protein, ash, crude fat, crude fibre and total carbohydrate contents of the samples. Potassium, magnesium and vitamin B6 were also determined. The proximate and micronutrient composition analyses were carried out. The results show that the average capacity and efficiency of the machine is 3.74 kg/h and 96.32% respectively. Moisture content of the fresh plantain is 58.27% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 46.26%, 45.94% and 39.59% respectively. Ash content of fresh plantain is 5.89% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 7.45%, 8.30% and 7.00% respectively. Crude fibre content of fresh plantain is 2.83% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 3.27%, 3.41% and 3.43% respectively. Carbohydrate content of fresh plantain is 23.80% while that of roasted plantain using gas, electricity and charcoal are 33.41%, 32.35% and 43.02% respectively.&#x0D; Keywords: Machine design, plantain, moisture content, micronutrient analysis, heat source, roasting

Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Edible Seaweeds

ABSTRACT The present study was evaluated for the proximate composition (moisture, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid contents) of two seaweeds Gracilaria corticata (Rhodophyceaen) and Halimeda opuntia (Chlorophycean). Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU (small subunit) rRNA ascertained their molecular identification. The results showed that the carbohydrate (5.72 ± 0.05 g/100 g), protein (42.38 ± 0.08 g/100 g), and total lipids (10.09 ± 0.06 g/100 g) are elevated in G. corticata when compared to H. opuntia. H. opuntia had a protein content of 3.51 ± 0.072 g/100 g and higher moisture content (95 ± 0.45 g/100 g). The methanolic extracts of G. corticata and H. opuntia were used to examine the antioxidants (viz. TPC, TFC, DPPH, and FRAP) and antidiabetic (α-glucosidase) properties. The antioxidant results of the methanolic extract of G.corticata exhibited a higher amount of phenolic compounds (13.37 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g dry wt.) compared to H. opuntia. But in the case of flavonoids, H.opuntia contained a slightly higher amount of quercetin equivalent 9.56 ± 0.26 mg/g dry wt. In FRAP, H.opuntia showed an elevated level (62.02 mg TE/g dry wt). DPPH scavenging activity in the seaweed extracts were recorded in the following order: H.opuntia and G.corticata. The amino acid content of H.opuntia was 0.097 ± 0.56 (mg/g) and 0.086 ± 0.42 (mg/g) was recorded in G.corticata.