Production Function Analysis Research Articles

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA KAMBUHAPANG KECAMATAN LEWA KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the production of lowland rice farming in Kambuhapang Village, Lewa District, East Sumba Regency. The method of determining the research area was carried out by purposive sampling, which was determined deliberately, namely in Kambuhapang Village, Lewa District, East Sumba Regency, with the consideration that Kambuhapang Village is one of the areas with the majority of the population working as lowland rice farmers, and being one of the centers for lowland rice plants in Lewa District. The number of samples in this study were 82 farmers. This research uses Multiple Linear Regression analysis and Cobb-douglass production function analysis. The results of this study indicate that partially (respectively) land area, and urea fertilizer have a significant effect on the amount of lowland rice production. Meanwhile, seeds, NPK fertilizers, liquid fertilizers, pesticides, and labor did not significantly affect the amount of lowland rice production. Simultaneously (together) land area, seeds, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, liquid fertilizer, pesticides, and labor have a significant effect on the amount of lowland rice production .

How the Banana Farmers are Efficient? An Evidence from the Tiruchirappalli District of Tamil Nadu

Aims: The main aim of this study is to assess the resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production and to determine factors that influence the technical efficiency of banana production in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out using the primary data from the sample banana farmers of Tiruchirappalli district from April 2022 – May 2022.
 Methodology: The Cobb Douglas production function and Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to find resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production in the study area.
 Results: The results shows that organic manure, chemical fertilizer, and micronutrient were significant resources. An increase in the usage of these resources will increase the yield, and the other resources which are not significant should be appropriately used to increase the yield. The mean technical efficiency of banana farmers in the Tiruchirappalli district is around seventy per cent, which shows that thirty per cent of farmers were not technically sound.
 Conclusion: The finding of the study reveals that the good quality suckers and appropriate chemical fertilizers should be incorporated to increase production and productivity. Government should concentrate on extension activities by properly disseminating information to farmers, such as correct production technologies and the required quantities of inputs used, and create awareness about the availability of good quality suckers in the formal institutions.

Analisis Efisiensi Faktor-Faktor Produksi Usahatani Jeruk Keprok Terigas di Kecamatan Tebas Kabupaten Sambas

The main purpose of this research is to find the production factors that influenced Terigas Citrus Farming Production and its efficiency. The research is conducted in Tebas district, which known as one of Terigas Citrus production center. We use survey method with 30 samples Terigas citrus farmers. This study uses the analysis of the Cobb-Douglass production function, the data is processed using the SPSS version 17 program and the analysis of the efficiency of the factors of production is done by comparing the value of the marginal product (NPM) to the average price of the factors of production (Px).The results showed that the use of production factors farming Citrus Terigas in the form of land, labor in the family, outside of family labor, urea, NPK, TSP fertilizer, organic fertilizer, herbicides and insecticides simultaneously affect to the production of Terigas citrus farming. Production factors of land and insecticides are partially significant affected the production of Tangerines Terigas. While labor in the family, outside of family labor, urea, NPK, TSP fertilizer, organic fertilizer and herbicides have no significant effect on the production of Terigas Citrus. The use of production factors farming citrus Terigas in District Tebas Sambas Regency in the form of land, labor in the family, outside of family labor, urea, NPK fertilizer, organic fertilizer, herbicide use yet efficient means of production factors that need to be added, while fertilizer TSP and insecticide use is inefficient means the use of production factors TSP fertilizer and insecticides should be reduced

Future unbalanced-trends of grain supply and demand on the Tibetan Plateau

Forecasting the relation between grain supply and demand can help prevent potential food risk and realize sustainable agriculture development on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is an ecological security barrier for China. However, the patterns of future grain self-sufficiency at the county scale on the TP under different scenarios have been little analyzed. Using combining forecasts, production function, and scenario analysis, we evaluated the grain self-sufficiency ratios (SSRs) (i.e., the ratio of grain production to demand) of the staple, total, and balanced dietary grains on the TP at the county scale in 2030 and 2050. Our results showed that the staple grain on the TP will be sufficient with more than 150% SSR on average, but the supply will not meet the demands of both total grain (including staple and feed grain) and balanced dietary grain. Extreme disasters will increase the proportion of non-self-sufficient counties by 11%–16% compared with the base scenario, especially in southern Tibet. The positive effects of climate change will be low, but they can slow down the decline of SSRs in some counties in Sichuan Province and southern Tibet. In the future, the counties with better self-sufficiency will be mainly distributed in agricultural areas with high grain production, such as the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin in southern Tibet. Moreover, most counties in pastoral regions in the central TP and counties with greater population growth will not be self-sufficient. Our results provide important policy implications for agricultural layout and ecological security on the TP, such as the integrated development of agriculture and animal husbandry, increased concern about food risks in urban cities and agroecology, and the establishment of agricultural monitoring networks.

Technical efficiency and profitability of small holder natural rubber production in southern Nigeria

The study measured the technical efficiency and profitability of small holder natural rubber production in southern Nigeria by examining the socio-economic characteristics of respondents, the profitability of latex production and technical efficiency. Multi-stage, purposive and random sampling techniques were employed in the collection of primary data from 300 respondents. Descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function were used to analyse the data collected. Results indicated that respondents were educated, married (76%) with a mean family size of seven people and well experienced mean farming experience of 19 years. Latex production was a profitable venture with an average variable cost per ha of 55,700.94 with total revenue (T.R.) and gross margin (G.M.) per hectare 163,594.17 and 107,893.23, respectively. Furthermore, the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed the number of trees per task, labour, farm size and age of plantation, clone, wage and fixed cost items were significantly related to rubber latex. The mean technical efficiency (T.E.) of the respondents was 0.84. Education, extension contact and experience were the significant factors that increased the technical efficiency of the respondents. The resuscitation of extension activities of A.D.P.s in the rubber growing states of the country through adequate funding by the government to improve the efficiencies of farmers, use of improved planting materials during replanting old plantations and the formation of cooperative societies by farmers to enhance access to production credit amongst others are recommended in the study.

Pengaruh Faktor Produksi Terhadap Produksi dan Pendapatan Usahatani Bawang Merah di Kecamatan Simpang Tiga Kabupaten Pidie

This study aims to determine the effect of production factors of land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and labor on shallot production in Simpang Tiga District, Pidie District and to determine the effect of production costs on onion farming income in Simpang Tiga District, Pidie District. The sampling technique was carried out by simple random sampling, totaling 36 respondents. The analytical technique used in this research is the Cobb-Douglass production function analysis method and multiple linear regression analysis. Production factors that do not affect the production of shallots are (X1) land area, (X4) pesticides and (X5) labor. While the influential ones are (X2) seeds, and (X3) fertilizers. Variable area of land that is accepted Ho means it has no effect on production where t-count t-table (0.839 2.042). The seed variable, namely accept Ha, means that it has a significant effect on the production of shallots where t-count t-table (3.564 2.024). The fertilizer variable, namely accept Ha, means that it has a significant effect on the production of shallots where t-count t-table (2.189 2.042). The pesticide variable, namely accept Ho, means that it does not affect the production of shallots where t-count t-table (-0.365 2.042). The labor variable, namely accepting Ho, means that it does not affect the production of shallots where t-count t-table (0.653 2.042). The results of the analysis of the cost of production factors on farm income are those that have no effect on onion farming income, namely (X1) land costs, (X3) fertilizer costs, (X4) pesticides costs, and (X5) labor costs. While the influential is (X2) the cost of seeds. The land cost variable, namely accept Ho, means that it has no effect on onion income where t-count t-table (0.974 2.042). The variable cost of seeds, namely receive Ha, means that it has a significant effect on onion income where t-count t-table (2.899 2.024). The fertilizer cost variable, namely receiving Ho, means that it has no effect on onion income, where t-count t-table (0.425 2.042). The pesticide cost variable, namely accepting Ho, means that it has no effect on onion income where t-count t-table (- 1.442 2.042). The variable of labor costs, namely accept Ho, means that it has no effect on onion income where t-count t-table (0.639 2.042).

Income and Efficiency Analysis of Maize Farming in Pringgabaya District East Lombok Regency

East Lombok Regency is one of the maize development areas in NTB Province, however, maize productivity in that area is still relatively low due to the inefficient use of production inputs.The aims of this research are to; 1) analyze the income of corn farming in Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency; 2) analyze the factors that influence corn production in Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency; 3) analyze the level of economic efficiency in the use of production factors in corn farming in Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency. The research method used is descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The location of the research was carried out in Bagek Papan Village and Pringgabaya Village, Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency. Respondents in this study were farmers who cultivate corn in paddy fields as many as 30 respondent farmers. Data collection techniques used in this study are survey and interview techniques. Analysis of the data used in corn farming is farm income analysis, Cobb-Douglass production function analysis and efficiency analysis of production factors. The results showed that the income of farmers obtained from corn farming in Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency in 2021 was IDR 11,671,745 per arable area or IDR 15,559,705 per hectare. The factors that affect production that have a significant (significant) effect on production are land area at a significant level of 5% and NPK fertilizer at a significant level of 10%. Meanwhile, other variables, namely labor, seeds, urea, TSP and pesticides had no significant effect at the 5% and 10% levels. The production factors used in corn farming in Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency are not and have not been efficient to cultivate, this can be seen from the efficiency criteria that have not and none have achieved efficiency with a value of NPMx/Px = 1.

Economics of freshwater Mud Eel fattening (Monopterus cuchia) in polyculture system: a case study from Nilphamari, Bangladesh

The present study was carried out to analyze the cost and returns as well as to determine the effect of variable inputs on outputs of Monopterus cuchia fattening in polyculture systems. A total of 60 Cuchia farmers were selected from Saidpur upazila in the Nilphamari District. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews from September 2018-April 2019. Average stocking density (no/acre) for M. cuchia, Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus and Oreochromis niloticus were 2288±228, 2066±144, 1883±197 and 4842±715, respectively. The average production of Cuchia, shing, magur and tilapia were 979.17±128.65, 368.33±66.36, 330±51.42 and 1027.5±118.76 kg per acre, respectively. The total variable cost was BDT 191,225.9±96565.7 per acre whereas total fixed cost was BDT 85,731.45±6276.64 per acre. In the total variable cost, percentages of labor, feed, fertilization, liming, stocking and other cost were 12.01%, 36.01%, 0.38%, 1.47%, 14.55% and 6.59%, respectively. This study also revealed that per acre gross revenue and net return were BDT 452,025.58±35829 and 173,907.72±24560 respectively. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) value in Cuchia polyculture farming was 1.65. Based on the Cobb-Douglas production function model, fingerling cost and feed cost were significant of Cuchia fattening in polyculture system. The production function analysis also reveals positive effects of different variable costs indicating enough scope to increase production and income from Cuchia fattening in polyculture system with a reduction in production costs and increased market price

Technical Efficiency of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) Production in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Purpose: The study analyzed the technical efficiency of turmeric production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. 
 Methodology: Data for the study were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire from 33 turmeric farmers from Jabba, Kachia, Jama’a, and KagarkoLocal Government Areas of Kaduna State. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function. 
 Findings: Analysis of the results revealed that the mean technical efficiency of turmeric farmers in the study area was 28% with majority (66.7%) having technical efficiency level of ≤0.303. Also, analysis of the stochastic frontier production function revealed that the socio-economic characteristics of turmeric farmers in the State significantly influenced their technical efficiency. 
 Unique contribution to theory, practice, and policy: It was recommended that campaigns aimed encouraging more youths into turmeric production as well as discouraging large household size among turmeric farmers should be promoted in the study area; and policies aimed at increasing the resource use efficiency of turmeric farmers in the State and hence their farm output should include the farmers’ specific efficiency factors in their formulation.

Economics and Resource Use Efficiency of Wheat Crop: Findings from Jammu Region of Jammu & Kashmir

Economics of wheat crop revealed that, the cost-benefit ratio was found out to be highest in case of Jammu district and the least in case of Udhampur district. The overall yield of the wheat crop worked out to be 5.92, highest yield found out to be in the Jammu district and lowest in the Rajouri district. Production function analysis revealed that wheat crop yielded constant returns to scale. In addition, variables like human labour, machine labour, fertiliser, manure, etc. proved to be positively significant that could influence the yields of the wheat crop. Except Udhampur district, mustard crop in the rest of the district experienced constant returns to scale. Moreover, variables like machine labour, manure and fertiliser worked out to be significant. On the other hand, in the Udhampur district, rice crop revealed the increasing returns to scale and the rest of the districts showed the constant returns to scale. Human labour, plant protection chemicals and manure came out to be significant. Therefore, such input variables need to be taken care of accordingly.

Structural Pattern and Growth Analysis of Rice Production in Odisha

Even though rice has high importance for food security and agricultural GDP in the agrarian economy of Odisha, production is constrained by several factors. The trends, patterns, and instability of key production parameters such as area, yield need to be studied to suggest insightful measures for the development of rice cultivation in the state. The resource use efficiency also assumes significance to determine the profitability of rice production. The study used both secondary and primary data and analyzed trend, instability, and resource use efficiency using compound annual growth method (CAGR), Cuddy-Della Valle Instability Index, and Cobb-Douglas production function respectively. While the area under rice in Odisha marked a negative annual growth (-0.18), the yield and productions have shown significant positive growth of 1.95 and 1.76% respectively for the period of 1960-2019. In respect of instability in production and productivity, moderate variability was observed. However, for the area, the instability is very less. The production function analysis has shown excessive usage of significant resources like labor, fertilizers, and pesticides. The ratio of marginal value product and marginal factor cost for these inputs were much less than one, thus suggesting resource use optimization for profit maximization. The considerable variability in rice production, area and productivity in Odisha should be responded with strategic and sustainable measures.

Technical Efficiency of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) Production in Benue State, Nigeria

Purpose: The study analyzed the technical efficiency of turmeric production in Benue State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane’s formula was used to select 28 respondents.
 Methodology: The research made use of experimental design and a multistage, purposive and proportionate sampling was used for the study. Data for the study were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire from 28 turmeric farmers in Konshisha, Vandeikya, and Gwer-East Local Government Areas of Benue State. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function.
 Findings: Analysis of the result showed that majority (53.6%) of the turmeric farmers had technical efficiency level between 31% and 60%. Also, analysis of the stochastic frontier production function revealed that age, sex, farm experience, and household size of turmeric farmers in the state significantly influenced their technical efficiency.
 Recommendations: It was recommended that policies aimed at increasing the resource use efficiency of turmeric farmers in the State and hence their farm output can be increased by providing the turmeric farming communities with improved planting ,harvesting, peeling and drying machines for higher efficiency.

Economics and Resource-Use Efficiency of Wheat Crop under Rainfed Conditions in the Jammu Region of Jammu & Kashmir

Economics of wheat crop revealed that, the cost-benefit ratio was found out to be highest in case of Jammu district and the least in case of Udhampur district. Consequently, the family labour income and farm business income were found in that order respectively. The overall yield of the wheat crop worked out to be 5.92, highest yield found out to be in the Jammu district and lowest in the Rajouri district. Similarly, the cost-benefit ratio was found maximum in the Jammu district, followed by Rajouri district, Udhampur district and finally by Kathua district. Production function analysis revealed that wheat crop yielded constant returns to scale. In addition, variables like human labour, machine labour, fertiliser, manure, etc. proved to be positively significant that could influence the yields of the wheat crop. Except Udhampur district, mustard crop in the rest of the district experienced constant returns to scale. Moreover, variables like machine labour, manure and fertiliser worked out to be significant. On the other hand, in the Udhampur district, rice crop revealed the increasing returns to scale and the rest of the districts showed the constant returns to scale. Human labour, plant protection chemicals and manure came out to be significant. Therefore, such input variables need to be taken care of accordingly.

Data Mining of Regional Economic Analysis Based on Mobile Sensor Network Technology

With the continuous development of regional economy, the difference of regional economy has also aroused the attention of all walks of life. Due to the limitations of the traditional research methods, the research results are relatively simple and unable to conduct a more comprehensive analysis. The traditional methods include the following: (1) analyze the evolution of regional logistics based on the location Gini coefficient and location quotient of GIS, and reflect the situation of industrial agglomeration from the annual change curve of the location Gini coefficient; (2) use SPSS12.0 software to perform multivariate or event factors, and analyze and calculate the factor score to sum up several principal component factors; and (3) the production function analysis method is used to measure the economies of scale and agglomeration. As an extension, the relationship between the estimated total output and the agglomeration index of the factor input to measure the uniform state of the industrial distribution department is an effective measurement method for the agglomeration economy. In order to promote the sustainable development of regional economy, this paper analyzes the regional economy comprehensively based on the emerging mobile sensor network technology and data mining technology. Firstly, this paper analyzes the location technology of mobile sensor networks based on sequential Monte Carlo, selects the C -means clustering method which is suitable for economic large-sample clustering analysis, and constructs a complete data mining model. Then, the model is used to analyze the economic, social, natural, and educational science and technology indicators of a certain region from 2015 to 2019. The results show that the first principal component weight of economic indicators is the highest proportion of fiscal revenue, which is 0.986. This shows that the role of fiscal revenue in economic indicators is greater. The main index of urban consumption is 72.0, which is the highest. This shows that the population growth rate and the average consumption of urban households in social indicators play a greater role. The first principal component of natural index has the highest weight of pollution emission, which is 0.47, while the second principal component has the highest weight of total energy consumption, which is 0.48. This shows that the pollution emissions and total energy consumption in the natural indicators play a greater role. In the educational science and technology index, the first principal component weight is the highest, which is 0.61. This shows that the education funds play an important role in educational science and technology indicators. Therefore, the data mining model based on mobile sensor network technology can comprehensively and accurately analyze various indicators of regional economy.

Economic efficiency of goat farming in cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu

A study was conducted to analyse the economic and technical efficiency of goat farming in Cauvery Delta zone of Tamil Nadu, India. The primary data were collected by interviewing 180 goat farmers selected by multi-stage random sampling using pre-tested interview schedules during January to April 2017. The sample comprised of 87 small farmers (<5 goats), 78 medium farmers (6 to 15 goats) and 15 large farmers (>15 goats). The total fixed investments for goat farming were Rs. 14055.16 (small farmer), Rs. 29136.40 (medium farmer) and Rs. 70826.60 (large farmer). The total gross returns per farm for the above categories were Rs. 6241.94, Rs. 9607.04 and Rs. 12910.11, respectively. Overall, goat farming yielded a total return and net return of Rs. 10496.38 and Rs. 6248.92 per farm per annum, respectively. The break-even analysis revealed that small farmers required to produce 20.60 kg of chevon annually to reach break-even point, 51.02 kg and 222.96 kg by medium and large farmers, respectively. The ratio of marginal value product (MVP) to marginal factor cost (MFC) for flock size, labour charges, medicine and vaccination charges were more than unity in all the categories of the farms, which indicated under-utilization of resources. The stochastic frontier production function analysis revealed that labour charges had significant (p<0.01) positive influence on the chevon production in all categories of farms. The average technical efficiencies were 74.65,83.41,86.54 and 80.36% in small, medium, large and overall categories of farms respectively. The sub-optimal technical and resource use efficiency warrants scientific management practices among goatfarmers.

Economic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Gorkha district of Nepal

A study was conducted to analyze the production economics and factors contributing to the gross return of rice production in the Gorkha district of Nepal in 2020, where a rice block was established under the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PM-AMP). Altogether, 76 rice-growing farmers were selected as a sample by using a simple random sampling technique. Primary data were collected by using a pre-tested interview schedule, while secondary data were collected by reviewing related literature. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and Cobb-Douglas production function. The results showed that the average landholding was 0.74 ha and the average area under rice cultivation was 0.52 ha, with a productivity of 3 mt ha-1. The findings revealed that the cost of rice production for small farmers was significantly higher (NRs. 171466 ha-1) than that for large farmers (NRs. 132088 ha-1). The study reveals that investment in rice cultivation was economically viable in the study area because the overall B: C ratio was greater than one (1.17). The production function analysis reveals that a 10% increase in expenditure on seeds, total labor, and nutrients, keeping all other variables constant, could increase the gross return of rice by 2.97%, 2.19%, and 0.62%, respectively. The sum of coefficients was 0.56, reflecting a decreasing return to scale. Thus, a 100% increase in expenditure on variables presented in the model caused a 56% increase in the gross return of rice production. The findings suggest that human and bullock labor needs to be replaced by the use of farm machinery. Hence, the cost of cultivation would be reduced with the improvement in production and the gross returns of rice cultivation.

The Influence of Energy Price Distortion on Region Energy Efficiency in China’s Energy-Intensive Industries from the Perspectives of Urban Heterogeneity

As typical representatives of China’s industrial sectors, energy intensive industries are the focus of energy conservation. This study constructs a trans-log production function and stochastic frontier analysis model to analyze the impact of energy price distortion on total factor energy efficiency in energy intensive industries on the city level. The results reveal that the phenomenon of energy price distortion existed in all cities from 2003 to 2019, with an average degree of −0.175; and the total factor energy efficiency in China’s energy intensive sectors showed an upward trend, with an average efficiency of 0.729. Further deep analysis of affecting mechanisms concluded that the price distortion showed a significant restraining effect on improving energy efficiency, while the improvement of urban agglomeration systems had an opposite effect. In addition, energy consumption structure, foreign trade, and infrastructure construction are positively correlated with energy efficiency. Therefore, promoting the market-oriented reform of China’s energy market is of great significance to improve city energy efficiency and build a resource-conserving society.

An Economic Analysis of Climate Change Trend and Its Impact in Sivagangai District of Tamil Nadu, India

The present study was taken up in Sivagangai district to examine the issues of trend in climate change, association between climate change and area, production and productivity of crops and impact of climate change on production of crops. The climate trend in Sivagangai district was studied using the descriptive statistics of skewness, kurtosis, coefficient of variation and compound growth rate of climatic variables of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall over the past 50 years from 1971 to 2020. Pearson correlation technique was used to analyze the degree of association between climatic variables and area, production and productivity of principal crops namely paddy, black gram and groundnut. Cobb-Douglas production function model was fitted to study the quantitative relationship between the average production of principal crops grown in the district and the climatic variables of temperature and rainfall and cropped area. Maximum temperature and minimum temperature were negatively skewed and rainfall was positively skewed. Kurtosis for maximum temperature was platykurtic and for the minimum temperature and rainfall of Sivagangai district, the kurtosis was Leptokurtic. The maximum temperature and minimum temperature were less variable and rainfall was highly variable. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall had significant association with area, production and productivity of crops in Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. Cobb- Douglas production function analysis revealed that annual rainfall had a positive relationship with production of paddy. On the other hand, climatic variables of temperature and rainfall were not influencing the groundnut and black gram production.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

The purpose of this study was to analyze income and the factors that influence the production of lowland rice farming in Deli Serdang Regency. The number of respondents of rice farmers in as many as 120 people. While the method used is the analysis of the Cobb-Douglas production function which is then converted into an inferential Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, technical efficiency analysis with the stochastic frontier. The results showed that the factors of land area (X1), number of workers (X2), use of fertilizers (X3), pesticides (X4), and seeds (X5) had a significant effect on the production of lowland rice farming in Deli Serdang Regency. The results of the t test show that partially the factors that affect the production of land area, seeds, fertilizers, and labor have a significant effect on the productivity of lowland rice farming in Deli Serdang Regency. In the analysis of rice farming income in Meintang Market and Lubuk Pakam, Deli Serdang Regency, the total variable costs were Rp. 6,196.756, total fixed costs were Rp. 289.485. So that the level of income obtained by respondent farmers is Rp. 13,200,199.

Analisis Efisiensi Penggunaan Input Produksi Usahatani Bawang Merah Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Kecamatan Peukan Bada Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Shallot production in Peukan Bada experiences ups and downs every year. During the Covid-19 pandemic, shallot production in Peukan Bada decreased due to the high price of production inputs which resulted in the inability of farmers to meet production inputs as usual. This study aims to determine the effect of using production inputs in the form of land area, seeds, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and labor on shallot production during the Covid-19 pandemic in Peukan Bada and to determine the level of efficiency in the use of production inputs in shallot farming. during the Covid-19 pandemic in Peukan Bada. This research uses Cobb Douglas production function analysis method and price efficiency analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of determination was 0,935 which explained that 93,5% of shallot farming production was influenced by the variables of land area, seeds, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and labor, while the remaining 6,5% was explained by other factors. outside of this research. At a significant value of 0,000 0,05, which means that the use of production inputs which include land area, seeds, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and labor simultaneously have a significant effect on the production of shallots in Peukan Bada District. While partially only seeds have a significant effect on shallot production with a significant value of 0,007 0,05 while for land area, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and labor, it is known that the sig (p-value) 0,05 so it has no effect. significant effect on shallot production in Peukan Bada. In the efficiency analysis, it is known that the value of NPMx/Px 1, so that the use of seeds, inorganic fertilizers and labor is not efficient when observed in terms of price so that the use of production inputs must be added to achieve efficiency. Then on the variables of land area, organic fertilizers and pesticides, the value of NPMx/Px 1 is known so that the use of these inputs is not efficient when observed in terms of price so that the use of production inputs must be reduced in order to achieve efficiency, achieving efficiency will optimize the production inputs used so that the production results become maximum and increase farmers' income.