Production Cost Analysis Research Articles

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЗАТРАТАМИ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО БИЗНЕСА: ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article is devoted to the development of a management approach to the costs of small businesses to solve environmental issues. It is shown that the use of the lean concept in environmental management allows us to neutralize the contradiction between increasing production volumes and environmental problems by a comprehensive analysis of the set of economic and environmental issues. The analysis of production costs is carried out. The categories that contribute to the effective management of environmental costs are marked.

Перспективи застосування економічних вагових коефіцієнтів для оцінки корів за ознаками молочної продуктивності

In routine breeding practice the economic weighting coefficients are to be seen as an essential tool for sustainable and profitable realization of the animal breeding programs, under consideration of practicability animal husbandry. Weighting coefficients can be calculated for different traits taking into account the specifics of the market, where the milk products will be sold, but in the most cases in the world dairy cattle breeding they usually are being applied to milk yield and milk compound traits, which determine the general quality of future dairy products. In Ukraine the economic weighting coefficients for breeding purposes have not been calculated. The aim of this work was to calculate economic weighting coefficients for fat and protein content as well as for milk yield for the whole lactation taking into account the increasing or reduction of profit from realization of fresh unprocessed milk. To achieve this goal, some tasks have been defined. In particular, based on analysis of production costs in real farm, profit from milk realization as well as its fluctuation depending on different fat and protein content in row milk has been calculated (step 0,01 %). In order to define the economic importance of fat and protein content the calculation of profitability of milk production depending on above mentioned traits was performed in presented study. It was determined, that traits «fat content» and «protein content», which correspondent to fat and protein quantity in milk, have different economic value, equal to 0,004 UAH and 0,007 UAH correspondently. It is important to point out, that «milk yield» – as breeding trait has no economic importance. It is defined, that the increasing of milk productivity without increasing of amount of fat and protein in milk does not generate additional profit and is not profitable for processing operators, because they spend additional financial resources for moving of large amount of liquid, containing little valuable components. In the future the economic weighting coefficients for other traits (milk quality, reproduction) as well as for longevity have to be calculated.

基于二次多项式曲线模型的露天矿山生产成本分析

基于二次多项式曲线模型的露天矿山生产成本分析

The framework design of smart factory in discrete manufacturing industry based on cyber-physical system

ABSTRACTA cyber-physical system (CPS) is a new trend in smart manufacturing-related research, where the physical system acts as a data access role with sensors and communication systems to collect real-world information and communicate to computation modules (i.e. cyber layer), which further analyse and notify the findings to the corresponding physical systems through multiple feedback loops. This paper develops a conceptual framework for a new paradigm called smart factory based on CPS by applying virtual-real mapping and fusion, digital twin, big data-driven, virtualisation, and edge-to-cloud service technology to the manufacturing system. The definitions, characteristics, architectures and previous case studies on smart factory based on CPS are explained in detail. In the paradigm, the digital twin merges the physical system modelling and cyberspace simulation to provide an intelligence solution simulation analysis ability. This generates a variety of digital designs of production processes, quality, cost, efficiency and environmental impact analysis about smart factory business mode in the preproduction phase based on big data which can be analysed, and provide authoritative solutions for actual physical space. The proposed system is applied and validated in a real case study from the circuit breaker production industry.

Облік виробничих витрат на хлібопекарських підприємствах України

З'ясовано зміст поняття витрати. Розглянуто особливості нормативного методу обліку витрат на хлібопекарських підприємствах, визначено його основні завдання. Встановлено, які складові входять до витрат на виробництво хлібопекарської продукції. Досліджено особливості обліку виробничих витрат на хлібопекарських підприємствах України. Визначено проблеми обліку змінних і постійних загальновиробничих витрат та запропоновано шлях їх вирішення. Запропоновано вдосконалити нормативну базу шляхом покращення класифікації загальновиробничих витрат, деталізувати план рахунків бухгалтерського обліку з конкретизацією статей загальновиробничих витрат. Обґрунтовано значення рецептур у розрахунку собівартості виготовленої продукції. Встановлено основні технологічні особливості виробництва хлібобулочних виробів та розглянуто їх вплив на облік виробничих витрат. Розглянуто особливості технологічних витрат під час виготовлення хлібобулочних виробів, технологічних витрат на складах і комунікаціях. З'ясовано, що нормування витрат виходу хліба використовують для встановлення порядку у витраті основної сировини хлібопекарського виробництва. Наведено основні показники, які використовують у розрахунку норми виходу хліба. Обґрунтовано закономірності розрахунку планової витрати борошна. Виокремлено найпоширеніші бухгалтерські проведення, пов'язані з виробництвом продукції на хлібопекарських підприємствах.

ENERGY RISK MANAGEMENT AND COST OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTION BIODIESEL PROJECT

Although electricity in Thailand is still sufficient to provide services, but there may be a risk in future from relying solely only on oil energy. Therefore, alternative energy is a good way to distribute fuel. The growth rate of community brings higher levels of imported energy from foreign countries including expansion of large projects resulting in opening of exploration and production rights for petroleum to increase energy security and reduce domestic risks. This research aims study of economic production cost analysis for community biodiesel production from remained kitchen oil case of community management. The collecting information is on price and use of raw materials for biodiesel production to calculate. According to studies, it has been found that total variable cost of biodiesel production process for 1st time is equal to 33.42 baht/L comparing to 2nd time on total variable cost only 23.62 baht/L. Most of variable cost for 2nd time is used kitchen oil representing 51% of total cost price. This research analyzed production potential for the use of biodiesel B100 reflecting on reduction of diesel used in community’s agricultural machine. It was found that community has potential to produce biodiesel for their own use causing savings within community around 134,220 baht per year if community produce 1,500 L. If the government encourages community members to understand and produce biodiesel for themselves, it will be able to reduce oil imports many million baht and overall positive impact on economic, social and environmental sectors of Thailand.

General provisions of industrial enterprise manufacturing cost analysis

In the course of the research, the works of domestic and foreign scientists related to the analysis of production costs were considered. The analysis of scientific works showed that in the scientific literature the question of formation of production cost and its analysis is considered in part. The task of analyzing production costs in the context of the strategy of the enterprise has been substantiated. It is established that in addition to the sectoral features that are decisive in the organization of production cost analysis, changes that occur in the production system at different levels in the future should also be taken into account. It is determined that the analysis of the structure of production costs is an important step that influences the choice of the method of allocation of indirect costs of production. Given the changes in production technology in modern conditions, labor costs may reflect a small fraction of the total cost, thus casting doubt on allocation methods that use wage-based criteria. In order to improve cost analysis, information support was investigated, which is the basis for obtaining qualitative and reliable results of analytical procedures. It is established that the reliability of the results of the cost analysis depends on the sources on which it is made. Investigating the approaches of scientists to forming the basics of enterprise cost analysis, the needs and requests of users of information internal and external environment, which influence the choice of methodology of production cost analysis, were determined. The conducted research regarding the identification of stakeholder requests has made it possible to substantiate the importance of the organizational and analytical process, which is formed under the influence of factors of the external and internal environment. This made it possible to build an information and organizational structure of the cost analysis of the enterprise of the machine-building industry, which outlined the influence of external and internal factors on the cost analysis and formed information support through the creation of a documentary and methodological basis of analytical procedures. The results of the research contribute to the receipt of operational analytical information under the influence of external and internal factors of analysis of the activity of industrial enterprises.

Economic and technical feasibility studies: technologies for second generation biofuels

Purpose In 2008, a number of Southern African countries cultivated about 900,000 ha of Jatropha, with a number of biodiesel plants ready for production; however, none of the projects succeeded. In 2014, KiOR advanced biofuel Energy Company in the USA announced bankruptcy due to incompetent technology. Studies disclose that the reasons for biofuel plants failure are not only due to lack of incentives and unclear policies but also due to lack of economic feasibility and low production yields. This paper aims to review the techno-economy assessment of second-generation biofuel technologies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize specific techno-economic indicators such as production cost, technology efficiency and process life cycle analysis for advanced biofuel technology and to narrate and illustrate a clear view of what requires assessment to deploy a feasible advanced biofuel technology. This study also reviews assessment of biomass supply chain, feedstock availability and site selection criteria. The review also elaborates on the use of different processes, forecasting and simulation-modeling tools used in different techno-economic analysis studies. The review provides guidance for conducting a technical and economic feasibility study for the advanced biofuels energy business. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this review is, therefore, to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility studies for the establishment of viable industrial scale production of second-generation biofuels. It does so by grouping studies based on technology selection, feedstock availability and suitability, process simulation and economies as well as technology environmental impact assessment. Findings In conclusion, techno-economic analysis tools offer researchers insight in terms of where their research and development should focus, to attain the most significant enhancement for the economics of a technology. The study patterns within the scope of techno-economics of advanced biofuel reveal that there is no generic answer as to which technology would be feasible at a commercial scale. It is therefore important to keep in mind that models can only simplify and give a simulation of reality to a certain extent. Nevertheless, reviewed studies do not reach the same results, but some results are logically similar. Originality/value The originality of this article specifically illustrates important technical and economic indicators that should be considered when conducting feasibility studies for advance biofuels.

Development of solar home system with dual energy storage

Distributed energy generation with energy storage is quite important for high penetration of solar PV energy. A solar home system which generates solar power for self-consumption was studied. The solar home system utilizes a switching-type solar PV (HyPV) which operates in either solar or grid mode automatically without feeding solar power into grid. The solar home system also uses dual energy storage consisting of a battery and an electric water heater which stores PV energy as hot water (thermal storage) when the battery is full. Since thermal storage is much cheaper than battery, the dual energy storage would reduce the total cost of solar home system dramatically. Four HyPV solar home systems were built to run long-term field test. The results show that the specific PV energy generation approximates that of feed-in-tariff PV system. A solar PV energy production cost analysis shows that the HyPV solar home system with dual storage is economic if it was used to replace partial energy demand which is paid at higher grid electricity price. This verifies the possibility of grid parity for a solar PV system with energy storage.

ANALISIS USAHA PETERNAKAN AYAM BROILER POLA KEMITRAAN INTI-PLASMA (Studi Kasus Peternak Plasma PT. Bilabong di Kecamatan Limpung Kabupaten Batang)

This research proposes to study production cost, revenue, income, BEP, R/C, and price changes analysis of broiler chicken farming business at PT Bilabong. The method of location determination was held by purposive method. The respondents sample determination method was census with 12 plasma farmer. The research result showed that the production cost average is Rp 223,737,701. Revenue average is Rp 268,247,430 and income average is Rp 44,509,729. The BEP (Unit) is Rp 13,375/kg, the production farmer average 16,467 kg. The BEP (Price) is Rp 15,465/kg, sale farmer average at Rp 16,290/kg. This result showed that broiler chicken business at plasma farmers of PT Bilabong plasma farmers reached higher value than BEP of unit and BEP of price. R/C value showed 1.2. The critical point analysis of price changes was 5% and it is mean that if broiler chicken price lower than 5%, so that the farmers will undergo a loss. Based on the income analysis, BEP and RC estimation, it can be definitely concluded that the plasma broiler chicken farming at PT Bilabong in Limpung district Batang regency is profitable and worth the effort.Keywords: Broiler, Business Analysis, Partnership, BEP, R/C

Ship Production Cost Analysis of Conversion From Minajaya 11 Tuna Long Liner Ship to Fish Carrier Ship

MV Minajaya Tuna Long Liner Ship number 11 is a fishing vessel and one from 24 Minajaya shipsets owned by PT. Industri Kapal Indonesia (IKI). Minajaya 11 has 512 GT capacity hence, it is prohibited by the government to be operated. Therefore Minajaya 11 will be converted into fish carrier vessel, fish carrier vessel scenario itself is sailing to several fishing grounds locate at WPP 716 in Indonesia and to objectify Minajaya 11 as fish carrier vessel, ship production cost has to be analyzed. The Calculation of ship production cost generally divided into three different types, those are reparation, installation and dismantling, from three different groups there are divided into 4 different task, human resources, material, equipment and energy cost. The total cost from reparation is Rp. 850.000.000 with the biggest proportion came from human resources with 49% proportion and the lowest proportion came from energy price with 2% proportion. The total cost from installation is Rp. 1.545.000.000 with the biggest proportion came from material and shipping cost with 88% proportion and the lowest proportion came from energy cost with 0% proportion. The total cost from dismantling is Rp. 25.700.000 with the biggest proportion came from human resources cost with 77 % proportion and the lowest proportion came from material cost with 0% proportion. Total conversion production cost needed by Minajaya 11 is Rp. 2.902.000.000 while the conversion activities will be finished in 5 months and 6 days approximately.

Life cycle costing and externalities to analyze circular economy strategy: Comparison between aluminum packaging and tinplate

In the circular economy (CE), the importance of the evaluation of costs, benefits, and externalities capturing the variables involved in a product's life cycle are gaining attention both in the literature and with practitioners. In many cases, costs are isolated across the various life cycle stages and addressed in fragmented ways. The literature indicates the importance of developing and implementing life cycle costing methods from the perspective of the product/material flow life cycle. Numerical application of the product structure-based integrated life cycle analysis (PSILA) with the externalities demonstrates how this method can assist in the management of circular businesses. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the benefits of using aluminum packaging in the food sector by combining the life cycle costing (LCC) model and externalities in the CE. The results obtained through the LCC concept and externalities indicate an economic benefit and CO2 reduction. This paper seeks to fill the research gap regarding expenditures and benefits for the analysis of production costs, environmental impacts, and externalities in an integrated manner.

Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Electric Power System Based on Results of Road Traffic Census

We propose a model for the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the grid power system in Japan. The potential of the switchover from conventional vehicles to EVs and the incurred charging loads for the EV fleet were evaluated based on the results of a Japanese road traffic census. Furthermore, an EV battery operation model was incorporated into the production cost analysis model, which is capable of determining the optimal electricity supply and demand, considering the existing interconnector power flows. The potential economic and environmental contributions of EV charge and discharge controls, with the ultimate goal of realizing the introduction of a massive renewable energy source in the future, were also evaluated. We found that EVs can greatly contribute to expanding the use of renewable energy and reducing system cost by charging and discharging not only at the owner’s home but also at his/her workplace.

Development of methodological provisions of economic analysis of production costs of large industrial enterprises

In the course of the research, the scientific achievements concerning the methodology of economic analysis and analytical procedures for assessing the cost effectiveness were analyzed. The article investigates the tasks facing the economic analysis and, in the future, the analytical information used to make managerial decisions on the behavior of production costs. A variety of views were found on the objectives of the economic analysis of production costs. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the main task is the formation of analytical information on causal relationships in the behavior of production costs of large industrial enterprises. The basic directions of methodical maintenance of economic analysis of industrial expenses of the big industrial enterprises are determined. In the course of the study, it was proposed to expand the content of each of the stages of the economic analysis of the production costs of large industrial enterprises. The stages include: preparatory stage, technological stage, analytical stage, final stage.

Costs Analysis of Fungal Basic Production Cost On Purbalingga Farmers’ and Private Sectors Group

The research titled is "Cost Analysis of Fungal Basic Production Cost on Purbalingga Farmers and Private Sector Group”. This research activity is part of the community service program of the Hi-Link scheme which is carried out by the Team in order to increase the income of the community, especially members of Fungal Farmers and Private Sector Group in Purbalingga. This group has been being developed by the Bappelitbangda of the Purbalingga regency since 2015. This study aimed to analyzed the calculation of Basic Production Cost and Statement of Profit or Loss conducted by center manager and farmers that will be compared to the calculation based on accounting concept. Therefore, the sample in this study are members of Private Sector Group and Fungal Farmers in Purbalingga. The analysis technique used are calculating the basic production cost and statement of profit or loss according to the center manager and farmers then compared with the calculations result at the center and at the farmer level based on the accounting concept by using the full costing method. The result showed: 1) there is a difference in determining the Basic Production Cost and Statement of Profit or Loss of bag-log products at the center according to the calculation of the center manager compared to accounting concepts; 2) there is a difference in determining the Basic Production Cost and Statement of Profit or Loss in fungal growth according to the calculation of farmers compared to accounting concept. This result implies that the center manager and farmers should calculate the Basic Production Cost and the Statement of Profit or Loss based on the accounting concept in order to ensure the continuity of their business.

Novel processing parameters for the extraction of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) from environmentally benign pineapple leaf fibres (PALF): Structure-property relationships

Development of bio-nanoreinforcement is gaining momentum worldwide nowadays since it contributes much to the green materials era. This paper presents a proposal for reusing the agro waste to produce cellulose nanofibres in an ecofriendly way. The present work aims to isolate cellulose nanofibres (CNF) from pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) via green-cost effective route using lime juice for acid hydrolysis and ball milling for defibrillation. PALF is considered as a waste material after the cultivation of fruits. But PALF is rich in cellulose, fully biodegradable and renewable which makes it a perfect candidate for the extraction of CNF. The main objective of the present work is to avoid the use of hazardous acids and reduce the high energy consumption for the isolation of cellulose nanofibres. Nowadays the use of these green methods is relevant in order to prevent pollution in the environment. The extracted fibres have been characterised by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, AFM, DLS and Thermal analysis. FT-IR results show the isolation of cellulose nanofibres by losing hemicellulose and lignin. In XRD, the increase in crystallinity (77%) is a clear indication of removal of lignin and hemicellulose present in amorphous region. The Thermal analysis reveals that the thermal stability increases for the isolated nanofibres. The maximum degradation temperature observed for isolated CNF is 344.49 °C. The surface morphological analysis (AFM, FESEM and HRTEM) showed that lime juice hydrolysis and ball milling have been a successful method for the isolation of cellulose nanofibres which can be used an effective reinforcement for preparation of polymer nanocomposites. The diameter of CNF from FESEM, HRTEM and DLS obtained was around 30-85 nm, 10-50 nm and 420 nm respectively. Present work points out the chances of recycling the agro waste (pineapple leaves) to extract cellulose nanofibres and thereby preserving nature in an environmentally benign way. Analysis of production cost reveals that the proposed green methodology is economic, able to produce CNF on a large scale and can be utilized in food industry, paper making, biomedicine and machinery tools.

A case study on farm labour substitution in South Africa

This paper reports a case study on labour substitution by a small-scale farmer on his farm in the Western Cape Province of South Africa that has been owned by descendants of the same family since the early 1800s. Production techniques used on the farm have moved from labour-intensive to capital-intensive. The first step towards mechanisation was taken early in 1988, when some of the farm workers did not return after their annual holidays and before the harvesting season. One of the decisive reasons for the change in production techniques was a labour strike during the harvesting season in 2000.An analysis of gross income and production costs in 2012/13, based on capitalintensive production, compared to assumed costs if the labour-intensive production techniques of 1984/85 had been retained, shows an annual saving of R95 101 (19,5%) in comparative production costs. Moreover, capital-intensive production protects the farm against the danger of strikes and therefore reduces production risks considerably. This research raises questions about (i) the morality of capital-intensive production; (ii) the full cost of labour, compared to the full cost of capital, when the risks of unreliable labour and of labour strikes are taken into consideration; and (iii) the risk of land expropriation.

Comparative analysis of production costs of electricity generated from various renewable energy sources

Comparative analysis of production costs of electricity generated from various renewable energy sources

Performance and Environmental Evaluation of Stabilized Base Material with Strontium Slag in Low‐Volume Road in China

Strontium slag, a by‐product of the strontium carbonate refining industry, has been produced at million tons per year in China. The use of strontium slag in the roads could reduce the demand of virgin materials and help solve the environmental problems caused by strontium slag. However, it is necessary to evaluate its environmental effect and the performance of the pavement with strontium slag before it could be used in roads. In this study, two test sections with strontium slag base layer were paved in low‐volume roads in China to investigate its performance and environmental impact: (1) cement‐treated base (CTB) section (5 cm asphalt surface over 20 cm CTB containing strontium slag) and (2) lime‐treated base (LTB) section (3 cm asphalt surface over 20 cm LTB with strontium slag). The performance of the test sections was evaluated through laboratory and field experiments. The cost and environmental effect of strontium slag were investigated using production cost analysis and life‐cycle assessment, respectively. Results of this study indicate that the CTB section exhibited a better performance compared to the LTB section, and the strontium slag decreased the material cost and the emissions during production.

Process improvement cost management in the quality management system of an industrial enterprise

Modern enterprise management focuses on the principles and requirements of ISO 9000 standards. At present, the quality management of an organization is viewed as a system of interrelated processes aimed, firstly, at satisfying and anticipating consumer demands and, secondly, at improving the efficiency of work based on leadership of managers and active use of continuous improvement methods. Analysis and accounting of production costs must be carried out based on concepts and methods of quality management using a systematic approach. Quality is determined by several its components, forming a so-called quality loop. Quality is embedded in products from the very beginning and is controlled at all stages. A quality product is obtained only if the necessary requirements are met at all stages. Quality begins with research needs. This is the most important stage in the life cycle of any product, since it is on it that the overall design of the product is decided, the image is formed, the most common characteristics are determined. The proposed approach allows identifying and comprehensively representing the cost accounting process. The use of resource management activities at the enterprise allows reducing the share of material costs in the total costs of production and increases the efficiency of the organization.