Particle Analysis Research Articles

Pre-Construction predictions of the Loads from large Ice Ridges Interacting with the Confederation Bridge Piers

During the design phase of the Confederation Bridge in Canada, the Canadian government Public Works and Government Services Canada asked the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to provide information on ice loads from large ridges using a wide range of predictive technologies. The NRC put together a team that looked at loads from several sources including analytical models, physical model tests, finite element models, discrete particle models, and full-scale data. The ice loading scenario was an extreme first-year ridge loading one of the bridge piers. A large number of analytical models were used and the load components were separated into those from the consolidated layer, the sail, and the keel. An upper bound prediction from this approach gave a value of 16 MN on a pier, but the assumptions that were used to arrive at this value did not match observed behavior in the physical and numerical studies of the program. Physical model tests indicated that the loads could be 10.5 MN with a load of 7.3 MN from the keel and 3.2 MN from the consolidated layer and sail. A finite element analysis indicted a range of predicted values of 10 MN to 12 MN depending upon the assumptions used. A discrete particle analysis predicted load values from 2.2 MN to 9.5 MN depending upon the assumptions used in describing the stiffness of the ridge. A review of full-scale measurements on lighthouses and ships suggested that the loads could range from 7.3 MN to 10.4 MN. These predicted values compare to the highest load measured on the Confederation Bridge over a twenty-year span of just over 8 MN. This paper outlines the approaches used for this prediction study and their resulting predictions. It shows the value of using multiple approaches for load predictions for offshore structures in ice-covered waters.

In Situ Lung Dust Analysis by Automated Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy With Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy: A Method for Assessing Inorganic Particles in Lung Tissue From Coal Miners.

Overexposure to respirable coal mine dust can cause severe lung disease including progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) has been used for in situ lung dust particle analysis for evaluation of disease etiology. Automating such work can reduce time, costs, and user bias. To develop and test an automated FESEM-EDS method for in situ analysis of inorganic particles in coal miner lung tissue. We programmed an automated FESEM-EDS procedure to collect particle size and elemental data, using lung tissue from 10 underground coal miners with PMF and 4 control cases. A statistical clustering approach was used to establish classification criteria based on particle chemistry. Data were correlated to PMF/non-PMF areas of the tissue, using corresponding brightfield microscopy images. Results for each miner case were compared with a separate corresponding analysis of particles recovered following tissue digestion. In situ analysis of miner tissues showed higher particle number densities than controls and densities were generally higher in PMF than non-PMF areas. Particle counts were typically dominated by aluminum silicates with varying percentages of silica. Compared to digestion results for the miner tissues, in situ results indicated lower density of particles (number per tissue volume), larger size, and a lower ratio of silica to total silicates-probably due to frequent particle clustering in situ. Automated FESEM-EDS analysis of lung dust is feasible in situ and could be applied to a larger set of mineral dust-exposed lung tissues to investigate specific histologic features of PMF and other dust-related occupational diseases.

Wake effect on bubble–particle collision: An experimental study using 4D particle tracking velocimetry

The analysis of particle–bubble collisions in turbulent flow is a fundamental problem of high technological relevance, e.g., for the separation of valuable mineral particles by froth flotation. This relevance contrasts with an apparent lack of experimental data and understanding of this collision process. To this end, a periodic bubble chain was used to study the collision of millimeter-sized bubbles with polystyrene particles. The collision process between these entities was measured using 4D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). By analyzing the collision data as a function of the polar angle along the bubble surface, we show that the collision took place not only at the leading edge but also at the trailing edge of the bubble. To understand the underlying mechanisms of the trailing edge collision, the flow field around a rising bubble chain was measured with Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry (TPIV). The vortex formed in the bubble wake led to a velocity in the direction of the bubble surface that enabled trailing edge collisions. This effect is amplified by an increase in the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate in the bubble wake. Overall, the investigation reveals different collision mechanisms and advances our understanding of the role of the wake in the bubble–particle collision.

Overview of fast particle experiments in the first MAST Upgrade experimental campaigns

MAST-U is equipped with on-axis and off-axis neutral beam injectors (NBI), and these external sources of super-Alfvénic deuterium fast-ions provide opportunities for studying a wide range of phenomena relevant to the physics of alpha-particles in burning plasmas. The MeV range D-D fusion product ions are also produced but are not confined. Simulations with the ASCOT code show that up to 20% of fast ions produced by NBI can be lost due to charge exchange (CX) with edge neutrals. Dedicated experiments employing low field side (LFS) gas fuelling show a significant drop in the measured neutron fluxes resulting from beam-plasma reactions, providing additional evidence of CX-induced fast-ion losses, similar to the ASCOT findings. Clear evidence of fast-ion redistribution and loss due to sawteeth (ST), fishbones (FB), long-lived modes (LLM), Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAE), Edge Localised Modes (ELM) and neoclassical tearing modes (NTM) has been found in measurements with a Neutron Camera (NCU), a scintillator-based Fast-Ion Loss Detector (FILD), a Solid-State Neutral Particle Analyser (SSNPA) and a Fast-Ion Deuterium-α (FIDA) spectrometer. Unprecedented FILD measurements in the range of 1–2 MHz indicate that fast-ion losses can be also induced by the beam ion cyclotron resonance interaction with compressional or global Alfvén eigenmodes (CAEs or GAEs). These results show the wide variety of scenarios and the unique conditions in which fast ions can be studied in MAST-U, under conditions that are relevant for future devices like STEP or ITER.

Analysis of Single Sub-Millimeter Microplastic Particles by Capillary Size Exclusion Chromatography

Analysis of Single Sub-Millimeter Microplastic Particles by Capillary Size Exclusion Chromatography

Analyzing atomic force microscopy images of virus-like particles by expectation-maximization

Analysis of virus-like particles (VLPs) is an essential task in optimizing their implementation as vaccine antigens for virus-initiated diseases. Interrogating VLP collections for elasticity by probing with a rigid atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip is a potential method for determining VLP morphological changes. During VLP morphological change, it is not expected that all VLPs would be in the same state. This leads to the open question of whether VLPs may change in a continuous or stepwise fashion. For continuous change, the statistical distribution of observed VLP properties would be expected as a single distribution, while stepwise change would lead to a multimodal distribution of properties. This study presents the application of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), fit by the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, to identify different states of VLP morphological change observed by AFM imaging.

Microplastics or micro-bioplastics released by wrinkling paper cup

Paper cups have been widely used such as in the fast-food industry for drinking and are generally made of disposable material. To make the paper cup waterproof and prevent leakage, a thin layer of plastic such as polylactic acid (PLA) is commonly coated onto the inner wall surface. This plastic layer can potentially release debris as microplastics, particularly when the cup is wrinkled/crumpled to break and peel off the coating layer, which is tested herein. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the broken coating layer can be clearly observed. We then identify the coating material as plastic using mass and Raman spectra. We further employ Raman imaging to identify the released and fallen down debris as microplastics. We cross-check Raman image with SEM image to benefit each other and increase the analysis certainty, because Raman imaging can identify plastic via hyper spectrum to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, while SEM can visualise plastic with a high resolution down to micro-/nano- size. We then employ particle analysis algorithm to estimate the release amount, at approximate 180 microplastic/wrinkle, or micro-bioplastic if considering the main material of PLA as a bioplastic. Overall, we should not wrinkle the paper cup to avoid the potential release of microplastics or micro-bioplastics particularly before and during the drinking process, and the characterisation in this report might be helpful for further research on microplastics.

Use of phase plate cryo-EM reveals conformation diversity of therapeutic IgG with 50 kDa Fab fragment resolved below 6 Å

While cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is fruitfully used for harvesting high-resolution structures of sizable macromolecules, its application to small or flexible proteins composed of small domains like immunoglobulin (IgG) remain challenging. Here, we applied single particle cryo-EM to Rituximab, a therapeutic IgG mediating anti-tumor toxicity, to explore its solution conformations. We found Rituximab molecules exhibited aggregates in cryo-EM specimens contrary to its solution behavior, and utilized a non-ionic detergent to successfully disperse them as isolated particles amenable to single particle analysis. As the detergent adversely reduced the protein-to-solvent contrast, we employed phase plate contrast to mitigate the impaired protein visibility. Assisted by phase plate imaging, we obtained a canonical three-arm IgG structure with other structures displaying variable arm densities co-existing in solution, affirming high flexibility of arm-connecting linkers. Furthermore, we showed phase plate imaging enables reliable structure determination of Fab to sub-nanometer resolution from ab initio, yielding a characteristic two-lobe structure that could be unambiguously docked with crystal structure. Our findings revealed conformation diversity of IgG and demonstrated phase plate was viable for cryo-EM analysis of small proteins without symmetry. This work helps extend cryo-EM boundaries, providing a valuable imaging and structural analysis framework for macromolecules with similar challenging features.

The cryoEM structure of the Hendra henipavirus nucleoprotein reveals insights into paramyxoviral nucleocapsid architectures

We report the first cryoEM structure of the Hendra henipavirus nucleoprotein in complex with RNA, at 3.5 Å resolution, derived from single particle analysis of a double homotetradecameric RNA-bound N protein ring assembly exhibiting D14 symmetry. The structure of the HeV N protein adopts the common bi-lobed paramyxoviral N protein fold; the N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains are bisected by an RNA binding cleft containing six RNA nucleotides and are flanked by the N-terminal and C-terminal arms, respectively. In common with other paramyxoviral nucleocapsids, the lateral interface between adjacent Ni and Ni+1 protomers involves electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions mediated primarily through the N-terminal arm and globular domains with minor contribution from the C-terminal arm. However, the HeV N multimeric assembly uniquely identifies an additional protomer-protomer contact between the Ni+1 N-terminus and Ni−1 C-terminal arm linker. The model presented here broadens the understanding of RNA-bound paramyxoviral nucleocapsid architectures and provides a platform for further insight into the molecular biology of HeV, as well as the development of antiviral interventions.

Analysis of fusion alphas interaction with RF waves in D-T plasma at JET

This work studies the influence of radio frequency (RF) waves in the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) range of frequencies on fusion alphas during the recent JET D-T campaign. Fusion alphas from D-T reactions are created with energies of about 3.5 MeV and therefore have significant Doppler shifts enabling synergistic interactions between them and RF waves at a broad range of frequencies, including the ones foreseen for future fusion machines in ITER (Schneider et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 126058) and SPARC (Creely et al 2020 J. Plasma Phys. 86 865860502). Resonant interactions between RF waves and alphas, also called synergistic effects, will modify the alpha distribution and ultimately will have an impact on alpha orbit losses and heating. Data from JET 3.43 T/2.3 MA pulses based on the hybrid scenario (Hobirk et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion; Hobirk et al 29th IAEA FEC23 Conf. (16–21 October 2023); Challis et al 48th EPS Conf. on Plasma Physics (27 June–1 July 2022) during the DTE2 campaign (Maggi et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion)) were used for the analysis in this study. The impact of synergistic effects on alpha orbit losses and alpha heating are assessed. The conclusions are based on the analysis of experimental data for fast alpha losses, i.e. measurements from neutral particle analyser (NPA), fast ion losses scintillator detector, Faraday cups (FCs), and TRANSP (Hawryluk et al 1980 Physics of Plasmas Close to Thermonuclear Conditions vol 1 (CEC) pp 19–46) simulations. Experimental data and TRANSP analysis indicates that there are indeed changes in the alpha distribution function (DF) due to interaction with RF waves. Data from the NPA show increased 4He flux in the range from a few hundred keV up to 800 keV for pulses with RF power, while TRANSP clearly shows modifications in the fast alpha DF for these energies. Data from the scintillator detector and the FCs were compared for pulses with and without ICRH power and versus cases with enhanced alpha losses due to MHD activity. The trends from these diagnostics consistently show no additional alpha losses due to interaction with RF waves. TRANSP predictions for the impact of ynergistic effects on alpha heating show up to a 42% increase in alpha electron heating and up to a 25% increase in alpha ion heating. These effects, however, become negligibly small, less than 1%, when alpha heating is compared to the total auxiliary heating power in the investigated JET pulses.

Photothermophoretic Splitting of Gold Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Nanopores and Nanonets Sensing.

Optical processing of single plasmonic nanoparticles reinvents the way of high-density information storage, high-performance sensing, and high-definition displays. However, such laser-fabricated nanoplasmonics with well-defined hot spots remain elusive due to the diffraction limit of light. Here we show Au nanoparticle (NP) decorated nanopores can be facilely generated with photothermal splitting of single Au NPs embedded in a silica matrix. The extremely high local temperature induced by plasmonic heating renders gradients of the temperature and surface tension around the Au NP, which drives the nanoscale thermophoretic and Marangoni flow of molten Au/silica. As a result, a nanopore decorated with fragmented Au NPs is formed in the silica film, which presents much stronger surface-enhanced Raman scattering as compared to a single Au NP due to the emergence of hot spots. This strategy can be used to generate plasmonic nanopores of various sizes in the silicon nitride (SiNx) films, which further transforms into nanonets at ambient conditions via light-induced reconstruction of silicon nitride membrane. These nanonets can serve as a robust platform for single particle trapping and analysis.

A comprehensive combustion, performance, and environmental analyses of algae biofuel, hydrogen gas, and nano-sized particles (liquid-gas-solid mix) in agricultural CRDI engines

The present research encompasses the utilization of TiO2 nano particles with enrichment of H2 (10 lpm) with Chlorella Emersonii Methyl Ester (CEME) on an agricultural-based CRDI engine. CEME20 (20% chlorella emersonii methyl ester blended with 80% mineral diesel) is employed for the tests. The nanoparticle concentration is limited to 50 ppm which has been considered according to O2 concentration in biodiesel. Experimentation revealed that, with hydrogen gas and TiO2 nanoparticles, the BTE and BSFC were improved significantly. At full load conditions, BTE is enlarged by 7.3%. In addition, there is a simultaneous decrease in HC and CO emissions (by about 36.3 and 40.9% respectively) for algal biofuel blends, while NOx emissions increased by 27.3% with respect to mineral diesel. 5.1% and 6.5% increase in combustion characteristics (79.8 bar combustion pressure and 89.2 J/°CA heat release rate)were observed for the CEME/H2/TiO2 blend which could be attributed to effective combustion of hydrogen and catalytic combustion activity provided by TiO2 nano additives. CEME/H2/TiO2blend recorded maximum Mass Fraction burnt (MFB) (74.7%) as well as lowered PSD (Particle size Diameter) profile (34.8 nm @ 0.29 E+08 dN/dlogDp (#/cm3)) at full engine load condition indicating the presence of H2 and nano additives which has influence over the combustion.

Comparative first-principles analysis of crystalline versus amorphous CeO2 particles: implications for chemical mechanical planarization

Comparative first-principles analysis of crystalline versus amorphous CeO2 particles: implications for chemical mechanical planarization

Surface characteristics and adsorption properties of polypropylene microplastics by ultraviolet irradiation and natural aging

The vast application and deep integration of plastic commodity with our human lives raise a great concern about the ubiquitous microplastics (MPs) in nature, yet the environmental behavior of MPs remain unclear. As a main type and candidate of MPs, pristine polypropylene MPs (PP-MP-Pris), as well as the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the degree of aging and surface characteristics, were characterized quantitatively by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle meter, automatic specific surface area and pore analyzer and laser particle analyzer, with natural aged PP-MPs (PP-MP-Age) as comparison. The carbonyl index (CI) of UV aged PP-MPs (PP-MP-U) was increased with extension of exposure time, while biofilm with abundant functional groups and the maximum CI value were the characteristics of PP-MP-Age. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of PP-MP-U for crystal violet (CV) was increased and reached the maximum after 30 days, while that of PP-MP-Age was weakened, probably due to the enhanced hydrophilicity and the shedding of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during the natural aging process, which was demonstrated by hydrochloric acid treatment, indicating the vital involvement of CaCO3. Moreover, the better fitting to PSO kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models indicated that the multilayered and non-homogeneous surface adsorption was acted as the rate-controlling step. Furthermore, the positive values of ΔGθ, ΔHθ and ΔSθ indicated that the adsorption was a non-spontaneous, endothermic process with increased degree of the freedom on the interface of PP-MPs and CV solution. The presence of divalent salts inhibited CV adsorption, demonstrating that electrostatic attraction played a major role in CV capture. The hydrophobic interaction, micropore filling, hydrogen bonding, and π - π conjugation were possible involved. This study is of great significance for better understanding the complex pollution of MPs and its potential environmental risks in the future.

Iron as Recyclable Metal Fuel: Unraveling Oxidation Behavior and Cyclization Effects Through Thermogravimetric Analysis, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering and Mössbauer Spectroscopy.

The carbon-free chemical storage and release of renewable energy is an important task to drastically reduce CO2 emissions. The high specific energy density of iron and its recyclability makes it a promising storage material. Energy release by oxidation with air can be realized by the combustion of micron-sized iron powders in retro-fitted coal fired power plants and in fixed-bed reactors under milder conditions. An experimental parameter study of iron powder oxidation with air was conducted based on thermogravimetric analysis in combination with wide-angle X-ray scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In agreement with literature the oxidation was found to consist of a very fast initial oxidation of the outer particle layer followed by much slower oxidation due to diffusion of iron ions through the Fe2O3/Fe3O4 layer being the rate-limiting step. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the iron particle before and after oxidation reveal a strong particle morphology transformation. This impact on the reaction was studied by cyclization experiments. Up to 10 oxidation-reduction cycles show that both, oxidation and reduction rates, increase strongly with cycling due to increased porosity.

Using response surface methodology to optimize foam drying conditions related to drying rate and B-carotene concentration of orange-fleshed sweet potato powder

Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design (3 factors and 3 levels) were performed to optimize the effects of different egg albumin contents (5-15%), xanthan gum (0.1-0.5%) and drying temperature (50-70oC). Drying rate and β-carotene content are indicators observed through 18 experimental runs and 6 repetitions at the center point. Finally, the physical properties such as color, water solubility index, water absorption index and rehydration ratio together with moisture content, water activity and microstructural of OFSP powder were analysed. The total polyphenol content (TPC), DPPH scavenging activity and β -carotene were analysed. Research results revealed that the optimal egg albumin concentration, xanthan gum concentration and drying temperature of 10.73%, 0.33% and 65.48oC, respectively as foam-mat drying parameters were recorded. From those optimal parameters, the optimal values of drying rate and β-carotene were determined to be 2.34 g water/g dry matter/min (maximize) and 51.82 µg/g (maximize), respectively. Foam-mat dried powder contained low moisture content and water activity, 4.15% and 0.343, respectively, along with water solubility index, water absorption index and rehydration ratio were respectively determined to be 45.87%, 2.36% and 3.97. The color of foam-mat dried OFSP powder was evaluated. According to the findings, the content of β-carotene (48.61±0.5 μg/g) and TPC (2.24±0.04 mgGAE/g) along with antioxidant activity (57.43±1.2%) of OFSP powder products were also determined. SEM analysis of OFSP powder particles at different magnifications showed that they have irregular surface morphology and flake-like structures, different from the structure of powder particles dried by convection drying method, the surface is quite smooth and the structure is intact.

The UF-5000 Atyp.C parameter is an independent risk factor for bladder cancer

Bladder carcinoma (BC) accounts for > 90% of all urothelial cancers. Pathological diagnosis through cytoscopic biopsy is the gold standard, whereas non-invasive diagnostic tools remain lacking. The “Atyp.C” parameter of the Sysmex UF-5000 urine particle analyzer represents the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm and can be employed to detect urinary atypical cells. The present study examined the association between urinary Atyp.C values and BC risk. This two-center, retrospective case–control study identified clinical primary or newly recurrent BC (study period, 2022–2023; n = 473) cases together with controls with urinary tract infection randomly matched by age and sex (1:1). Urinary sediment differences were compared using non-parametric tests. The correlations between urinary Atyp.C levels and BC grade or infiltration were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. The BC risk factor odds ratio of Atyp.C was calculated using conditional logistic regression, and potential confounder effects were adjusted using stepwise logistic regression (LR). Primary risk factors were identified by stratified analysis according to pathological histological diagnosis. The mean value of urinary Atyp.C in BC cases (1.30 ± 3.12) was 8.7 times higher than that in the controls (0.15 ± 0.68; P < 0.001). Urinary Atyp.C values were positively correlated with BC pathological grade and invasion (r = 0.360, P < 0.001; r = 0.367, P < 0.001). Urinary Atyp.C was an independent risk factor for BC and closely related with BC pathological grade and invasion. Elevated urinary Atyp.C values was an independent risk factor for BC. Our findings support the use of Atyp.C as a marker that will potentially aid in the early diagnosis and long-term surveillance of new and recurrent BC cases.

Characterization of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamun Seed) Particulate Fillers for Their Potential Use in Polymer Composites.

Syzgium cumini (L.) Skeels powder (S. cumini powder), also known as Jamun, is well-known for its various medical and health benefits. It is especially recognized for its antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Thus, S. cumini powder is used in various industries, such as the food and cosmetic industries. In this work, the fruit of S. cumini was utilized; its seeds were extracted, dried, and ground into powder. The ground powders were subjected to various techniques such as physicochemical tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and antioxidant analysis. From the physicochemical tests, it was revealed that the jamun seed filler contained cellulose (43.28%), hemicellulose (19.88%), lignin (23.28%), pectin (12.58%), and wax (0.98%). The FTIR analysis supported these results. For instance, a peak at 2889 cm-1 was observed and associated with CH stretching, typically found in methyl and methylene groups, characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose structures. The XRD results demonstrated that the crystallinity index of the jamun seed filler was 42.63%. The particle analysis indicated that the mean (average) particle size was 25.34 μm. This observation was ensured with SEM results. The EDX spectrum results showed the elemental composition of the fillers. Regarding thermal degradation, the jamun seed filler had the ability to withstand temperatures of up to 316.5 °C. Furthermore, endothermic and exothermic peaks were observed at 305 °C and 400 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of the powder displayed a peak scavenging activity of 91.4%. This comprehensive study not only underscores the viability of S. cumini powder as a sustainable and effective particulate filler in polymer composites but also demonstrates its potential to enhance the mechanical properties of composites, thereby offering significant implications for the development of eco-friendly materials in various industrial applications.

Facile Synthesis of Surface-Modified Hollow-Silica (SiO2) Aerogel Particles via Oil-Water-Oil Double Emulsion Method.

Due to their high surface area and low weight, silica aerogels are ideally suited for several uses, including drug delivery, catalysis, and insulation. Oil-water-oil (OWO) double emulsion is a simple and regulated technique for encasing a volatile oil phase in a silica shell to produce hollow silica (SiO2) aerogel particles by using hydrophilic and hydrophobic emulsifiers. In this study, the oil-water-oil (OWO) double emulsion method was implemented to synthesize surface-modified hollow silica (SiO2) aerogel particles in a facile and effective way. This investigation mainly focused on the influence of the N-hexane-to-water glass (OW) ratio (r) in the first emulsion, silica (water glass) content concentration (x), and surfactant concentration (s) variations. Furthermore, surface modification techniques were utilized to customize the aerogel's characteristics. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed no imprints of impurities except SiO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images highlight the hollow microstructure of silica particles. Zeta potential was used to determine particle size analysis of hollow silica aerogel particles. The oil-water-oil (OWO) double emulsion approach was successfully employed to synthesize surface-modified hollow silica (SiO2) aerogel particles, providing precise control over the particle characteristics. By the influence of the optimization condition, this approach improves the aerogel's potential applications in drug delivery, catalysis, and insulation by enabling surface modifications.

Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle

Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle