Production Function Analysis Research Articles

Can Rice Farming through the National Strategy Food Estate Increase Regional Production?

Food estate is a large-scale food development program that is carried out in an integrated manner. This includes agriculture, plantations and livestock within an area. This research aims to (1) analyze the production factors of lowland rice farming as an effort to increase rice production in the national food estate strategy program in Central Kalimantan; (2) analyze the technical efficiency of lowland rice farming in an effort to increase rice production in the national food estate strategy program in Central Kalimantan. This research was carried out at the Siam Village Food Estate (COE). The sampling method used a random sampling method with a total sample of 89 people. The analysis method uses Cobb-Douglas production function analysis and Frontier Stochastic technical efficiency analysis. Research results: (1) land (X1), seeds (X2), lime (X3), and fertilizer (X4) have a significant effect (α<0.05) on lowland rice production results in the Balanti Siam village food estate, while pesticides (X5), labor (X6), machinery (X7), planting system dummy (D1), and planting pattern dummy (D2) do not have a significant effect on lowland rice production results on food aesthetic land in Balanti Siam village; (2) Farmers in Balanti Siam village are classified as technically efficient with an average technical efficiency of 96.5% (cut-off > 0.70), while individually there are 88 farmers who are classified as technically efficient. The production factors used in rice farming play an important role in production results. By using production factors efficiently, this can increase maximum rice production yields.

Optimization Of The Use Of Input In Turmeric Farming In Ibru Village, Mestong District, Muaro District, Jambi

This research was conducted in Ibru Village, Mestong District, Muaro Jambi Regency, focusing on turmeric farmers as respondents. The study aimed to achieve three primary objectives: (1) to analyze the production function associated with turmeric farming, (2) to evaluate the level of optimization and economic efficiency in the utilization of production factors, and (3) to determine the optimal use of production inputs in turmeric cultivation. A census approach was employed, encompassing all 26 turmeric farmers in Ibru Village as the study’s respondents. The methodological framework utilized the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, followed by optimization calculations to assess economic efficiency. The results of the study indicated several key findings: (1) land and labor inputs were found to significantly impact the increase in turmeric production per hectare annually, while the inputs of seeds and compost fertilizers did not show a significant effect on production levels; (2) the current use of land and labor in turmeric farming was identified as economically inefficient; and (3) optimization analysis suggested that there is potential for expanding turmeric farming to 1,925 hectares, with a corresponding increase in labor utilization to 31,213 labor days (HOK). These findings provide valuable insights into the efficiency of production practices in turmeric farming and offer guidance for potential improvements and expansion in the sector.

ANALYSIS OF POTATO FARMING PRODUCTION FACTORS

There have been many research results that show that production factors affect agricultural production. However, a thorough analysis of production factors has not been carried out much. In addition, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of potato production factors in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the production factors that significantly affect potato production and the efficiency of the use of production factors. A Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was carried out to determine the influence of production factors on potato production. Furthermore, an allocative efficiency analysis was carried out to determine the efficiency of using production factors. The study results showed that the production factors of land area, seed, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, fungicide, land cultivation labor, and harvest labor positively and significantly affected potato production. This study also found that only the input factor of planting labor had a significant adverse effect on potato production. In the allocative efficiency analysis, it was found that the use of production factors of seed, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, fungicide, land cultivation labor, and harvest labor is inefficient, so these production factors must be increased in their use. On the other hand, the production factor of the land area shows inefficient results, so the land area must be reduced to achieve optimal efficiency.

Economic and marketing analysis of commercial goat farms in Gujarat

India is an agrarian country, and small ruminants like goat play a vital role in the rural economy as a source of rural livelihood. The study was undertaken with the objectives of studying the economics, and marketing channels of commercial goat farms. The study revealed that the per farm total working and fixed costs contributed around 70 and 30 per cent of total cost. The total return from commercial goat farming was ? 3005253 per farm for overall farm size while benefit ratio was more than one. Production function analysis revealed that all the selected variables (feed & fodder, electricity, veterinary, labour and other cost) were highly significant statistically and R2 was 0.98. Channel-I was the most efficient channel around 19.75 per cent of goat were marketed through this channel. The returns were higher in commercial goat rearing, so it is suggested that the government has to take the initiative to encourage goat farming as a new agribusiness opportunity. Keywords: Benefit-cost ratio, marketing efficiency, price spread, total returns. JEL Codes: Q12, Q13

Evaluating economic viability and environmental externalities of integrated tilapia-sugarcane farming in Maharashtra

In recent years, farmers in Maharashtra have engaged in aquaculture-sugarcane farming, with those from the Ujjani reservoir area practicing integrated sugarcane farming using tilapia farm discharge water. This study aims to systematically compare the economic viability and environmental externalities between sugarcane-only farms (SF) and tilapia-sugarcane farms (TSF) within the commanding area of the Ujjani reservoir. Primary data was collected from the 160 farmers (80 SF, 80 TSF), and Secondary data were collected from published literature, the Department of Fisheries, and fisheries cooperative societies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics to characterize demographic profile, farm performance (cost-benefit analysis, production function), and farmers' perceptions. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and two-way MANOVA were employed for environmental assessments. Results indicate that TSF yields higher profits across all cost scenarios, with a Benefit-Cost ratio of 1.69, surpassing SF's ratio of 1.55. The Cobb-Douglas production function analysis reveals increasing returns to scale for both SF and TSF, with the sum of coefficients exceeding one. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicate that 31 variables rated by sugarcane growers were extracted into ten components, which explains 65 % of the total variance for SF and 62 % for TSF. K-means cluster analysis grouped these components into four clusters, termed externalities of irrigation. A Two-way MANOVA indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) between SF and TSF farmers' perceptions of these externalities, with further distinctions among four farmer categories and significant interaction effects. Policy recommendations include financial incentives and environmental regulations to support TSF adoption, sustainable land-use policies, and institutional interventions for management practices and market research. These measures address challenges and promote the transition to sustainable TSF practices.

Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Produksi Usahatani Kunyit di Desa Bandilan Kecamatan Prajekan Kabupaten Bondowoso

The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence production in the turmeric farming sector and evaluate the scale of production in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency. The data used includes primary information obtained directly from farmers, including variables such as name, age, education level, land area, number of seeds used, and type of labor. Secondary data was also obtained from various agencies and institutions, including the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). This research involved all turmeric farmers in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, with a total of 50 respondents, which is a saturated sample. The data analysis method used is the Cobb-Douglas production function model with the help of SPSS software. The research results show that based on the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, turmeric farming in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency, is significantly influenced by the area of land used. Simultaneously, all observed variables have a significant influence on turmeric production. Apart from that, the production scale of turmeric farming in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency, was found to be in a condition of Increasing Return to Scale.

Exogenous regulation of macronutrients promotes the accumulation of alkaloid yield in anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) pascher

BackgroundAnisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher (A. tanguticus) is a valuable botanical for extracting tropane alkaloids, which are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Implementing appropriate cultivation methods can improve both the quality and yield of A. tanguticus. A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 using a single-factor randomized complete block design replicated three times. The study examined the effects of different nutrient levels (nitrogen: 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 kg/ha; phosphorus: 0, 600, 750, 900, 1050, 1200 kg/ha; potassium: 0, 75, 112.5, 150, 187.5, 225 kg/ha) on the growth, primary alkaloid contents, and alkaloid yield of A. tanguticus at different growth stages (S-Greening, S-Growing, S-Wilting; T-Greening, T-Growing, and T-Wilting) in both the roots and aboveground portions.ResultsOur results demonstrate that nutrient levels significantly affect the growth and alkaloid accumulation in A. tanguticus. High nitrogen levels (375 kg/ha) notably increased both root and aboveground biomass, while phosphorus had a minimal effect, especially on aboveground biomass. For alkaloid content (scopolamine, anisodamine, anisodine, atropine), a moderate nitrogen level (225 kg/ha) was most effective, followed by low potassium (75 kg/ha), with phosphorus showing a limited impact. Increased phosphorus levels led to a decrease in scopolamine content. During the T-Growing period, moderate nitrogen addition (225 kg/ha) yielded the highest alkaloid levels per unit area (205.79 kg/ha). In the T-Wilting period, low potassium (75 kg/ha) and low phosphorus (750 kg/ha) resulted in alkaloid levels of 146.91 kg/ha and 142.18 kg/ha, respectively. This indicates nitrogen has the most substantial effect on alkaloid accumulation, followed by potassium and phosphorus. The Douglas production function analysis suggests focusing on root biomass and the accumulation of scopolamine and atropine in roots to maximize alkaloid yield in A. tanguticus cultivation.ConclusionsOur findings show that the optimum harvesting period for A. tanguticus is the T-Wilting period, and that the optimal nitrogen addition is 225 kg/ha, the optimal potassium addition is 75 kg/ha, and the optimal phosphorus addition is 600 kg/ha or less.

Technical efficiency of factors affecting soybean farming in Tanjab Timur Regency

This research was carried out with the aim of: Knowing the general description of soybean farming in Tanjab Timur Regency, Analyzing the level of technical efficiency of soybean farming in Tanjab Timur Regency, Analyzing the level of technical inefficiency of soybean farming in Tanjab Timur Regency. The analytical tool used is Stochastic Frontier production function analysis with Cobb- Douglas and calculating the level of efficiency and inefficiency. This research was conducted in Tanjab Timur Regency. The sampling technique was the census method with a sample of 120 farmers. The data used is secondary and primary data. The research results showed that: The condition of the land in the research area is tidal land with an average production of 1,039, The use of production inputs in the research area is technically efficient, reaching 0.767. Socio-economic factors such as age and education variables have no real effect and increase inefficiency while experience variables, number of family members and extension have no real effect, but increase technical efficiency or reduce inefficiency, Simultaneously or partially age, education, experience, number of family members and extension has no real effect on production.

Analisis Produksi Budidaya Ikan Nila di Kecamatan Kusan Hilir Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu

This research was conducted to find out how business income production and what is the level of tilapia farming business scalein Kusan Hilir District, Tanah Bumbu Regency. By using the Cobb-Douglas model. The respondent of this study were 32 tilapia cultivators. Processing data with analysis revenue and production function analysis using Cobb-Douglas softwere Evies 12. The results of this study indicate tilapia aquaculture business income in Kusan Hilir District, Tanah Bumbu Regency experienced a profit of Rp 79.451.000 with and average profit of Rp 2.482.843. The results of the business scale of tilapia aquaculture production with and elasticity value of 0.802 which means that the value is less than 1 so that the level off business scale tilapia cultivators in Kusan Hilir District, Tanah Bumbu, are at the decreasing return to scale.

Comparative Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency of Cereal Crop Enterprises in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State

This study examines the resource use efficiency in cereal crop enterprise production in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State. The two cereal crops selected were Millet enterprise and sorghum enterprise. Data for the study was collected from 80 Millet farmers and 80 sorghum farmers randomly selected in five villages. The data collection was from October to December 2022 cropping season. Production function analysis which incorporates the conventional neoclassical test of economic and technical efficiencies was used as the analytical technique. Profitability analysis was also used to determine the profitable enterprise. Findings revealed that for Sorghum production fertilizer input was optimally utilized by the farmers while other inputs seeds, labor, and farm size were overused. On the other hand in Millet production, all the inputs seed, labor, fertilizer, and farm size were over-utilized. The profitability analysis revealed that the Sorghum enterprise was the most profitable with a mean net farm income value of ₦138,000 per hectare while Millet had a net farm income of ₦63,000/ha. The results show that there is a need for farmers to be advised on the appropriate allocation of resources to boost efficiency and output. This would mean using less seed input, labor, and farm size for Sorghum production, while for Millet production less of all the inputs should be used.

Impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) on Smallholder Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria

The study examined the impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme on smallholder rice farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 500 beneficiary and non-beneficiary rice farmers each giving a sample size of 1000 farmers for the study. Data collected were analysed using Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution, performance indices computation, t-test, Chow-test and production function analysis. The results of the analysis of the Chow F computation indicated that there is a significant difference in the production function of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively since the computed Chow F value of 21.128 was greater than that of the critical F- value at the 0.01 probability level. This is an indication that the ABP performed well. The results further revealed that the two groups of rice farmers were not operating on the same production function. ABP significantly and positively affected output and income of the beneficiary farmers in the study area. It is recommended that Policies should be tailored towards inclusiveness of more farmers into the ABP. The programme should also be extended to cater for other sub-sectors of the Agricultural sectors such as Livestock and Aquaculture

Firm profitability and forced wage labour in Portuguese Africa: Evidence from the Sena Sugar Estates, 1920–74

AbstractForced wage labour (FWL) in colonial‐era Portuguese Africa came to encompass a majority of working age men and persisted until the early 1960s. On the basis of reconstructed financial records from the Sena Sugar Estates in today's Mozambique, we estimate the long‐run profitability of the firm. With this we associate rates of extraction from native labour, defined as the difference between actual levels of remuneration and those under counterfactual freer market conditions. We estimate that coercion suppressed workers’ remuneration by about two‐fifths, representing a significant cost saving to the firm. However, a production function analysis indicates that coercion also negatively affected productivity. Using these results, we calculate that the firm's profitability might have remained broadly robust without FWL. This suggests other factors, including fiscal imperatives and technological factors, likely contributed to the persistence of labour coercion in Mozambique.

Impact of Climate Change Assessments on Horticultural Crop Dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India

Aim: This study aims to analyze the dynamics of horticultural crop production in Tamil Nadu amidst climate change, focusing on trends, challenges, and opportunities across diverse agro-climatic zones, primarily considering variations in rainfall.&#x0D; Data: The research utilizes comprehensive datasets spanning a decade (2012-13 to 2021-22) encompassing records of rainfall, horticulture cultivation area, and production. The study focuses on major horticultural crop categories, including fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices and condiments, medicinal and aromatic crops, and flowers.&#x0D; Objective: (1) analyze compound annual growth rates of area, production, and productivity of key horticultural crops in Tamil Nadu, (2) conduct decomposition analysis over a decade for horticultural crops, and (3) assess climate change impact on agricultural production in Tamil Nadu focusing on rainfall patterns.&#x0D; Methodology: The study utilizes various analytical tools, including Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis, percentage analysis, decomposition analysis, and the Cobb-Douglas production function. Secondary data from government publications, including the Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu and the Department of Horticultural and Plantation Crop Report of Tamil Nadu, are utilized for analysis.&#x0D; Results: The analysis reveals intricate patterns influenced by climate variability, with certain zones demonstrating harmonious growth, while others contend with challenges related to cultivation and productivity. The decomposition analysis highlights the respective contributions of changes in cultivation area and crop yield to variations in production, underscoring the impact of climate change on agricultural dynamics. Additionally, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicates significant effects of both rainfall and cultivation area on horticultural production, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of factors influencing production trends.

Analisis Faktor-faktor Produksi Usahatani Tebu di Desa Banyuputih Kecamatan Banyuputih Kabupaten Situbondo

The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence production in the sugar cane farming sector and evaluate the scale of production in sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency. The data used involves primary information obtained directly from farmers, including variables such as name, age, education level, land area, amount of seed used, amount of fertilizer used, and number and type of workforce. Secondary data was also obtained from various agencies and institutions, including the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The research was carried out on all sugar cane farmers in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, by selecting 30 respondents as samples using non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method applied is the Cobb-Douglas production function model using SPSS software. The research results show that, based on the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, it can be concluded that sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, is significantly influenced by the use of seeds, urea fertilizer, phonska fertilizer, and labor. Simultaneously, all observed variables have a significant influence on sugarcane production. Furthermore, the scale of production businesses in sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, was found to be in a condition of Increasing Return to Scale.

Comparative Profitability and Productivity Analysis of Rice Production in Coastal and Arable Land Areas of Bangladesh

This study aims to compare the productivity and profitability of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh while analyzing the factors influencing productivity and profitability. It seeks to provide insights into the differences in agricultural outcomes between these two types of land, essential for policy formulation and agricultural development. The research employs a stratified random sampling method to gather primary data from six villages in Gopalganj and Khulna districts, targeting 30 farmers from each village. Cobb-Douglas profit and production function analysis is utilized to estimate the impact of various factors such as seed cost, labor cost, fertilizer cost, insecticide cost, ploughing cost, and irrigation cost on profitability. The study reveals significant differences in productivity and profitability between coastal and arable land areas for rice cultivation. It identifies key factors affecting productivity and profitability, emphasizing the importance of policy support for enhancing the quality of inputs to bridge yield gaps and improve rice crop outcomes. One limitation of this research is the focus on specific regions within Bangladesh, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings to other areas. Additionally, the study may not capture all variables influencing productivity and profitability due to data constraints. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to support farmers in improving productivity and profitability. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering empirical evidence on the productivity and profitability dynamics of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh.

An economic study and resource use efficiency of brinjal production in Bangladesh

This study assessed brinjal producers' socioeconomic characteristics, profitability, and resource use efficiency. The study was carried out in Boalmari and Faridpur sadar upazila in Faridpur district, Mithapukur, and Gangachara upazila in Rangpur district,Kaligonj upazila in Shatkhira district, and Jashore sadar upazila in Jashore district. Data were gathered via the use of an interview schedule from a sample of 60 respondents chosen at random between the dates of January 1stand March 31st, 2021. A Cobb-Douglas production function (CDPF) analysis was performed with descriptive statistics to explore the factors influencing brinjal production. In this study,majority of respondents (46.67%) were found middle-aged (31–45 years old). A major percentage of brinjal farmers (45%) were illiterate, while 23.33% had secondary education. About 41.67% of brinjal farmers had a medium family (5-6 persons), while over 30% had a big family of more than 6. Fertilizers, seed, and insecticides were the major variable costs during the brinjal production. The findings also revealed that the total production cost, gross returns, gross margin, and net return per hectare were Tk. 169877, Tk.534594, Tk. 388767, and Tk.364717, respectively. The brinjal cultivation was found profitable as the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was found 3.14. The CDPF analysis revealed that the machinery utilized was negatively significant for brinjal production, whereas the coefficients of hired labor and urea were favorably significant. Except forthe overuse of insecticides, resource usage efficiency showed that all the resources were underutilized for brinjal farming.

Analysis of economic, production, and marketing aspects of potato farming in Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur, Nepal

A comprehensive study was undertaken in the Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur District to conduct a thorough cost-benefit analysis, analyze production functions, and evaluate the various marketing channels and associated challenges of potato cultivation. total of 100 farmers were surveyed, and gathered data were, analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. Despite an average cost per hectare of potato cultivation reaching NRs 370,662.58, which is comparatively higher than in other regions, the productivity was notably greater at 22.021 Mt/ha, surpassing the national average of 16.73 Mt/ha. With a benefit-cost ratio of 1.68, potato production was found economically viable in the region. The production function analysis, conducted using the Cobb-Douglas Model, revealed noteworthy insights among the six variables examined. Fertilizers, machinery, plant protection measures, and micronutrients were identified as underutilized inputs, as indicated by a RUE value surpassing unity. Conversely, labor cost and various other factors exhibited negative associations with average returns. The study also revealed that potato production in the area exhibited an increasing Return to Scale (RTS) value of 1.619, indicating that a 1% increase in input expenditure would lead to a 1.619% increase in returns. Farmers primarily choose a marketing channel with three intermediaries, which results in a larger market margin but a smaller share for the producers. Among the five key marketing challenges reported by farmers, the influence of intermediaries stands out as the most significant issue. In conclusion, this study highlights the pressing need for efficient marketing channels and fair pricing systems to support potato farmers in the region.

Heterogenous response of rice yield to climate factors: a Just-Pope stochastic production function and quantile regression analysis

Heterogenous response of rice yield to climate factors: a Just-Pope stochastic production function and quantile regression analysis

Karakter Spasial dan Pengembangan Usaha Sarang Burung Walet di Jakarta Utara

Business unit of swallow's birdnest has great potential for economic activity because almost95% of Indonesian swallow's nest is exported. One of the efforts to develop a business is to carryout spatial analysis and production functions. This is necessary to determine the feasibility of aparticular system location and variables that affect a business. This study aims to determine thespatial character of the distribution of business units and several variables that influence theproduction process to develop this business. Analysis of spatial pattern of swallow's nest businessis done by using Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN). Income Analysis is done by calculating thedifference between receipts and costs. Production function analysis is done by using NormalityTest, Multicollinearity Test, Autocorrelation Test, and Heteroscedastic Test. The results showedthat the distribution of swallow's nest business units in North Jakarta was clustered, which wasonly found in 3 sub-districts i.e. Penjaringan, Tanjung Priok and Cilincing. The pattern showedthat the swallow’s nest business unit is profitable for business actors, it can attract the interest ofthe community and make competition more competitive. Production function are influenced by rawmaterials, water filter equipment, and electricity costs. Efforts to develop by reviewing thelicencing of the Swallow’s Birdnest Business units in North Jakarta, thus it remains in accordancewith the city spatial design plan and government policies.

Impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) on Smallholder Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria

The study examined the impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme on smallholder rice farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 500 beneficiary and non-beneficiary rice farmers each giving a sample size of 1000 farmers for the study. Data collected were analysed using Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution, performance indices computation, t-test, Chow-test and production function analysis. The results of the analysis of the Chow F computation indicated that there is a significant difference in the production function of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively since the computed Chow F value of 21.128 was greater than that of the critical F- value at the 0.01 probability level. This is an indication that the ABP performed well. The results further revealed that the two groups of rice farmers were not operating on the same production function. ABP significantly and positively affected output and income of the beneficiary farmers in the study area. It is recommended that Policies should be tailored towards inclusiveness of more farmers into the ABP. The programme should also be extended to cater for other sub-sectors of the Agricultural sectors such as Livestock and Aquaculture.