Historians Research Articles

Globalisation in-Between Homogenisation and Heterogenisation: An Institutionalist Analysis on Türkiye

ABSTRACT While neoliberal globalisation exerts both homogenising and heterogenising forces on a global scale, an excessive emphasis on its homogenising effects can lead to overly optimistic and unrealistic future projections. This study, instead, directs its focus towards the heterogenising impact of neoliberal principles and norms on Türkiye through an institutionalist lens. Beginning with a historical analysis and subsequently conducting an empirical examination using World Values Survey (WVS) data, the research reveals that the divergent evolution of Türkiye and the West created structural differentiation preventing Türkiye’s homogeneous integration into the West. A process tracing analysis spanning from 1990 to 2017 further demonstrates that Türkiye's historically evolved social institutions exhibit resilience against the pressures of neoliberal change, despite its widespread diffusion throughout the country since 1980. As a result, this paper posits that heterogenisation and its inherent unpredictability are destined to shape the future global landscape, challenging the optimistic assumptions of pro-globalisation advocates.

The Main Evolutionary Ideas of Modern Biological Kowledge. An Outline of the Historical and Methodological Analysis

The Main Evolutionary Ideas of Modern Biological Kowledge. An Outline of the Historical and Methodological Analysis

A historical and geometrical analysis of the Sansalvador villa by SfM-MVS photogrammetry

Delving into the essence of the Sansalvador villa requires a meticulous juxtaposition of its original architectural blueprints with a newly formulated planimetry. Conceived by Josep Maria Jujol, this architectural work in Barcelona serves as a prime example to explore his conceptual framework. Its unfinished state, scarcity of planimetric archives of the construction process, and the amalgamation of modernist and organic architectural forms and styles, give this project a distinctive character, exemplifying the architect's singular way of working. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of its historical evolution and conceptualization through an exhaustive analysis of primary source materials alongside the realization of a new detailed photogrammetric survey of the existing construction. By overlaying the emergent planimetry, derived from precise point cloud data collected on-site, onto the original hand-drawings, this meticulous comparative analysis unveils nuanced insights into the project's fundamental principles and the evolutionary trajectory of Jujol within the context of Catalan architectural discourse.

State-Sponsored Maitreya Cult and the Shouluo Biqiu Jing A Case of a Transmission of a Heterodoxy to Korea

In this paper, the author analyses the apocryphal text Shouluo biqiu jing, centred around the saviour bodhisattva Yueguang Tongzi (Candraprabhākumāra in Sanskrit). It is possible that this text was written in Silla, with some connection with its royalty and the hwarang group. This paper confronts this hypothesis with other ones that connect it to some Sui-Tang millenarian movements. Chosen methodology is the historical and philological analysis. The conclusion is that the text was likely written in China, bu it possibly circulated in Korean Peninsula. The text is probably the result of composition and manipulation.

Impact of a Pharmacist-Led HCV Treatment Program at a Federally Qualified Health Center.

This pilot retrospective study included historical analyses of patients who received DAA treatment in the pharmacist-led HCV treatment program in a FQHC clinic between 1 January 2019 and 31 January 2021. SVR was the primary outcome measure for treatment response. Sixty-seven patients with HCV mono- and HIV co-infection were referred, and 59 patients were initiated on DAA regimens after treatment. Fifty of those who were started on DAA regimens completed their treatment, and 38 achieved SVR (modified intention to treat [mITT] SVR rate of 76%). Our study's findings demonstrated SVR rates that were comparable with other pharmacist-directed HCV treatment services in the United States despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study included a higher proportion of individuals with HCV/HIV co-infection and of Hispanic ethnicity.

Кооперативные организации северных карел в 1920-е годы (на примере Ухтинского уезда)

This article presents the activities of cooperative organisations in the Ukhta District in the 1920s. The main objective of the research is to consider the various types and forms of cooperative associations of residents of the Ukhta District of Karelia and establish the most important areas of their activities. The leading research methods are historical narrative, analysis and synthesis of information identified in archival and printed materials, methods of microhistory and regional studies. The main sources of the research are documents from the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Karelia. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that, using the example of the Ukhta District, inhabited by northern Karelians, it examines the development of various types of cooperative peasant associations in Karelia, taking into account not only the national specifics, but also natural environment and climatic and foreign policy factors. In this regard, the difficulties of restoring the economy at the beginning of the New Economic Policy in the Ukhta District, which suffered from military operations and bad weather conditions, are revealed. Using the example of the Kemsk-Ukhta District Union of Cooperatives, distinctive features in the work of cooperative societies in the border zone were discovered and general shortcomings of consumer cooperation in the 1920s were detected. Other types of cooperative associations created in Ukhta district have been established: credit partnership, agricultural commune, land reclamation partnership. The peculiarity of peasant cooperatives in northern villages, where reindeer herding partnerships were created, was clarified; the importance of peasant cooperation for the economic growth of Ukhta district is shown.

The Rushdiyye School in Rawandz and its most prominent problems 1868-1916

Throughout the history, science and scholars have held a prominent position within Kurdish society. During ancient times, mosques, madrassas, and chambers served as the primary hubs for scientific knowledge and educational institutions. However, during the final phase of Ottoman administration in Kurdistan, the state officially established schools, including one in the city of Rawandz. The state covered the expenses of these schools, including teachers' salaries and the provision of educational materials for students. However, in contrast to other educational institutions in Rushdiya, the Rushdiya school in Rawandz exhibits several deficiencies and challenges. The subject matter revolved around education, students, and teachers. In this study, many scientific methodologies were employed, including historical analysis and the examination of textual materials as the primary source. Additionally, supplementary scientific sources such as books and research papers were utilized. Academic fields such as master's and doctorate theses, along with the use of comparative techniques sources and official calendars and papers of the Ottoman state, offer comprehensive insights into his life and accomplishments. This research aims to scientifically examine the Rushdieh School of Rawandz and the prominent issues that arose between 1868 and 1916. Despite these challenges, the school played a significant role in advancing the scientific interests of Rawandz and fostering the development of a new generation.

Unveiling Extra-Institutional Agency in Nationalist Contention: Transformative Events and Grassroots Mobilizations in Scotland and Catalonia (1980s-2000s)

The literature on nationalist movements in Western democracies has almost exclusively focused on ethno-nationalist parties by attributing to them the key-role of “ethnic entrepreneurs”. Yet, non-institutional actors such as social movement organizations and grassroots groups can significantly impact the history of territorial contention and reshape movements. Their role is thus explored in the Scottish and Catalan struggles for selfdetermination between the 1980s and the 2000s. Firstly, the historical analysis of transformative events shows how the latter were set in motion by non-institutional actors. While Scottish organizations and groups operated to foster cross-party cooperation, the Catalan counterparts operated to mobilize society and popular support. Secondly, a thematic analysis of primary sources shows that the mobilizations fuelled by these events produced organizational and cultural changes in both nationalist movements. These changes left their legacy suggesting that former grassroots mobilizations made an important difference to resources mobilized in the current secessionist movements.

Парсуна «Сююмбике с сыном Утямышем»: реальный образ или вымысел?

The object of the study is the parsuna “Syuyumbike with her son Utyamysh” as a historical and ethnographic source. The relevance of studying this type of visual materials lies in the possibility of identifying the transformation of Tatar women's costume. Taking into account the accumulated experience of ethnographic research and the preserved early written and visual materials, the article provides a comparative historical analysis of parsuna. The given piece, according to some estimates, dates back to the 17th–18th centuries. According to the author of the article, it was written no earlier than the beginning of the 19th century. The proposed dating is explained by the absence of characteristic elements of the Tatar woman's costume complex on the depicted Syuyumbike, which were present in drawn works of the earlier period. The image of Syuyumbike is reproduced in a young lady’s head-dress, which consists of a cone-shaped hat and a veil, and the woman next to her is wearing a women’s multi-piece head-dress. Taking into account the traditions of varying degrees of head coverage in the complexes of different age groups of Tatar women, we can conclude that the age of the depicted figures is clearly identifiable in the parsuna. The standing child, who is considered Utyamish, taking into account the early traditions of dressing boys in women’s clothing, is dressed in a girlish complex, repeating the image of a mother and a married woman. This is not typical of the traditional culture. In the 1850s edition, a similar piece was published, but “Syuyumbike” was not indicated in the title, which allows us to assume that that image was later included in an already existing image with reproduction of the clothes of young Tatar girls and married women.

Study of flood protection water levels for railway projects in the plains river network area

The Taihu Lake basin is characterised by a developed water system and a longitudinal river network, which is prone to flooding during the flood season. This poses a threat to the construction and operation of river-related railways, bridges, and other infrastructures, and therefore the design value of the water level of the river channel must be provided prior to the construction of roads and bridges in the basin. The Yanyi Railway traverses numerous river systems without the benefit of measured hydrological data. In order to address this deficiency, two methods were constructed using the Taihu Lake basin model: the historical water level frequency analysis method and the typical design storm method of the basin. These methods were employed to calculate the flood protection water level of each river under different design schemes and to analyze the reasons for the differences in the results. The results indicate that the water level results of the historical water level frequency analysis method are also applicable to the construction of the Yanyi Railway, provided that an economic perspective is taken.

SMART BABY MONITORING SYSTEM USING YOLO V8 ALGORITHM

The Smart Baby Monitoring System using the YOLO V8 algorithm is designed to enhance infant monitoring by leveraging advanced computer vision techniques. This project utilizes YOLO (You Only Look Once) version 8, a state-of-the-art object detection algorithm, implemented with Python and frameworks like Tensor Flow or PyTorch, to detect and track objects in real-time video feeds. The system incorporates features for facial recognition to identify known caregivers and alert mechanisms for unusual activities or emergencies. The user interface provides real-time alerts, visualizations, and historical data analysis for caregivers via a web or mobile application. By leveraging YOLO V8's efficiency in object detection and Python's capabilities for data processing and integration, this system aims to enhance safety, improve care giving efficiency, and provide peace of mind to parents and caregivers.

Long-Short Term Memory Network Based Model for Reverse Brute Force Attack Detection

Reverse brute force attacks pose a significant threat to the security of online systems, where adversaries attempt to gain unauthorized access by systematically testing a multitude of username and password combinations against a single account. To address this challenge, the research presents an innovative Long-Short Term Memory Network based model designed to detect such attacks. The model utilizes LSTM algorithms to analyze login attempt patterns, identifying anomalies that may indicate reverse brute force attacks. By examining various factors like user login behavior, IP address, and time-based patterns, the model distinguishes legitimate access attempts from potential attacks with high accuracy. It incorporates real-time threat intelligence feeds and historical data analysis to continuously adapt and improve its detection capabilities. The model dynamically adjusts security parameters, enforces account lockouts, and communicates with firewall systems to block suspicious IP addresses, thus providing a proactive response to thwart attacks. The research evaluates the effectiveness of the AI model through simulated and real-world testing scenarios, demonstrating a significant reduction in false positives and successful prevention of reverse brute force attacks. Overall, the developed AI model offers a sophisticated and proactive solution to the evolving threat of reverse brute force attacks, contributing to the advancement of cybersecurity measures.

Sustainability of the Model Production Sharing Contract 2023 in Bangladesh: An Historical Analysis

Abstract The significance of the Production Sharing Contract (psc) for the onshore and offshore extraction of petroleum resources from Bangladesh’s sovereign territory has grown in recent years due to maritime delimitations among its neighbouring countries. To ensure the long-term investment, social well-being, economic growth, and energy stability of the country, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has introduced the Model Offshore Production Sharing Contract (psc)-2023. This article aims to provide an analysis of the Model psc-2023. Through a thorough examination of the Model psc-2023, it will address any existing loopholes and provide recommendations for its improvement. This article will be instrumental in launching the future development of the offshore model offshore production sharing contract.

The governance architecture of transnational labor regulation

ABSTRACT Working conditions in a global context reveal a dramatic reality for workers in the Global South. In conjunction with the prevailing process of capital accumulation and economic growth and the new forms of poverty that accompany it, some contributions generate the image of an unregulated world of labor relations and a powerless workforce. Either the weaknesses and gaps in cross-border labor regulation are used to outline an almost insoluble problem, or a return to the salvation of the nation state is called for. The reaction to this view often leads to an exchange of blows and results in a dichotomous debate. Instead, this article sheds light on the historical complexities of national to transnational labor regulation, from the establishment of the first international trade union secretariats to modern multi-stakeholder agreements. Based on a historical analysis, this article argues that a gradual institutionalization can be observed over 130 years, while revealing a complex transnational regime-like governance architecture. Drawing on the Ecology approach, a framework is developed to capture this complex structure. It is shown that, despite the expansion of governance structures, there is a lack of legitimized control, sanction and enforcement mechanisms to comprehensively counteract labor rights violations.

3- and 6-degree-of-freedom analysis of the Magellan aerobraking experiment and planar aerobraking at Venus

The first non-Earth aerobraking experiment occurred in 1993 as part of the Magellan satellite's mission to Venus. Magellan reduced its orbit from elliptical to nearly circular over a span of 70 Earth days by leveraging the non-conservative force of aerodynamic drag to reduce its orbital energy via transiting the upper region of Venus' sensible atmosphere. First tested with the Hiten probe in the Earth-Moon system in 1991, the subsequent Magellan experiment helped prove the viability of aerobraking for planetary missions and paved the way for its implementation in Mars missions starting in the late 1990s and the 2014 Venus Express mission. This paper, for the first time in literature, investigates the Magellan aerobraking experiment from the perspective of both 3- and 6-degree-of-freedom analysis. Multiple atmospheric density models are considered, as well as J4 gravitational perturbations in order to understand the complexity and sensitivity of numerous aerobraking maneuvers in the thick Venusian atmosphere. Alternative satellites are also studied to ascertain their capability of maintaining the Magellan aerobraking flight profile. So as to examine a wide range of vehicle mass and drag reference area, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Hiten satellites are modeled and their aerobraking performance analyzed for the hypothetical case of Venus orbital operations. When reconstructing the historical Magellan aerobraking maneuvers, 3DOF and 6DOF analysis yielded minimal trajectory deviation with the Magellan and Hiten models, while more significant deviation was experienced with the larger HST model. Both 3DOF and 6DOF analyses also reveal the sensitivity of the atmospheric density model and indicate a higher fidelity gravity model is necessary for Venusian aerobraking modeling, planning, and analysis.

Eliminating racial discrimination of employees: An assessment of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, as amended

The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, as amended, was enacted inter alia to "achieve equity in the workplace by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment in employment through the elimination of unfair discrimination". In terms of the Act, no person may discriminate against an employee unfairly, but research shows that racial discrimination of black employees persists, despite the promulgation of the Act. The objective of this article is to determine whether the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, as amended is the appropriate vehicle to eliminate racial discrimination of black employees. This is undertaken through the lens of critical race theory, which analyses the ways in which ignoring the importance of race perpetuates oppression. Although critical race theory was developed in the United States, it is relevant to South Africa given that black employees are still subjected to racial discrimination even many years after the end of apartheid. The tenets of critical race theory include structural determinism; the critique of liberalism; social science insights, historical analysis and multidisciplinary thinking; intersectionality; storytelling, narrative, and naming one's reality; and anti-essentialism. This article examines each tenet and shows how they relate to the Act. The contention is that the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, as amended is not the most appropriate vehicle for eliminating racial discrimination of black employees in South Africa.

Foreign Policy of Germany towards Kazakhstan

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large number of newly formed states appeared on the geopolitical map of the world, some of which are located in Central Asia. As one of the largest and most influential countries in Europe, Germany sought to establish strong economic, political and cultural ties with these countries. The author pays attention to the stages of development of bilateral relations from the early 90s to the present.Aim. The aim of this study is to identify key aspects of German foreign policy in the region, focusing on relations with Kazakhstan.Tasks. Study the main stages of the development of diplomatic relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Identify the current state of relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Explore possible expansion of economic ties and prospects for future cooperation. Show the importance of studying the foreign policy of Germany in relation to Kazakhstan for the Russian Federation.Methods. The research methodology is based on historical analysis, which helped to identify the stages of development of international relations between the two states. The comparative analysis defines the differences in the foreign policy line of Germany towards Kazakhstan at different stages. Regular summit meetings were the objects of event analysis.Results. By examining historical context, economic partnerships, and geopolitical considerations, it is possible to investigate the dynamics shaping German engagement in Central Asia.Conclusions. The genesis of the development of interstate relations was the collapse of the USSR, which served to form sovereign states in the post-Soviet space. The development of bilateral relations is characterized by several stages: some of them were characterized by stagnation, others, by an increase in the attention of Germany to Kazakhstan. The beginning of 2022 served to intensify Germany’s foreign policy in the region. At the present stage, Germany uses a multi-pronged approach that includes diplomatic, economic, cultural and educational components. Germany’s foreign policy in the region is aimed at protecting its national interests. Secondly, the partnership with Kazakhstan is a symbol of Germany’s shared foreign policy goals, emphasizing the importance of cooperation, dialogue and joint development efforts in the heart of Eurasia.

RESILIENCE IN CHANGING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS: THE GARRI PASTORALISTS IN SOUTHERN FRONTIERS OF ETHIOPIA

While conflict and the resulting damage to livelihoods displacement are commonly seen as socio-economically and politically disruptive, yet it is essential to recognize that they can also present opportunities for social transformation and collective continuity. This study used historical methods to examine how Garri communities cope with recurring displacement and instability. Through historical analysis and interviews, the study explores Garri's resilience in a complex political setting. Garri's ability to handle crises and create stability is influenced by their historical experiences, cultural adaptations, and strategic alliances. Particularly, the Garri shift from reactive to proactive resilience helped them maintain their collective continuity and ontological security. The town-making and commercialized pastoralism highlights their adaptability to uncertainties and proactive response to evolving circumstances. Proactive resilience is irreversible, sequential, autonomous, and result-oriented. Therefore, Garri's resilience mechanisms reveal multifaceted narratives of adaptation, transformation, and strategic response, offering valuable insights into the complex dynamics of survival, living with and adapting to uncertainties, and community rebuilding within a dynamic environment. The study argues that conflict and displacement, despite their hardships, should be viewed as opportunities for collective development and continuity. Communities can achieve ontological security and collective continuity by adopting proactive resilience mechanisms and seeking constructive solutions.

A Clinical Construct: Research, Experimentation, and Education at the Johns Hopkins Hospital

Background: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first U.S. institution to integrate medical education with practice, has served as a critical case study in understanding the evolution of American medical institutions in response to advancements in medical science, education, and technology. However, the role of architecture and design in informing those institutional practices has not been sufficiently explored. Aim: This study examines the intricate interplay between architecture and medicine in the late nineteenth century through a historical analysis of the design, construction, and early operation of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, focusing on how this interdisciplinary relationship shaped both the hospital’s physical environment and institutional practices. Methods: This paper utilizes historical analysis to investigate the design, construction, and operations of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. By examining primary archival materials, it details how architectural strategies addressed scientific, technological, and educational advancements. Results: The investigation reveals that the hospital’s architecture not only facilitated medical research, experimentation, and education but also embodied a novel blend of scientific inquiry and architectural design. Conclusions: The Johns Hopkins Hospital exemplifies the transformative potential of integrating architectural design with medical science. This case study underscores the enduring significance of interdisciplinary collaboration, offering insights into contemporary practices and the future of hospital design and medical education and practice in academic communities.

Navigating the Dynamics of Brent Crude Oil Prices: Factors, Trends, and Insights

Accurate Brent Crude Oil price prediction is essential for informed decision-making and risk control in the global energy market. This paper examines the dynamics of Brent Crude Oil prices over the previous 35 years, utilizing predictive modelling techniques to project future prices and analyzing historical trends and relationships with the GDPs of major economies. The statistical methods used in this paper include the moving average and Pearson correlation coefficient. While correlation studies show significant positive links between Brent Crude Oil prices and the GDPs of major economies like China, Saudi Arabia, Europe, Russia, and the United States, historical data analysis reveals large price volatility. Highly accurate price forecasting using LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) modelling approaches provides detailed risk management and decision-making information in the global energy market. The application of the Neural Network and the ARIMA model shows an increase in the price of Brent crude oil in the next year, 2024. Identifying the importance of the Brent crude oil price forecast and its effect on the international market is highly needed. This paper thus might help to increase economic growth. These results highlight the importance of advanced modelling techniques and economic indicators in managing oil price changes and help make informed decisions in the energy industry.