Interferometry Analysis Research Articles

Detailed crustal deformation and fault rupture of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal, revealed from ScanSAR-based interferograms of ALOS-2

We have successfully detected widely distributed ground displacements for the 2015 Gorkha earthquake by applying a ScanSAR-based interferometry analysis of Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) L-band data. A major displacement area extends with a length of about 160 km in the east-west direction, and the most concentrated crustal deformation with ground displacement exceeding 1 m is located 20–30 km east from Kathmandu. A quasi-vertical displacement estimated by combining the ascending and the descending data indicates upheaval of about 1.4 m at maximum. We inverted the synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) data including both of the main shock (moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8) and the largest aftershock (Mw 7.3) to construct a slip distribution model. Our model shows a nearly pure reverse fault motion with a slip amount of approximately 6 m at maximum, and the spatial extent is zonally distributed within a distance of 50 to 100 km from the surface along downdip direction. The downdip end of the slip is quite consistent with that of the interseismic coupling area geodetically inferred in previous studies. On the other hand, there is no significant slip at shallow depth in spite of the fact that the plate interface is thought to be fully locked there, may be suggesting that there still remains a potential of fault slip. The slip distribution unnaturally bifurcates in the east, and we can identify a clear-cut slip deficit area with a radius of ~10 km just west side of the Mw 7.3 event, where the slip amount reaches only 20 cm at most. This area is presumably subjected to a strong shear stress which should promote a reverse fault slip. There is a possibility to produce a fault slip equivalent to Mw ~7.0 in the future although we do not know if the slip heterogeneity would be smoothed out by a seismic event or an aseismic event.

Extraction of vibration parameters from optical feedback interferometry signals using wavelets.

This paper proposes the use of the wavelet transform as a technique that is suited for fringe detection and analysis of optical feedback interferometry (OFI) signals, thus allowing the retrieval of extremely small physical motion phenomena. A novel algorithm based on wavelet transform is used to process the OFI signal simultaneously in the time and frequency domains, enabling precise detection of signal fringes and, thus, the extraction of amplitude features of the vibrating target with error in the order of 0.1λ. Furthermore, using a complex Morlet wavelet as an analyzing wavelet enables us to extract important information from the time envelope of the OFI signal. Such an envelope can be useful in detecting fringes even in the presence of speckle reducing the error in a displacement reconstruction. Examples of OFI applications, including nanometric displacement sensing without direction ambiguity as well as the measurement of the frequency and velocity of vibrating targets and the detection in time of no periodic events, are also presented using this wavelet approach.

Optimizing the Mass-Specific Activity of Bilirubin Oxidase Adlayers through Combined Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Dual Polarization Interferometry Analyses.

Two surface analysis techniques, dual polarization interferometry (DPI) and analysis by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation capability (E-QCM-D), were paired to find the deposition conditions that give the highest and most stable electrocatalytic activity per adsorbed mass of enzyme. Layers were formed by adsorption from buffered solutions of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria at pH 6.0 to planar surfaces, under high enzyme loading (≥1 mg mL(-1)) for contact periods of up to 2 min. Both unmodified and carboxylate-functionalized gold-coated sensors showed that a deposition solution concentration of 10-25 mg mL(-1) gave the highest activity per mass of adsorbed enzyme with an effective catalytic rate constant (k(cat)) of about 60 s(-1). The densification of adsorbed layers observed by DPI correlated with reduced bioactivity observed by parallel E-QCM-D measurements. Postadsorption changes in thickness and density observed by DPI were incorporated into Kelvin-Voigt models of the QCM-D response. The modeled response matched experimental observations when the adlayer viscosity tripled after adsorption.

On the delamination phenomenon in the repair of timber beams with steel plates

This paper presents a non-invasive technique for the repair of ancient wooden floors. Steel plates are glued on one side only by epoxy-adhesive into longitudinal grooves in order to allow the free swelling and shrinkage of the wood in the direction transversal to the plate glueing surface, thus reducing the risk of plate delamination. A set of high strength steel nails provides load transmission from the steel plates to the wooden beam in the case of loss of adhesion due to fire or delamination. This technique was used to repair a precious beam in a 15th-century wooden floor in Palazzo Calini (Brescia, Italy). The technique requires particular attention because it might be affected by the delamination of the glued reinforcement due to stress concentration, which occurs at the end of the repairing element or at any cracks in the repaired beam. Results of experimental studies on delamination phenomenon investigated by means of the Moiré interferometry analysis are also presented. These show that the risk of plate debonding can be markedly reduced by the capability of the sapwood to develop plastic strain. The wooden floor has been monitored for more than fourteen years, confirming the effectiveness of the adopted technique.

Analysis of lateral shearing interferometry without self-imaging limitations.

In lateral shearing interferometry, interferograms with a good contrast can be obtained at any distance without self-imaging limitations based on a modified Hartmann mask (MHM) and a randomly encoded hybrid grating (REHG). The present study analyzes and compares the diffraction orders, the contrast of carrier fringes, the available spectral bandwidth, and the wavefront measurement accuracy of the lateral shearing interferometer using MHM and REHG. Numerical simulations show that the performance of the REHG is superior to that of the MHM with respect to fringe contrast, available spectral bandwidth, and wavefront measurement accuracy. For the REGH, if the phase step of the phase chessboard is within the range of (2n+1±0.2)π, the contrast of the carrier fringes is almost invariant along the propagation axis, and the wavefront reconstruction error generated from higher diffraction orders is small enough to be neglected. Optimal quantization of the REHG is also studied. When M is equal to 2 and N is not less than 5, the quantization result can meet the requirement of the measurement accuracy.

Shear in the zonal drifts of 3 m irregularities inside spread F plumes observed over Sanya

AbstractIncoherent scatter radars near magnetic equator regularly measured a vertical shear in zonal drifts of the evening background plasma, with westward drifts below the equatorial F region peak and eastward drifts above. We report here observations of a clear shear structure in the zonal drifts of 3 m irregularities inside spread F (SF) backscatter plumes measured with a 47.5 MHz coherent scatter radar operated at a low‐latitude site Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E; dip latitude 12.8°N). The radar interferometry analysis on the zonal drifts of the 3 m irregularities yields results consistent with that estimated from the irregularity echo Doppler velocity measurements with multiple beams. It is shown that the SF 3 m irregularities move westward at the lowest altitudes, while at higher altitudes in the same SF plume structure, the 3 m irregularities drift eastward. One interesting point is that the vertical shear of zonal drifts was centered at ~300 km altitude over Sanya, which maps to an apex altitude of ~650 km at magnetic equator and is thus apparently higher than the apex altitudes 250–450 km where the zonal velocity shear has usually been observed. Analysis of the observations suggests that while the possibility of local generation of the shear flow of the irregularities can exist, the possibility of a plasma vortex appearing at relative high altitudes causing the zonal drift shear of F region 3 m irregularities measured over Sanya cannot be totally ruled out.

Monitoring the instrument response of the high-sensitivity seismograph network in Japan (Hi-net): effects of response changes on seismic interferometry analysis

More than 10 years have passed since observations began to be recorded by Hi-net, a network of high-sensitivity seismometers located in Japan. Several large earthquakes, including the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, have been recorded by the network during this period. Age-related degradation and the strong ground motion of large earthquakes may change the instrument response of the high-sensitivity seismometers of Hi-net. Thus, we checked the natural frequency f and damping constant h for each Hi-net sensor and monitored the instrument response for 10 years from 2003 to 2013. Most of the sensors showed a stable instrument response over this period. More than 95 % of the sensors whose responses we could well estimate showed small fluctuations in their natural frequencies and damping constants of within 0.05 Hz and 0.05, respectively. We also found that many Hi-net sensors in northeastern Japan showed slight changes in the instrument response as a result of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Based on the assumption that the instrument responses remained unchanged, the fractional velocity reduction in the subsurface structure was reported by seismic interferometry analysis. To investigate how changes in the instrument response can cause errors in seismic interferometry analysis, we conducted a synthetic test. The results indicate that the instrument response did not result in systematic variation in the time delay observed in the interferometry analysis. This confirmed that the velocity decrease observed as a result of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake was not due to artificial instrument error.

Revealing the surface deformation induced by deep CO2 injection in vegetated/agricultural areas: The combination of corner-reflectors, reservoir simulations and spatio-temporal statistics

The performance of Permanent Scatterers PS Interferometry (PSI) analysis is highly limited where the presence of large vegetated cover (agricultural terrains/forests) reduces signal coherence. A possible solution relies on the installation on ground of artificial devices (Corner Reflectors CR) to complement the existing PS network. Yet, the number of such CRs (spatial density typically ~1/km2) can be limited when the deformation pattern affects a large area (tens of km2) especially for CO2 geological storage in open aquifers. In order to support the surveillance of such sites, we address here the question of how to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of the ground displacements over the whole area using only the sparse CR+PS network. We propose to test the feasibility of the Geostatistics Output Perturbation (GOP) method, enabling to combine: 1. The results of the reservoir model calibrated on the limited number of ground displacements' time series and, 2. The spatial correlation between such calibrated results and the observations. A test case was constructed using the signal measured during CO2 injection (from 2004–2009) in the KB501 well of the In-Salah site, Algeria at only a few tens of spatial measurement points either corresponding to: 1. a “realistic” PS network selected in a highly vegetated region in western France or 2. a series of CR selected through a space-filling criterion. The comparison with the observations over the whole area confirmed that 80% of the temporal observations were fitted by the GOP method over the region defined by the CR network with a density of ~1CR/km2. Comparisons with the calibrated model results and with the direct application of a spatio-temporal kriging confirmed the better performance of GOP as well.

Noise properties of Hilbert transform evaluation

The Hilbert transform is a standard method for the calculation of the envelope and phase of a modulated signal in optical measurement methods. Usually, the intensity of light is converted into an electric signal at a detector. Therefore the actual spatially or temporally sampled signal is always affected by noise. Because the noise values of individual samples are independent, the noise can be considered as white. If the envelope and phase are calculated from the noised signal, they will also be affected by the noise. We calculate the variance and spectral density of both the envelope noise and the phase noise. We determine which parameters influence the variance and spectral density of both the envelope noise and the phase noise. Finally, we determine the influence of the noise on the measurement uncertainty in white-light interferometry and fringe-pattern analysis.

Beam-energy-dependent two-pion interferometry and the freeze-out eccentricity of pions measured in heavy ion collisions at the STAR detector

We present results of analyses of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at sNN=7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV measured in the STAR detector as part of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Beam Energy Scan program. The extracted correlation lengths (Hanbury-Brown–Twiss radii) are studied as a function of beam energy, azimuthal angle relative to the reaction plane, centrality, and transverse mass (mT) of the particles. The azimuthal analysis allows extraction of the eccentricity of the entire fireball at kinetic freeze-out. The energy dependence of this observable is expected to be sensitive to changes in the equation of state. A new global fit method is studied as an alternate method to directly measure the parameters in the azimuthal analysis. The eccentricity shows a monotonic decrease with beam energy that is qualitatively consistent with the trend from all model predictions and quantitatively consistent with a hadronic transport model.21 MoreReceived 30 January 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.014904©2015 American Physical Society

Building Deformation Assessment by Means of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Analysis on a Landslide-Affected Area: The Volterra (Italy) Case Study

In recent years, space-borne InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) techniques have shown their capabilities to provide precise measurements of Earth surface displacements for monitoring natural processes. Landslides threaten human lives and structures, especially in urbanized areas, where the density of elements at risk sensitive to ground movements is high. The methodology described in this paper aims at detecting terrain motions and building deformations at the local scale, by means of satellite radar data combined with in situ validation campaigns. The proposed approach consists of deriving maximum settlement directions of the investigated buildings from displacement data revealed by radar measurements and then in the cross-comparison of these values with background geological data, constructive features and on-field evidence. This validation permits better understanding whether or not the detected movements correspond to visible and effective damages to buildings. The method has been applied to the southwestern sector of Volterra (Tuscany region, Italy), which is a landslide-affected and partially urbanized area, through the use of COSMO-SkyMed satellite images as input data. Moreover, we discuss issues and possible misinterpretations when dealing with PSI (Persistent Scatterer Interferometry) data referring to single manufactures and the consequent difficulty of attributing the motion rate to ground displacements, rather than to structural failures.

A new passive seismic method based on seismic interferometry and multichannel analysis of surface waves

We proposed a new passive seismic method (PSM) based on seismic interferometry and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) to meet the demand for increasing investigation depth by acquiring surface-wave data at a low-frequency range (1Hz≤f≤10Hz). We utilize seismic interferometry to sort common virtual source gathers (CVSGs) from ambient noise and analyze obtained CVSGs to construct 2D shear-wave velocity (Vs) map using the MASW. Standard ambient noise processing procedures were applied to the computation of cross-correlations. To enhance signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the empirical Green's functions, a new weighted stacking method was implemented. In addition, we proposed a bidirectional shot mode based on the virtual source method to sort CVSGs repeatedly. The PSM was applied to two field data examples. For the test along Han River levee, the results of PSM were compared with the improved roadside passive MASW and spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC). For test in the Western Junggar Basin, PSM was applied to a 70km long linear survey array with a prominent directional urban noise source and a 60km-long Vs profile with 1.5km in depth was mapped. Further, a comparison about the dispersion measurements was made between PSM and frequency–time analysis (FTAN) technique to assess the accuracy of PSM. These examples and comparisons demonstrated that this new method is efficient, flexible, and capable to study near-surface velocity structures based on seismic ambient noise.

NGC 1266: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NUCLEAR MOLECULAR GAS IN AN UNUSUAL SB0 GALAXY

With a substantial nuclear molecular gas reservoir and broad, high-velocity CO molecular line wings previously interpreted as an outflow, NGC 1266 is a rare SB$0$ galaxy. Previous analyses of interferometry, spectrally resolved low-$J$ CO emission lines, and unresolved high-$J$ emission lines have established basic properties of the molecular gas and the likely presence of an AGN. Here, new spectrally resolved CO $J = 5 - 4$ to $J = 8 - 7$ lines from {\it Herschel Space Observatory} HIFI observations are combined with ground-based observations and high-$J$ {\it Herschel} SPIRE observations to decompose the nuclear and putative outflow velocity components and to model the molecular gas to quantify its properties. Details of the modeling and results are described, with comparisons to previous results and exploration of the implications for the gas excitation mechanisms. Among the findings, like for other galaxies, the nuclear and putative outflow molecular gas are well represented by components that are cool ($T_{nuclear} = 6^{+10}_{-2}$ K and $T_{outflow} \sim 30$ K), comprising bulk of the mass (Log $M_{nuclear}/M_{\odot} = 8.3^{+0.5}_{-0.4}$ and Log $M_{outflow}/M_{\odot} = 7.6^{+0.3}_{-0.3}$), and the minority of the luminosity (Log $L_{nuclear}/L_{\odot} = 5.44^{+0.22}_{-0.18}$ and Log $L_{outflow}/L_{\odot} \sim 6.5$) and warm ($T_{nuclear} = 74^{+130}_{-26}$ K and $T_{outflow} > 100$ K), comprising a minority of the mass (Log $M_{nuclear}/M_{\odot} = 7.3^{+0.5}_{-0.5}$ and Log $M_{outflow}/M_{\odot} \sim 6.3$) but the majority of the luminosity (Log $L_{nuclear}/L_{\odot} = 6.90^{+0.16}_{-0.16}$ and Log $L_{outflow}/L_{\odot} \sim 7.2$). The outflow has an anomalously high $L_\mathrm{CO}/L_\mathrm{FIR}$ of $1.7 \times 10^{-3}$ and is almost certainly shock excited.

Statistical Analysis of the Optical Interferometry of Pitting Process in Aluminum 3003 Sheets Exposed to Saline Environment

In this study, a statistical evaluation was made of the susceptibility to pitting corrosion, using the pitting factor criteria. Specimens were cut in size of 15cm x10cm of AA3003 aluminium sheet of temper H14, H16 and H18 of national production. Afterwards, they were exposed to a salt spray during 72, 144, 216, 288 and 360hours continually, according to ASTM B117 standard. After salt spray test was observed pitting attack in all specimens regardless of the exposure time and the degree of deformation (temper) of material. The surfaces of the corroded specimens were analyzed by optical interferometry. The parameters evaluated in each field were: roughness (Rms), peak-valley distance (PV) and the lowest point of all peaks (V). A pitting factor of the order of 4 was calculated, indicating a highly localized corrosion process for this commercial aluminium alloy 3003 in saline environment.

Seamless Synthetic Aperture Radar Archive for Interferometry Analysis

Abstract. The NASA Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) seamless synthetic aperture radar (SAR) archive (SSARA) project is a collaboration between UNAVCO, the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and OpenTopography at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) to design and implement a seamless distributed access system for SAR data and derived interferometric SAR (InSAR) data products. A unified application programming interface (API) has been created to search the SAR archives at ASF and UNAVCO, 30 and 90-m SRTM DEM data available through OpenTopography, and tropospheric data from the NASA OSCAR project at JPL. The federated query service provides users a single access point to search for SAR granules, InSAR pairs, and corresponding DEM and tropospheric data products from the four archives, as well as the ability to search and download pre-processed InSAR products from ASF and UNAVCO.

An Approach to Persistent Scatterer Interferometry

This paper describes a new approach to Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data processing and analysis, which is implemented in the PSI chain of the Geomatics (PSIG) Division of CTTC. This approach includes three main processing blocks. In the first one, a set of correctly unwrapped and temporally ordered phases are derived, which are computed on Persistent Scatterers (PSs) that cover homogeneously the area of interest. The key element of this block is given by the so-called Cousin PSs (CPSs), which are PSs characterized by a moderate spatial phase variation that ensures a correct phase unwrapping. This block makes use of flexible tools to check the consistency of phase unwrapping and guarantee a uniform CPS coverage. In the second block, the above phases are used to estimate the atmospheric phase screen. The third block is used to derive the PS deformation velocity and time series. Its key tool is a new 2+1D phase unwrapping algorithm. The procedure offers different tools to globally control the quality of the processing steps. The PSIG procedure has been successfully tested over urban, rural and vegetated areas using X-band PSI data. Its performance is illustrated using 28 TerraSAR-X StripMap images over the metropolitan area of Barcelona.

Measurement of energy contrast of amplified ultrashort pulses using cross-polarized wave generation and spectral interferometry.

We present a method using spectral interferometry (SI) to characterize a pulse in the presence of an incoherent background such as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The output of a regenerative amplifier is interfered with a copy of the pulse that has been converted using third-order cross-polarized wave generation (XPW). The ASE shows as a pedestal background in the interference pattern. The energy contrast between the short-pulse component and the ASE is retrieved. The spectra of the interacting beams are obtained through an improvement to the self-referenced spectral interferometry (SRSI) analysis.

C-terminal amino acids are essential for human heat shock protein 70 dimerization.

The human inducible heat shock protein 70 (hHsp70), which is involved in several major pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, is a key molecular chaperone and contributes to the proper protein folding and maintenance of a large number of protein structures. Despite its role in disease, the current structural knowledge of hHsp70 is almost exclusively based on its Escherichia coli homolog, DnaK, even though these two proteins only share ~50 % amino acid identity. For the first time, we describe a complete heterologous production and purification strategy that allowed us to obtain a large amount of soluble, full-length, and non-tagged hHsp70. The protein displayed both an ATPase and a refolding activity when combined to the human Hsp40. Multi-angle light scattering and bio-layer interferometry analyses demonstrated the ability of hHsp70 to homodimerize. The role of the C-terminal part of hHsp70 was identified and confirmed by a study of a truncated version of hHsp70 that could neither dimerize nor present refolding activity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12192-014-0526-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Improved measurement characteristics in collimation testing using Lau interferometry and Fourier fringe analysis technique

We demonstrate an automated procedure for the detection of collimation position of an incoherent beam in Lau interferometry using Fourier fringe analysis technique. The experimental arrangement consists of a Lau based interferometer in which light from a source grating illuminates a set of two coarse gratings separated by self imaging distance. Direct phase measurement using Fourier Transform Method (FTM) has been used to obtain the slope map of the wavefront and hence the detection of collimation position is undertaken advantageously. The experimental arrangement is simple and interferometric noise is lower. Detailed uncertainty analysis has also been reported. The technique is fully automatic and provides good accuracy and high precision.

Subsidence activity maps derived from DInSAR data: Orihuela case study

Abstract. A new methodology is proposed to produce subsidence activity maps based on the geostatistical analysis of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) data. PSI displacement measurements are interpolated based on conditional Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) to calculate multiple equiprobable realizations of subsidence. The result from this process is a series of interpolated subsidence values, with an estimation of the spatial variability and a confidence level on the interpolation. These maps complement the PSI displacement map, improving the identification of wide subsiding areas at a regional scale. At a local scale, they can be used to identify buildings susceptible to suffer subsidence related damages. In order to do so, it is necessary to calculate the maximum differential settlement and the maximum angular distortion for each building of the study area. Based on PSI-derived parameters those buildings in which the serviceability limit state has been exceeded, and where in situ forensic analysis should be made, can be automatically identified. This methodology has been tested in the city of Orihuela (SE Spain) for the study of historical buildings damaged during the last two decades by subsidence due to aquifer overexploitation. The qualitative evaluation of the results from the methodology carried out in buildings where damages have been reported shows a success rate of 100%.