Analysis Of Diversification Research Articles

Characterization of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Akebia trifoliata and Their Evolutionary Events in Angiosperms.

As the largest clade of modern plants, flower plants have evolved a wide variety of flowers and fruits. MADS-box genes play key roles in regulating plant morphogenesis, while basal eudicots have an evolutionarily important position of acting as an evolutionary bridge between basal angiosperms and core eudicots. Akebia trifoliata is an important member of the basal eudicot group. To study the early evolution of angiosperms, we identified and characterized the MADS-Box gene family on the whole-genome level of A. trifoliata. There were 47 MADS-box genes (13 type I and 34 type II genes) in the A. trifoliata genome; type I genes had a greater gene length and coefficient of variation and a smaller exon number than type II genes. A total of 27 (57.4%) experienced whole or segmental genome duplication and purifying selection. A transcriptome analysis suggested that three and eight genes were involved in whole fruit and seed development, respectively. The diversification and phylogenetic analysis of 1479 type II MADS-box genes of 22 angiosperm species provided some clues indicating that a γ whole genome triplication event of eudicots possibility experienced a two-step process. These results are valuable for improving A. trifoliata fruit traits and theoretically elucidating evolutionary processes of angiosperms, especially eudicots.

A choice model-based analysis of diversification in organic and conventional farms

Diversification is a polymorphic strategy to increase agricultural income and reduce the risks deriving from the surrounding environment. This strategy can also be successfully adopted in the context of organic farming. However, there is a lack of confirmation in this regard given the scarcity of studies that explicitly focus on diversification in organic farms. The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of some territorial, socio-economic, and political factors on the probability of diversifying in both organic and conventional farms. To this aim, multinomial and binary logit models are applied to the Italian case. Results suggest that on-farm diversification requires specific competences and adequate organization. However, the reasons for diversifying differ depending on the production model. In conventional farming, farmers diversify to achieve income levels comparable with those of a more competitive agriculture. Conversely, for organic farmers, diversification represents an integrated part of the production model to take advantage of synergies between organic production and diversification. From these results, some policy implications are drawn.

IgIDivA: immunoglobulin intraclonal diversification analysis.

Intraclonal diversification (ID) within the immunoglobulin (IG) genes expressed by B cell clones arises due to ongoing somatic hypermutation (SHM) in a context of continuous interactions with antigen(s). Defining the nature and order of appearance of SHMs in the IG genes can assist in improved understanding of the ID process, shedding light into the ontogeny and evolution of B cell clones in health and disease. Such endeavor is empowered thanks to the introduction of high-throughput sequencing in the study of IG gene repertoires. However, few existing tools allow the identification, quantification and characterization of SHMs related to ID, all of which have limitations in their analysis, highlighting the need for developing a purpose-built tool for the comprehensive analysis of the ID process. In this work, we present the immunoglobulin intraclonal diversification analysis (IgIDivA) tool, a novel methodology for the in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ID process from high-throughput sequencing data. IgIDivA identifies and characterizes SHMs that occur within the variable domain of the rearranged IG genes and studies in detail the connections between identified SHMs, establishing mutational pathways. Moreover, it combines established and new graph-based metrics for the objective determination of ID level, combined with statistical analysis for the comparison of ID level features for different groups of samples. Of importance, IgIDivA also provides detailed visualizations of ID through the generation of purpose-built graph networks. Beyond the method design, IgIDivA has been also implemented as an R Shiny web application. IgIDivA is freely available at https://bio.tools/igidiva

The Standard of Living and Its Dimensions in NUTS–4 Districts in Poland. An Analysis of Diversification

Along with an increase in the level of societies’ wealth, factors such as the state of health, the quality of education and negative output effects including environment quality are becoming increasingly important in assessing the standard of living and well‑being of the average person. A category that has long been used to measure the economic and social well‑being of societies is GDP per capita. However, in contemporary research, other attempts, more comprehensively describing important aspects of life, are being proposed. The main aim of this article is to examine the standard of living in NUTS–4 districts in Poland in 2020 in aggregate and in its particular dimensions. Spatial differentiation of the standard of living index and sub‑indices describing its individual dimensions was also examined. The standard of living was measured on the basis of a composite variable. This variable was constructed as Hellwig’s measure of economic development on the basis of values of partial indicators describing successive dimensions. Those indicators were determined as arithmetic means of normalised diagnostic variables. The highest standard of living is observed in cities with powiat status. Among them, there are both the largest agglomerations and smaller cities constituting local centres. In the spatial distribution of the standard of living measure, attention is drawn to the large concentration of districts with the lowest values in the north‑east of Poland, in the Kujawy Region and in the south‑east. Partial indicators describing the dimensions of the standard of living, constructed for the purposes of the study, reflect the situation with regard to the degree of implementation of detailed tasks of social policy. The analysis of the situation of districts in particular dimensions of the standard of living carried out in this paper makes it possible to indicate the districts that require the greatest attention of decision‑makers and to direct the greatest resources to them.

Asymptotic analysis of portfolio diversification

In this paper, we investigate the optimal portfolio construction aiming at extracting the most diversification benefit. We employ the diversification ratio based on the Value-at-Risk as the measure of the diversification benefit. With modeling the dependence of risk factors by the multivariate regularly variation model, the most diversified portfolio is obtained by optimizing the asymptotic diversification ratio. Theoretically, we show that the asymptotic solution is a good approximation to the finite-level solution. Our theoretical results are supported by extensive numerical examples. By applying our portfolio optimization strategy to real market data, we show that our strategy provides a fast algorithm for handling a large portfolio, while outperforming other peer strategies in out-of-sample risk analyses.

Analisis Diversifikasi, Merger, dan Akuisis Perusahaan

This research aims to analyze the diversification, mergers and acquisitions of manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis with a literature study approach. The results show that the diversification analysis was developed with various objectives including increasing growth when the existing market/product has reached a maturity stage, maintaining stability by spreading the risk of profit fluctuations, increasing credibility in the capital market, to avoid dependence on a single item or product in circulation. in the market, fulfill the wishes of unsatisfied consumers, increase the attractiveness or interest of consumers, increase sales turnover, increase profits by using the same ingredients, and prevent consumer boredom.
 Keywords: Diversification, Mergers, and Company Acquisitions.

Historical VaR as a stock fund diversification assessment tool

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the potential maximum loss in more concentrated investment portfolios and more diversified portfolios using the VaR calculation as a tool for controlling and managing market risk. For this, the study proposes to answer the following research question: "Do more diversified equity funds present less risk?"
 Methodology: The historical simulation model was applied, considering seven portfolios of equity investment funds (FIAs) and 493 daily returns, under the 95% confidence level.
 Results: The results indicated that the maximum expected loss is higher in more concentrated portfolios. Therefore, the diversification strategy helped to reduce risk and is an important instrument to be considered in a stock portfolio.
 Contributions of the Study: The main contribution of the study is to provide subsidies for investors and asset managers, while providing a simulation and practical application of VaR in the analysis of portfolio diversification in equity investment funds.

Analysis of Export Diversification and Impact of Globalisation on Income Inequality: Evidence from Asian Countries

ABSTRACT Due to the importance of product and geographical diversification of exports, the gravity equation was used to predict export diversification for 19 Asian countries from 2004 to 2017 and the System Generalised Method of Moments was used to analyse the dynamic impact of globalisation at the disaggregated level of the diversification of sectoral exports and the goods specialisation on income inequalities. The results show that sectoral diversification of exports is the driving force of inequality. Furthermore, increased diversification of exports in the highly-income countries of Asia increases inequality and has little impact on low-income countries in Asia.

Analisis Diversifikasi Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Rumah Makan Seruit Hj. Yohana Kota Metro

Muhammad Rizki, 2021 “Analysis of Product Diversification on Purchase Decisions at the Seruit Hj. Yohana Metro City". Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Metro. Supervisor: (1) Ery Baskoro, S. E,. M. M and Supervisor (2) Yateno, S.E., M. M.
 
 This study aims to determine the analysis of product diversification on purchasing decisions at the Seruit Hj Restaurant. Yohana Metro City. By distributing questionnaires in the form of questions about product variety, product size and product shape towards purchasing decisions. Then processed with SPSS version 22 with the classical assumption test approach with the methods of normality, linearity, homogeneity. This study uses quantitative methods with multiple linear regression analysis, partial test, F test, determination to determine product variety, product size and product shape on purchasing decisions. The results showed that simultaneously product variety, product size and product form Partial research showed that product variety had a positive and significant effect, product size had a positive and significant effect and product form had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions.
 Keywords: product variety, product size, product shape, purchase decision

Analisis Diversifikasi, Merger, dan Akuisis Perusahaan Multinasional

Diversification analysis was developed with various objectives including increasing growth when the existing market/product has reached a maturity stage, maintaining stability by spreading the risk of fluctuations in profit, increasing credibility in the capital market, to avoid dependence on a single good or product circulating in the market, fulfill the wishes of unsatisfied consumers, increase the attractiveness or interest of consumers, increase sales turnover, increase profits by using the same ingredients, and prevent consumer boredom.
 Keywords: Diversification, Merger, and Acquisition.

Analisis Diversifikasi, Merger, dan Akuisis Perusahaan Multinasional

Diversification analysis was developed with various objectives including increasing growth when the existing market/product has reached a maturity stage, maintaining stability by spreading the risk of fluctuations in profit, increasing credibility in the capital market, to avoid dependence on a single good or product circulating in the market, fulfill the wishes of unsatisfied consumers, increase the attractiveness or interest of consumers, increase sales turnover, increase profits by using the same ingredients, and prevent consumer boredom.
 Keywords: Diversification, Merger, and Acquisition.

Functional Diversification Analysis of Soybean Malectin/Malectin-Like Domain-Containing Receptor-Like Kinases in Immunity by Transient Expression Assays

Plants have responded to microbial pathogens by evolving a two-tiered immune system, involving pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Malectin/malectin-like domain-containing receptor-like kinases (MRLKs) have been reported to participate in many biological functions in plant including immunity and resistance. However, little is known regarding the role of MRLKs in soybean immunity. This is a crucial question to address because soybean is an important source of oil and plant proteins, and its production is threatened by various pathogens. Here, we systematically identified 72 Glycine max MRLKs (GmMRLKs) and demonstrated that many of them are transcriptionally induced or suppressed in response to infection with microbial pathogens. Next, we successfully cloned 60 GmMRLKs and subsequently characterized their roles in plant immunity by transiently expressing them in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model plant widely used to study host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, we examined the effect of GmMRLKs on PTI responses and noticed that a number of GmMRLKs negatively regulated the reactive oxygen species burst induced by flg22 and chitin, and cell death triggered by XEG1 and INF1. We also analyzed the microbial effectors AvrB- and XopQ-induced hypersensitivity response and identified several GmMRLKs that suppressed ETI activation. We further showed that GmMRLKs regulate immunity probably by coupling to the immune receptor complexes. Furthermore, transient expression of several selected GmMRLKs in soybean hairy roots conferred reduced resistance to soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae. In summary, we revealed the common and specific roles of GmMRLKs in soybean immunity and identified a number of GmMRLKs as candidate susceptible genes that may be useful for improving soybean resistance.

Economic Analysis of Agricultural Growth and Crop Diversification in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is one of the largest state with an area of 130.33 lakh haandwith the population of 6 percent of nation. Agriculture sector contributes 13 percent of state income. Nearly 56 percent of people depends on agriculture for their livelihood. In this scenario, the present study has been undertaken to analyse the agriculture growth as it determines the trend in terms of production, area and productivity. In this study, compound growth rate is used to measure the agricultural growth. The study was conducted based on secondary data.The data is analysed for the period of 50 years (1967-68 to 2017-18) for the important crops such as Rice, Maize, Cotton, Banana, Groundnut, Sorghum, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses, Vegetables, Fruits and Spices.The growth rates of the production of the major crops revealed that rice, maize, banana, pulses, vegetables and fruits were showing a positive growth rate. In contrast, crops such as cotton, groundnut, sorghum, oilseeds, and spices were showing negative trend. In recent decades, there is a vast change in the climate and other environmental factors which makes farmers to shift in their cropping pattern. Hence to analyse the changes crop diversification is calculated using the indices such as Herfindal Index and Modified Entropy Index (MEI). The estimates of indexes revealed that crop diversification is increased in over years.

Analisis Diversifikasi, Merger, dan Akuisis Perusahaan Manufaktur

This research aims to analyze the diversification, mergers and acquisitions of manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis with a literature study approach. The results show that the diversification analysis was developed with various objectives including increasing growth when the existing market/product has reached a maturity stage, maintaining stability by spreading the risk of profit fluctuations, increasing credibility in the capital market, to avoid dependence on a single item or product in circulation. in the market, fulfill the wishes of unsatisfied consumers, increase the attractiveness or interest of consumers, increase sales turnover, increase profits by using the same ingredients, and prevent consumer boredom.
 Keywords: Diversification, Mergers, and Company Acquisitions.

Biogeography and Diversification of the Tropical and Subtropical Asian Genus Gastrochilus (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae)

Tropical and subtropical Asia are major orchid diversity and endemism centers. However, the evolutionary dynamics of orchids in these areas remain poorly studied. Gastrochilus D. Don, a species-rich orchid genus from tropical and subtropical Asian forests, was employed to investigate the issue. We firstly used eight DNA regions to reconstruct the phylogeny and estimate the divergence times within Gastrochilus. We inferred the ancestral ranges and conducted a diversification analysis based on empirical and simulated data. Subsequently, we assessed the ancestral niche state and tested for phylogenetic signals in the evolution of niche conditions. Our results suggested that the most recent common ancestor of Gastrochilus occurred in the subtropical area of the East Asiatic region in the late Miocene (8.13 Ma). At least eight dispersal events and four vicariant events were inferred to explain the current distribution of Gastrochilus, associated with the global cooling from the Plio-Pleistocene. The genus experienced a slowly decreasing diversification rate since its origin, and no significant correlation between current niches and phylogenetic relatedness was observed. The diversification of Gastrochilus was attributed to accumulation through time, integrated with the intensification of the Asian Monsoon system during the Plio-Pleistocene, pollination, and epiphytism.

Diversification of South American Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera) is not constrained by evolutionary priority effects

Abstract According to diversity-dependent diversification (DDD) theory, diversification slows down as niches are gradually filled by cladogenesis. A corollary of DDD is to assume a richness ceiling, a contentious topic for continental clades. Evolutionary priority effect is a related phenomenon whereby secondary colonizers have their diversification constrained owing to pre-emption of niches by incumbent groups. South American aerial insectivorous bats are composed of incumbent, non-Vespertilionidae groups (SA non-vesper) and the later immigrant Vespertilionidae (SA vesper). We investigated whether DDD and priority effects explain SA vesper diversification history, while also comparing it with North/Central American vespertilionids (NA vesper), an incumbent lineage in that region. Diversification analysis supported a single regime of diversification rates across all groups, with little decrease through time. Geographical state diversification of vespertilionids selected a best-fitting model with different speciation rates for NA endemics, SA endemics and widespread species, but equal extinction. The model presented higher speciation for SA endemics over NA endemics. Thus, DDD and priority effects are inconsistent with the diversification of South American aerial insectivorous bats. We discuss how SA vesper are comparatively depauperate, probably because of a shorter evolutionary history and/or cryptic diversity when compared with NA vesper, instead of niche conservatism.

Managing for the unexpected: Building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change.

Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self‐reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process‐based forest landscape model (LANDIS‐II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios—including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis—and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non‐native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate‐smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm‐adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity—and thus to higher ecological resilience—than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape‐scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.

Venom Gene Sequence Diversity and Expression Jointly Shape Diet Adaptation in Pitvipers.

Understanding the joint roles of protein sequence variation and differential expression during adaptive evolution is a fundamental, yet largely unrealized goal of evolutionary biology. Here, we use phylogenetic path analysis to analyze a comprehensive venom-gland transcriptome dataset spanning three genera of pitvipers to identify the functional genetic basis of a key adaptation (venom complexity) linked to diet breadth (DB). The analysis of gene-family-specific patterns reveals that, for genes encoding two of the most important venom proteins (snake venom metalloproteases and snake venom serine proteases), there are direct, positive relationships between sequence diversity (SD), expression diversity (ED), and increased DB. Further analysis of gene-family diversification for these proteins showed no constraint on how individual lineages achieved toxin gene SD in terms of the patterns of paralog diversification. In contrast, another major venom protein family (PLA2s) showed no relationship between venom molecular diversity and DB. Additional analyses suggest that other molecular mechanisms—such as higher absolute levels of expression—are responsible for diet adaptation involving these venom proteins. Broadly, our findings argue that functional diversity generated through sequence and expression variations jointly determine adaptation in the key components of pitviper venoms, which mediate complex molecular interactions between the snakes and their prey.

Empirical analysis of crop diversification and energy poverty in Ghana

Despite the importance of energy in countries' economies, the vast majority of people, especially in developing countries, live under the energy poverty line. To mitigate this trend, several policy options have been enacted to promote the use of clean and modern fuels given the targets set out in the Sustainable Development Goal Two (SDG2). However, there is a lack of systematic empirical evidence on how crop diversification can alleviate energy poverty in developing countries. This study used the seventh round of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS 7) to test the effect of crop diversification on the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI). I employ the instrumental variable (IV) and the Lewbel two stage least squares (2SLS) techniques and perform several robustness checks to address the potential endogeneity in crop choices. The estimates show that crop diversification is associated with a 0.829 standard deviation decreases in household energy poverty. The effect is prominent for urban and high-income earning households. Household income is identified as the main potential channel through which crop diversification influences energy poverty.

An Analysis of Crop Diversification and Factor Affecting the Diversification in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

This study analyzed trends in crop diversification and factors affecting crop diversification in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. Time series data on various parameters were collected from secondary sources for 25 years (1969 to 2017). Crop diversification and entropy index were estimated to assess the crop diversification scenario, and also multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the factors affecting crop diversification in the IGP of India. The result showed diversification indices at the state level indicated a declining trend in diversification among different crops and food grain and non-food grain crops during 2005-06 to 2015-16. Farm size and distance from the market had negatively influenced the crop diversification and entropy index, whereas an increase in irrigation intensity, net income and family workers engaged in agriculture had a positive influence and significantly contributed towards crop diversification.