Analysis Of Ecosystem Services Research Articles

Role of landscape change mapping in ecosystem services analysis: a case study of Delhi-NCR region

Role of landscape change mapping in ecosystem services analysis: a case study of Delhi-NCR region

Spatial Heterogeneity analysis of urban forest ecosystem services in Zhengzhou City.

Understanding the spatial distribution of urban forest ecosystem services is essential for urban planners and managers to effectively manage cities and is an essential part of sustainable urban development. Mapping the spatial distribution of urban forest ecosystem services and improving the accuracy of its assessment scale will undoubtedly provide a more accurate reference basis for later management. In this study, we used the i-Tree Eco model and kriging interpolation to quantify and map urban forest ecosystem services and their spatial distribution in Zhengzhou, a city along the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China; analyzed the mapping errors and applicable conditions; and further explored the spatial differences using geographic probes. The i-Tree Eco model estimation results showed that the total carbon storage in the urban forest of Zhengzhou city was 75.7 tons, the annual carbon sequestration was 14.66 tons, the trees and shrubs in the urban area of Zhengzhou city could effectively avoid a total of 307.86 m3 of surface runoff per year, and trees and shrubs removed 411.8 kg/year of air pollution (O3, CO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2). The spatial distribution of all urban forest ecosystem services showed significant heterogeneity, but the spatial evaluation precision of different factors varied. GDP and population data showed a negative correlation with ecosystem services, and ecosystem services were abundant in watershed and woodland areas. This study differs from traditional assessments based on regional data due to its improved spatial evaluation accuracy, and the results, discussion, and analysis not only help Zhengzhou's own urban development, but also provide a basis for the future construction and management of other cities, the Central Plains urban agglomeration, and the surrounding larger regions. This will contribute to the enhancement of ecosystem services and thus improve the ecological conditions of the region. This will also have a positive effect on the health of urban residents.

Trade-Off and Synergy Relationships and Spatial Bundle Analysis of Ecosystem Services in the Qilian Mountains

Significant heterogeneity has been observed among different ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the trade-offs and synergies among ES and delineating ecological functional zones is crucial for formulating regional management policies that improve human well-being and sustainably develop and maintain ecosystems. In this study, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) models to evaluate the spatial distribution patterns of nine ES (food supply, raw material supply, water resource supply, water connotation, climate regulation, soil conservation, water purification, habitat quality, and entertainment tourism) in the Qilian Mountains from 2000 to 2018. We also investigated the trade-offs and synergistic relationships among ES through Spearman correlation analysis, identified ES hotspots through exploratory spatial data analysis, and identified ES bundles (ESB) using K-means clustering. Our results revealed that water purification and habitat quality remained relatively stable, while food supply, raw material supply, water resource supply, water conservation, climate regulation, soil conservation, and entertainment tourism increased by 1038.83 Yuan·ha−1, 448.21 Yuan·ha−1, 55.45 mm, 7.80 mm, 0.60 tc·ha−1, 40.01 t·ha−1 and 4.82, respectively. High-value areas for water resource supply were mainly concentrated in the high-altitude mountainous area, whereas high-value areas for soil conservation were found in the western and eastern parts of the study area. The low-value areas of water purification were primarily located in the east, while the remaining six services were highly distributed in the east and were less common in the west. Correlation analysis showed that water resource supply, water conservation, and soil conservation exhibited a synergistic relationship in the Qilian Mountains. Moreover, food supply, raw material supply, climate regulation, habitat quality, and entertainment tourism showed synergistic relationships. However, there were trade-offs between food supply and water purification as well as water resource supply, and habitat quality showed a tradeoff with water resource supply, water conservation, and soil conservation. We identified four ESB. The food supply bundle consisted mainly of farmland ecosystems, while the windbreak and sand fixation and ecological coordination bundles were dominant in the Qilian Mountains. Notably, the area of the water conservation bundle increased significantly. Our comprehensive findings on ES and ESB can provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation of ecological management policies and the sustainable development of ecosystems in the Qilian Mountains.

Estimating the nonlinear response of landscape patterns to ecological resilience using a random forest algorithm: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta

Ecological resilience (ER) is considered a key factor in resolving complex human and natural systems conflicts and managing risk during the period of rapid development. However, the importance of landscape patterns for ER is not given enough attention in previous studies. Therefore, we selected the Yangtze River Delta region as the study area, incorporated landscape patterns into the assessment of ER and proposed the way for identifying ecological sources based on the combination of ecosystem services and landscape patterns. Combining the multidimensional ecological resilience assessment indicators system, we calculated the ER for the Yangtze River Delta region and explored the importance and nonlinear effects of landscape patterns on the ER using a random forest regression model. The results showed that the comparative analysis of ecosystem services and landscape patterns enhanced the scientificity of ecological source identification. We identified 94 ecological sources mainly in the southern of the Yangtze River Delta region, including important mountain ranges and water bodies. In addition, the ER was significantly strengthened by considering the landscape patterns. The random forest regression results indicated the nonlinear relationship between the landscape patterns and the other elements in terms of ER. This study can contribute to a comprehensive and integrated approach to the identification of ecological sources and the evaluation of ER, which can promote the conservation of regional ecological functions.

Spatiotemporal Analysis and Multi-Scenario Prediction of Ecosystem Services Based on Land Use/Cover Change in a Mountain-Watershed Region, China

Land use/cover change (LUCC) accompanied by climate change and human activities will have unpredictable impacts on watershed ecosystems. However, the extent to which these land use changes affect the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services (ESs) in different regions remains unclear. The impact of LUCC on ESs in the Qingjiang Watershed (QJW), an ecologically sensitive area, and LUCC’s role in future ESs under different land use scenarios are crucial to promoting ecological conservation and land use management. This paper assessed water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), carbon storage (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) using the InVEST model, and their responses to LUCC in the QJW from 1990 to 2018 using the geodetector and multiscale geographically weighted regression. We predicted land use patterns using the Logistic–CA–Markov model and their effects on ESs in 2034 under business as usual (BAU), ecological land protection (ELP), arable land protection (ALP) and ecological economic construction (EEC) scenarios. From 1990 to 2018, the area of cropland and woodland decreased by 28.3 and 138.17 km2, respectively, while the built-up land increased by 96.65 km2. The WY increased by 18.92%, while the SC, CS and HQ decreased by 26.94%, 1.05% and 0.4%, respectively. The increase in the arable land area led to a increase in WY, and the decrease in forest land and the increase in construction land led to a decrease in SC, CS and HQ. In addition to being influenced by land use patterns, WY and SC were influenced mainly by meteorological and topographical factors, respectively. In 2034, there was an obvious spatial growth conflict between cropland and construction land, especially in the area centered on Lichuan, Enshi and Yidu counties. Under four scenarios, WY and SC were ranked ALP > BAU > EEC > ELP, while CS and HQ were ranked ELP > EEC > BAU > ALP. Considering the sustainable eco-socio-economic development of the QJW, the EEC scenario can be chosen as a future development plan. These results can indicate how to rationally improve the supply of watershed ESs through land resource allocation, promoting sustainable regional development in mountainous watershed areas.

Assessing Relativeness in the Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services: Better Comparison Methods for Improved Well-Being

In this study, we evaluated alternative methods for comparing the provision of ecosystem services among urban areas, stressing how the choice of comparison method affects the ability to compare the ecosystem service outcomes, in order to improve the management actions in urban green areas, reduce environmental inequality, and ensure satisfactory levels of human well-being. For the analysis, ten spatial indicators were quantified to assess the provision of urban ecosystem services in Barcelona, Spain, and Santiago, Chile. Two comparison methods were applied in both cities to evaluate the differences in their provision scores. The analysis was performed using the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system, a spatially enabled decision support framework for environmental management. The results depicted changes in the values of the provision of ecosystem services depending on the methodological approach applied. When the data were analysed separately for each city, both cities registered a wide range of provision values across the city districts, varying from very low to very high values. However, when the analysis was based on the data for both cities, the provision scores in Santiago decreased, while they increased in Barcelona, showing relativeness and a discrepancy in their provisions, hindering an appropriate planning definition. Our results emphasise the importance of the choice of comparison approach in the analyses of urban ecosystem services and the need for further studies on these comparison methods.

The missing markets link in global-to-local-to-global analyses of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Abstract While the impacts of global drivers such as international trade, population growth, technological development or climate change on local-level pricing, decision making, biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) have received strong and increasing attention over the recent decades, relatively few studies have examined how impacts on local BES due to human activities or how local responses targeted to improve BES outcomes, can propagate to regional, national and global scale. We discuss the challenges that frequently arise in global-to-local-to-global frameworks when modelling policies aimed at improving land-use change while also maximising the associated benefits from the state of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. We present four complexities associated with case studies that describe approaches to protecting BES in diverse landscapes and contexts within the proposed framework: heterogeneity in local markets; additionality; spillover and leakage effects; and unintended consequences. Our study calls for filling these gaps in our understanding through interdisciplinary, open-source research characterizing the local-to-global biodiversity and ecosystem services linkages in future.

Evaluation of ecosystem service value and vulnerability analysis of China national nature reserves: A case study of Shennongjia Forest Region

Accurate assessment of the ecosystem service value (ESV) of China National Nature Reserves is of great significance to the protection of regional ecological environment. In this paper, taking Shennongjia Forest Region as an example, based on the land use data of three phases in 2000, 2010 and 2020, we quantitatively evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the regional ESV, and use the FLUS model to simulate the land use layouts and the spatial distribution characteristics of the ESV under the two scenarios in 2035, and carry out the vulnerability analysis of the regional ecosystem services.. The conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall ESV in Shennongjia Forest Region decreased by 15.48 million yuan, and support services and regulation services always played a decisive role in the overall ESV. (2) The area of cultivated land and grassland continued to shrink from 2000 to 2020, resulting in the reduction of ESV by 2.6 million yuan and 3.67 million yuan respectively. The contribution of woodland to the ESV was the largest, accounting for more than 95% in the three periods. (3) Under the natural development scenario, cultivated land, woodland and grassland continue to decline. Under the ecological protection scenario, the area of cultivated land decreases even more, but the area of woodland and grassland increases, and the layouts of construction land are more compact. The potential impact (PI) indexes of the region in 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 were negative, while that in 2020-2035Q1 is −2.01, which further worsens the vulnerability of ecosystem services. However, the PI index in 2020-2035Q2 turns positive, which is 2.29, indicating that the goal of the regional government to protect the ecological space under this scenario is basically realized. The research results can provide some reference for Shennongjia Forest Region and other National Nature Reserves to give consideration to both ecological environment protection and high-quality development.

Integrative analysis of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and ecological vulnerability can facilitate improved spatial representation of nature reserves

Understanding how to identify priority conservation areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for nature reserve (NR) optimization and regional planning. This study reports a regional assessment in Qinghai Province of China, quantifying the biodiversity and the provision of four ESs (carbon sequestration-net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, soil retention, and sandstorm prevention). The representativeness-vulnerability framework was employed to identify priority conservation areas for biodiversity and ESs, and the conservation gaps of existing NRs. The results show that the biodiversity, ES supply, and vulnerability of biodiversity and ESs to human activities present spatial heterogeneity. Except for sandstorm prevention, the high-value areas of ESs are generally in eastern or southern Qinghai. NPP, water yield, soil retention, and biodiversity are positively correlated (p < 0.01). The ten NRs in Qinghai only protected 5.59 %, 5.01 %, 4.29 %, 0.65 %, and 4.49 % of the priority conservation area for biodiversity, NPP, water yield, sandstorm prevention, and soil retention, respectively. Overall, a total of 170,932 km2 of theoretically comprehensive priority conservation areas for both biodiversity and ESs have been identified, which were mostly distributed in eastern, southern, and southeastern Qinghai. The existing NRs has notable conservation gaps (161,956 km2 accounting for 94.75 % of the targeted conservation areas) for both biodiversity and ESs. This study illuminates a strategy for strengthening both biodiversity and ESs through NR optimization, which is also applicable to other regions.

Spatial analysis of cultural ecosystem services using data from social media: A guide to model selection for research and practice

Experiences gained through in person (in-situ) interactions with ecosystems provide cultural ecosystem services. These services are difficult to assess because they are non-material, vary spatially and have strong perceptual characteristics. Data obtained from social media can provide spatially-explicit information regarding some in-situ cultural ecosystem services by serving as a proxy for visitation. These data can identify environmental characteristics (natural, human and built capital) correlated with visitation and, therefore, the types of places used for in-situ environmental interactions. A range of spatial models can be applied in this way that vary in complexity and can provide information for ecosystem service assessments. We deployed four models (global regression, local regression, maximum entropy and the InVEST recreation model) to the same case-study area, County Galway, Ireland, to compare spatial models. A total of 6,752 photo-user-days (PUD) (a visitation metric) were obtained from Flickr. Data describing natural, human and built capital were collected from national databases. Results showed a blend of capital types correlated with PUD suggesting that local context, including biophysical traits and accessibility, are relevant for in-situ cultural ecosystem service flows. Average trends included distance to the coast and elevation as negatively correlated with PUD, while the presence of major roads and recreational sites, population density and habitat diversity were positively correlated. Evidence of local relationships, especially town distance, were detected using geographic weighted regression. Predicted hotspots for visitation included urban areas in the east of the region and rural, coastal areas with major roads in the west. We conclude by presenting a guide for researchers and practitioners developing cultural ecosystem service spatial models using data from social media that considers data coverage, landscape heterogeneity, computational resources, statistical expertise and environmental context.

A methodological approach for the analysis of ecosystem services from the local communities' perspective.

In this paper, we developed an innovative and plural methodology for a socio-cultural assessment of ecosystem services (ES). This methodology was performed using diverse and interdependent tools applied within the framework of ethnoecology and post-normal science, with the aim of identifying ES from the perspective of local communities that inhabit different socio-ecosystems, highlighting the relevance of Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK). As examples of how this methodology works, we analyzed a multiple case study performed in three peasant communities of the Dry Chaco eco-region, Argentina. We identified ES in all the categories and their fundamental contributions to the particular way of life in this area. The method is flexible enough to be used in other socio-ecosystems with different environmental and social features.

Supply-demand analysis of ecosystem services based on socioeconomic and climate scenarios in North China

The demand and supply of ecosystem services (ESs) play a crucial role in the sustainable development of regional nature-society systems. With complex climate change and multiple pathways of social development, there is an urgent need for predictive research on how to combine both social and natural factors to determine the comparatively optimal regional development pathway. Based on the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)–representative concentration pathways (RCPs) framework and the pattern-process-service-management research paradigm, this study analyzed the various trends of regional landscape patterns for 2030–2050 and predicted the state of ecosystem services supply and demand (ESSD) in 2030 under multiple scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions. The results show that: 1) area of cropland will decrease in multiple future scenarios. There is a smaller landscape variation and an upward trend of urban area in the SSP5-8.5 scenario. The transfer types among different landscapes will be concentrated between forest and grassland under SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5. 2) The average provisioning capacity of ES will increase in the future, with a spatial pattern of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Habitat quality has the least interdistrict variation in service distribution, while the recreation service exhibits the opposite trend. 3) The average comprehensive ecological supply and demand ratio (CESDR) is higher in Beijing city than in Hebei Province and Tianjin city. The primary imbalance services are water yield, soil retention, and habitat quality in Beijing city, Hebei Province, and Tianjin city, respectively. Moreover, the SSP5-8.5 scenario has the highest number of ES deficit regions. 4)The ESSD state of each ES had an inverse relationship with the local economic level in 2020, in which water yield had the highest negative correlation degree (-0.191) and soil retention had the lowest (-0.041). In addition, the relationship between gross domestic product and CESDR will change from negative to positive along with different future scenarios (SSP1-2.6: −0.05, SSP2-4.5: 0.05, SSP5-8.5: 0.12). The study provides useful implications for policy-makers to coordinate regional resources and implement sustainable development by integrating both ecological and economic aspects.

Broadening Benefits and Anticipating Tradeoffs with a Proposed Ecosystem Service Analysis Framework for the US Army Corps of Engineers

Would-be adopters of ecosystem service analysis frameworks might ask, ‘Do such frameworks improve ecosystem service provision or social benefits sufficiently to compensate for any extra effort?’ Here we explore that question by retrospectively applying an ecosystem goods and services (EGS) analysis framework to a large river restoration case study conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and comparing potential time costs and outcomes of traditional versus EGS-informed planning. USACE analytic methods can have a large influence on which river and wetland restoration projects are implemented in the United States because they affect which projects or project elements are eligible for federal cost-share funding. A new framework is designed for the USACE and is primarily distinguished from current procedures by adding explicit steps to document and compare tradeoffs and complementarity among all affected EGS, rather than the subset that falls within project purposes. Further, it applies economic concepts to transform ecological performance indicators into social benefit indicators, even if changes cannot be valued. We conclude that, for large multi-partner restoration projects like our case study, using the framework provides novel information on social outcomes that could be used to enhance project design, without substantially increasing scoping costs. The primary benefits of using the framework in the case study appeared to stem from early comprehensive identification of stakeholder interests that might have prevented project delays late in the process, and improving the communication of social benefits and how tradeoffs among EGS benefits were weighed during planning.

Analysis of Ecosystem Services Performance in Peri-urban Areas of Sleman Regency for Sustainability Development

The peri-urban area becomes dynamic due to physical, economic, and social development. Sleman Region has a few peri-urban areas which are adjacent to Yogyakarta City. They are Mlati Subdistrict and Depok Subdistrict. The development of the peri-urban area leads to land use conversion. Unplanned land conversion affects ecosystem services. Therefore, an analysis of ecosystem services performance (provider, regulation, cultural, and biodiversity services) is needed. This study aimed to construct an ecosystem services map and to analyze ecosystem services performance. Ecosystem services analysis was carried out to support the preparation of development programs and policies based on sustainable development principles. Ecosystem services value obtained by ecosystem services maps construction based on ecoregion score data from D3TLH DLHK Yogyakarta Province (2021) and land use score (2020). The value of ecosystem services was represented by ordinal classified data as five classes, from Very Low to Very High. The results show that ecosystem services in peri-urban areas in Sleman Regency varied. Food and clean water provisioning services were categorized as Low, as water and flood management services. Cultural shelter and living space services were categorized as Very High, while biodiversity support services were classified as Very Low.

Spatial–Temporal Multivariate Correlation Analysis of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Risk in Areas of Overlapped Cropland and Coal Resources in the Eastern Plains, China

The overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources play a fundamental role in promoting economic and social progress. However, intensive mining operations in high water-level areas have brought significant spatial–temporal heterogeneity and ecological problems. From the dual dimensions of the ecosystem service value (ESV) and ecological risk (ER), it is of great significance to explore the influence characteristics of underground mining on the landscape, such as above-ground cultivated land, which is valuable to achieving regional governance and coordinated development. In this study, taking Peixian as the research area, a multiple-dimensional correlation framework was constructed based on the revised ESV and ER, integrating the grey relational degree, spatial–temporal heterogeneity, disequilibrium, and inconsistency index to explore the ESV and ER assessment and correlation characteristics from 2010 to 2020. The results show that (1) the ESV showed a high agglomerated distribution pattern in the east, with a net decrease of 13.61%. (2) The ER decreased by 78.18 and was concentrated in the western and southern regions, with overall contiguous and local agglomeration characteristics. This indicates that the ecological security of the region has improved. (3) The comprehensive grey correlation between the cultural service value and the ecological risk index was the highest. Furthermore, the spatial–temporal heterogeneity of the ESV and ER weakened, and the disequilibrium rose and then fell, indicating that the ecosystem gradually tended to be stable. The study is crucial for overlapped cropland and coal resource areas to maintain stability and sustainable development. The multivariate correlation framework provides practical value for ecosystem management and risk control.

Interactive influences of ecosystem services and socioeconomic factors on watershed eco-compensation standard “popularization” based on natural based solutions

Watershed eco-compensation is a policy tool to realize watershed environment improvement and regional economic development. It is important to eliminate the influence of economic differences between upstream & downstream regions and realize the fairness of regional social development based on Natural based Solutions (NbS). At present, lack of clarity in coupling and coordination analysis of ecosystem services & socioeconomic based on NbS could hamper watershed eco-compensation standards “popularization” and reduce the ability to successfully ecological governance. To meet the needs of economic development and ecological service value realization, dynamic equilibrium game research based on multidimensional relationship coordination and a multi-objective optimization solution of economic benefit distribution was carried out. To achieve the bargaining Bayesian/Nash equilibrium of the watershed eco-compensation standard in the game, the existence conditions of the equilibrium solution of the eco-compensation standard based on the mixed equilibrium game implementation process were studied. To carry out the complete information dynamic game, the equilibrium solution of the watershed eco-compensation standard based on the dynamic transfer payment was solved, and the rational analysis of the dynamic Bayesian equilibrium game of bargaining based on the incentive compatibility mechanism was also discussed. Water quantity and quality eco-compensation can ensure balanced development between ecological protection and the social economy in the Mihe River Basin. Combined with the variation law of socioeconomic water intake-utilization standards and the water use value, the city of Shouguang City & Qingzhou City should pay Linqu County 4.78 million US$ and 1.29 million US$ as watershed eco-compensation standards per year based on NbS, respectively. To verify the rationality of the results derived from the economically optimal model, two modes of “bargaining” & “perfect competition”, were used to study the characteristics of the protocols generated by the equilibrium game, and the applicable conditions of the nonzero-sum game solution upstream and downstream of the watershed were also explored. Based on the nonzero-sum processing of the survey results, the current relationship between the input value of eco-compensation and the willingness to pay satisfies v≥c+1/4. Based on the dynamic game & Bayesian equilibrium solution of bargaining, the watershed eco-compensation quota of water quantity & quality is 6.07 million US$, the willingness to pay is 65.63 US$/month. These findings contribute to the quantifying process of bargaining & dynamic equilibrium by transforming “ambiguous” information to achieve sustainable ecosystem service management and develop socioeconomic strategies associated with different compensation features based on NbS, thus helping to inform watershed management.

Trade-Off Analyses of Multiple Ecosystem Services and Their Drivers in the Shandong Yellow River Basin.

With the intensification of conflicts between different ecosystem services, how to achieve a win-win situation between socio-economic development and ecological protection is an important issue that needs to be addressed nowadays. In particular, how to better quantify and assess the intensity of ecosystem service trade-offs and their relative benefits, and to identify the influencing factors are issues that need to be studied in depth. Based on the INVEST model, this paper analyzed the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem services such as Carbon Storage (CS), Food Production (FP), Habitat Quality (HQ), and Water Yield (WY) in the Shandong Yellow River Basin (SYRB) in 2000, 2010 and 2020. Next, we quantitatively measured the trade-off intensity and revealed the key influencing factors of the trade-off intensity evolution using automatic linear models, root mean square deviation, and geographically weighted regressions. Subsequently, we further analyzed the impact of the correlation between environmental and socio-economic factors on the trade-off intensity of ecosystem services. The results indicated that the temporal and spatial changes of the four main ecosystem services in SYRB area were inconsistent. WY showed a fluctuating trend, with a large interannual gap. CS and FP are on the rise, while HQ is on the decline. Spatially, WY and HQ showed a decreasing distribution from the center to the periphery, while FP and CS showed a decreasing distribution from the southwest to the northeast. The location characteristics of SYRB's four ecosystem services and their trade-offs were obvious. FP had absolute location advantage in ecosystem service trade-offs. Most of the four ecosystem services showed significant trade-offs, and the trade-off intensity had significant spatial heterogeneity, but the trade-off between FP and CS was relatively weak. At the same time, there were also differences in the trends of trade-off intensities. Counties with low trade-off intensity were mostly located in mountainous areas; these areas are less disturbed by human activities, and most of them are areas without prominent services. Counties with high trade-off intensities were mostly concentrated in areas with relatively developed agriculture; these areas are more disturbed by human activities and are mostly prominent in FP. The trade-off intensity of ecosystem services in SYRB was affected by several factors together, and there were difference characteristics in the degree and direction of influence of each factor. Moreover, these influencing factors have gradually changed over 20 years. In terms of the spatial distribution at the county scale, the influence areas of the dominant drivers of different trade-off types varied greatly, among which the areas with NDVI, CON, and PRE as the dominant factors were the largest. In the future, in effectively balancing regional economic development and ecological environmental protection, quantifiable correspondence strategies should be developed from the administrative perspective of counties and regions based on comprehensive consideration of the locational advantages of each ecosystem service and changes in trade-offs.

Ecosystem Service and Land-Use Changes in Asia: Implications for Regional Sustainability

This Special Issue focuses on qualitative and quantitative analyses of ecosystem services (ESs) specifically toward sustainability in Asia [...]

Analisis Ketersediaan Air Bersih dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Kota di Kota Bandar Lampung

The level of availability of water in Bandar Lampung cannot be separated from changes in land cover conditions in Bandar Lampung which are very dynamic. Thus, in order to analyze the availability of water for supporting the resilience city, it is necessary to project the land cover of the city of Bandar Lampung. In this study, the analysis used is spatial analysis and analysis of the coefficient ecosystem services (KJE) for the provision of water. Spatial analysis is used as the basis for all input and output processes to process land cover and ecoregion data through an overlay process. In identifying environmental services providing of water, the first step is to map the land cover and ecoregion conditions in Bandar Lampung. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that in the period 2010 to 2021 the land cover of Bandar Lampung experienced land changes and experienced water is deficit in 2021, as well as the projection results in 2031 where the water availability of Bandar Lampung is dominated by low class and very low.

THE IMPACT OF WATER RELATED ECO-PLANNING ON ECOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS IN MEGACITY BEIJING, CHINA

Abstract. Calls have been made for water and ecological planning and design to tackle the ongoing environmental degradation, yet the gaps are not clear where the implemented water (blue) and ecological (green) infrastructure might help to improve the ecosystem services. We selected mega-city Beijing, the pioneer of the “Ecological Priority” strategy, as the study area. We evaluated the conformance and performance of Beijing's water-related ecological planning implementation on ecological effectiveness from 2000 to 2015. The morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) method was used to extract the blue-green ecological source areas to conform with blue-green plannings. Support, regulation and supply ecosystem services were simulated to integrate ecological effectiveness and its temporal-spatial dynamics. The results show a gradual increase in the proportion of spatial conformance, which remained higher than that of spatial low conformance. The trend of the performance of the implementation based on the analysis of ecosystem services decreased. Our results will help inform upcoming actions related to blue-green planning and management in mega-cities.