Cost Analysis Research Articles

Vertical perovskite solar cell envelope for the circular economy: A case study using life cycle cost analysis in Europe

Recent technological developments make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) particularly suitable for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications on vertical building envelopes, but the relatively short lifespan of PSCs requires frequent replacement, thereby generating substantial waste. Careful consideration of circularity credentials of this novel technology is therefore essential prior to the extensive implementation of vertical PSCs in building envelopes. This paper provides a circular economy approach for the implementation of PSCs in vertical envelopes and assesses its economic feasibility by life cycle cost analysis in Europe. The process of recycling PSC is developed. The economic performance of PSC envelopes is provided and compared to that of the conventional rigid BIPV system. Uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis of economic indicators are then performed to identify the influential parameters. The findings indicate that the PSC envelope has a significant potential for circular BIPV components and that PSCs applied on vertical envelope are economically viable.

Efisiensi Perolehan Pendapatan Antara Beban Yang Dikeluarkan Dengan Pendapatan Terhadap Keuntungan Usaha Menggunakan Metode Target Costing (Studi Pada Usaha Kuliner Jajanan Najla Di Purwakarta)

The magnitude of profit obtained is highly dependent on production cost efficiency, thus requiring special attention to achieve the company's target. Cost control must align with the company's objectives, including achieving maximum profit with minimal production costs. This study aims to analyze the relationship between expenses, income, and business profits in UMKM Jajanan Nazla, as well as identify key factors influencing the efficiency of revenue generation and expense expenditure. Based on the analysis of production costs, UMKM Jajanan Nazla faces a deficit in net profit due to the inability to cover production costs. Therefore, this research applies the target costing method to improve its profitability. The steps of implementing target costing involve determining market prices, calculating target profits, and identifying target production costs. By implementing value engineering, such as reducing packaging costs, labor costs, and even eliminating rental costs, UMKM successfully reduces production costs to meet the set target cost. As a result, production costs decreased from Rp. 7,880,000 to Rp. 5,240,000 per month, resulting in savings of Rp. 2,640,000. Thus, the initially deficit net profit increased to Rp. 1,510,000 per month after the application of target costing. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the target costing method is effective in improving the production cost efficiency of UMKM Jajanan Nazla, helping them strengthen their position in the competitive market.

Life cycle assessment of a hybrid reverse osmosis hydrate-based desalination process

Trends in desalination technologies are shifting toward reducing the environmental impact of energy consumption while increasing economic feasibility. Accordingly, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) and an environmental life cycle cost (ELCC) analysis of a hybrid desalination process that combines reverse osmosis (RO) and hydrate-based desalination (HBD). The environmental impact assessment was conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint methodology. Moreover, an ELCC analysis considering environmental cost (EC) was conducted to elucidate the influence of environmental impacts on economic performance. Case studies analyzed the environmental and economic differences arising from the use of four different feedstocks (natural gas liquid, soybean oil, palm oil fatty acid distillate, and used cooking oil) for propane as a hydrate former in HBD and assessed the impact of selling renewable energy certificates (RECs). The global warming potential (GWP) of the hybrid desalination process ranged from −2.66 to 0.04 kg CO2 eq/m3, with the lowest GWP when using used cooking oil and not selling RECs. This can be attributed to the energy savings compared to conventional desalination and indicates the importance of using sustainable feedstock to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The production costs when considering EC ranged from −2.86 to −2.29 $/m3, with the sale of electricity and RECs resulting in profits in all cases. In addition, using natural gas liquids and selling RECs was the most economical option. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and economic impact of hybrid desalination technologies and highlights their potential as an alternative to conventional methods in terms of sustainability and profitability.

A novel hybrid approach to pink and turquoise hydrogen production via oxy-fuel combustion

Hydrogen has been considered a clean energy source essential for net zero by 2050. However, the current green hydrogen production process is not economically feasible compared to the existing hydrogen production pathways. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid operation of pink and turquoise hydrogen as a stepping-stone until the maturity of green hydrogen. Pink and turquoise hydrogen have their disadvantages: pink hydrogen requires an electric heater (EH) with high power load, and turquoise hydrogen faces economic drawbacks due to the high cost of air separation units (ASU). The proposed hybrid operation can mitigate these weaknesses: (1) by using low-grade waste heat from turquoise hydrogen to reduce the EH power load, and (2) eliminating the ASU process by utilizing high-purity oxygen produced from pink hydrogen for oxy-fuel combustion. We conducted energy, environment, techno-economic, sensitivity, and scenario-based cost analysis for the independent and hybrid operations. With the hybrid operation, total energy and specific energy consumption decreased by 11.5 % and 11.7 %, respectively, compared to independent operation. The environmental assessment showed the CO2 eq. flow of the hybrid operation decreased by 200 % compared to the independent operation, and the total expense and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) decreased by 10.7 % and 10.7 %, respectively. Finally, the analysis revealed the hybrid operation can alleviate uncertainties about cost fluctuations of feedstocks and utilities, as well as the volatility of by-product costs. Therefore, the hybrid operation integrating pink and turquoise hydrogen is expected to serve as a stepping-stone to the transition to green hydrogen.

The Integration of Urban Freight in Public Transportation: A Systematic Literature Review

Urban logistics face growing complexity as cities seek sustainable development pathways; one solution is integrating freight transportation with public transit. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current practices, identify gaps, and highlight opportunities for advancement in this field. Through a comprehensive literature review guided by four research questions, this study evaluates methodologies, vehicle choices, the application of intermodal containers, and the shared use of public transportation infrastructure for freight delivery. A meticulous search methodology was employed to select references, which were then analyzed and classified into two main tables. Findings reveal a progression from initial pilot projects and cost analyses to sophisticated planning and optimization challenges, with a focus on metro networks and buses. This study uncovers a predilection for certain research types, the utilization of varied transportation modes, underexplored intermodal container use, and an emerging emphasis on transshipment operations. The integration of freight and public transportation within urban settings is identified as a dynamic and diversifying field, with significant potential for contributing to sustainable urban development. We outline nine areas for future research, including the incorporation of external costs and congestion effects into optimization models, and the exploration of unmanned vehicles, thereby laying the groundwork for more inclusive and efficient urban logistics solutions.

Perioperative Hyper-coagulation and Thrombosis: Cost Analysis After Congenital Heart Surgery.

Thrombosis, a major adverse event of congenital heart surgery, has been associated with poor outcomes. We hypothesized that in CHD patients undergoing cardiac surgery, increased perioperative use of pro-coagulant products may be associated with postoperative thrombosis in the setting of hyperfibrinogenemia, leading to greater hospital and blood product costs. Single-center retrospective study. Data from Boston Children's Hospital's electronic health record database was used in this study. All patients undergoing congenital heart surgery between 2015 and 2018 with postoperative fibrinogen levels above 400mg/dl were reviewed. Of 334 patients with high plasma fibrinogen levels, 28 (8.4%) developed postoperative thrombosis (median age: one year, 59% male). In our cohort, 25 (7%) demonstrated evidence of baseline hypercoagulability by one or more panel test results. Thrombosis was associated with greater hospital and blood product costs, longer ventilation times, and longer hospital and ICU length of stays. Preoperative hypercoagulable state (odds ratio: 2.58, 95% CI [1.07, 9.99], p = 0.002), postoperative red blood cell transfusion (odds ratio: 1.007, 95% CI [1.000, 1.015], p = 0.04), and single ventricle physiology (univariate odds ratio: 2.94, 95% CI [1.09, 7.89], p = 0.03) were predictors of postoperative thrombosis. Preoperative hypercoagulable state and intraoperative platelet transfusion were predictors of hospital cost. Thrombosis was associated with worse in-hospital outcomes and higher costs. Preoperative hypercoagulable state and postoperative red blood cell transfusion were significant predictors of thrombosis. Risk prediction models that can guide thrombosis prevention are needed to improve outcomes of patients undergoing congenital heart surgery.

Cost Analysis Approach-the M^x/M/1 Queues with Working Breakdowns and Interruptions

Cost Analysis Approach-the M^x/M/1 Queues with Working Breakdowns and Interruptions

Unit Cost Analysis of Haemodialysis Services By Activity Based Costing Approach as a Strategy For Increasing Hospital Profits

One of the catastrophic diseases that is the focus of health insurance financing is kidney failure. Haemodialysis is a type of kidney replacement therapy for chronic kidney disease using special equipment. One method of financing haemodialysis procedures is the National Health Insurance Program. Hospitals, as health service providers for JKN participants, have an interest in the INACBG rates. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2023 concerning Health Service Tariff Standards in the Implementation of the Health Insurance Program, there are changes to tariffs for haemodialysis services. With the current tariff changes, single-use and re-use services are divided into two different tariffs. The research was conducted at Siloam Hospital Bali. The data taken is secondary data originating from the Financial Division of Siloam Hospital Bali, the Medical Records Department of Siloam Hospital Bali, and the Haemodialysis Department of Siloam Hospital Bali during the period January–April 2023. The data collected and the hypothesis formulated in this research will be tested using the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) test method, using SPSS software. The research results show that there is a significant difference in total costs for re-use and single-use haemodialysis services; there is a significant difference in the total INACBG rates per patient for re-use and single-use haemodialysis services and there is no significant difference in the difference between INACBG rates and total costs in re-use and single-use haemodialysis services.

Short-Term Out-of-Pocket and Total Costs of Care After Ablation, Resection, or Transplant for Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A National SEER-Medicare Cost Comparison.

Background: Differences in survival and morbidity among treatment options (ablation, surgical resection, and transplant) for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been well-studied. Additional understanding of the costs of such care would help to identify drivers of high costs and potential barriers to care delivery. Objective: To quantify total and patient out-of-pocket costs for ablation, surgical resection, and transplant in the management of early-stage HCC and to identify factors predictive of these costs. Methods: This retrospective U.S. population-based study used the SEER-Medicare linked dataset to identify a sample of 1067 Medicare beneficiaries (mean age, 73 years; 674 men, 393 women) diagnosed with early-stage HCC (size ≤5 cm) treated with ablation (N=623), resection (N=201), or transplant (N=243) between January 2009 and December 2016. Total costs and patient out-of-pocket costs for the index procedure as well as for any care within 30 days and 90 days post-procedure were identified and stratified by treatment modality. Additional comparisons were performed among propensity-score matched subgroups of patients treated by ablation or resection (each N=172). Multivariable linear regression models were used to identify factors predictive of total costs and out-of-pocket costs for index procedures as well as for 30-day and 90-day post-procedure periods. Results: For ablation, resection, and transplant, median index-procedure total cost was $6689, $25,614, and $66,034; index-procedure out-of-pocket cost was $1235, $1650, and $1317; 30-day total cost was $9456, $29,754, and $69,856; 30-day out-of-pocket cost was $1646, $2208, and $3198; 90-day total cost was $14,572, $34,984, and $88,103; and 90-day out-of-pocket cost was $2138, $2462, and $3876, respectively (all p<.001). In propensity-matched subgroups, ablation and resection had median index-procedure, 30-day, and 90-day total costs of $6690 and $25,716, $9995 and $30,365, and $15,851 and $34,455, respectively. In multivariable analysis adjusting for socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and liver-disease prognostic indicators, surgical treatment (resection or transplant) was predictive of significantly greater costs compared with ablation at all time points. Conclusion: Total and out-of-pocket costs for index procedures as well as for 30-day and 90-day post-procedure periods were lowest for ablation, followed by resection and then transplant. Clinical Impact: This comprehensive cost analysis could help inform future cost-effectiveness analyses.

COMPARING THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OPEN FIELD AND PROTECTED AREA ORGANIC TOMATO CULTIVATION SYSTEMS

To compare the economics of different systems of organic tomato production, two models were created, one assuming outdoor production, and the other representing production in a protected area under a greenhouse, based on the data obtained through interviews with organic tomato producers from Vojvodina. The cost and sensitivity analysis revealed that the greenhouse model yields better results overall (a financial result of €273/100 m2 compared to €58/100 m2), despite the higher costs due to amortization, interest and costs related to the higher yield obtained. The production model also showed less dependence on the change in organic tomato yield and price, as well as key cost groups and post-harvest losses, which in both cases were mediated by growing coriander as an intercrop. This research improves the knowledge of the economics of organic tomato cultivation and at the same time proposes a methodology to analyze the economic impact of other organic productions.

Risk-stratified analysis of long-term clinical outcomes and cumulative costs in Finnish patients with recent acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularization: a 5-year real-world study using electronic health records.

Risk assessment is essential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. In patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or coronary revascularization, risk prediction tools, like the European Society of Cardiology guideline recommended SMART-REACH risk score, are increasingly used to predict the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events enabling risk-based personalized prevention. However, little is known about the association between risk stratification and the social and healthcare costs at a population level. This study evaluated the associations between baseline SMART-REACH risk scores, long-term recurrent clinical events, cumulative costs, and post-index event LDL-C goal attainment in patients with recent ACS and/or revascularization. This retrospective study used electronic health records and was conducted in the North Karelia region of Finland. The study cohort included all patients aged 45-85 admitted to a hospital for ACS or who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021. Patients were divided into quintiles based on their baseline SMART-REACH risk scores to examine the associations between predicted 5-year scores and selected clinical and economic outcomes. In addition, simple age-based stratification was conducted as a sensitivity analysis. The observed 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrent events ranged from 20% in the lowest to 41% in the highest risk quintile, whereas the corresponding predicted risks ranged from 13% to 51%, and cumulative 5-year mean total costs per patient ranged from 15 827 to 46 182€, respectively. Both monitoring and attainment of low LDL-C values were suboptimal. The use of the SMART-REACH quintiles as a population-level risk stratification tool successfully stratified patients into subgroups with different cumulative numbers of recurrent events and cumulative total costs. However, more research is needed to define clinically and economically optimal threshold values for a population-level stratification.

Hybrid Energy Storage System Dispatch Optimization for Cost and Environmental Impact Analysis

Incorporating renewables in the power grid presents challenges for stability, reliability, and operational efficiency. Integrating energy storage systems (ESSs) offers a solution by managing unpredictable loads, enhancing reliability, and serving the grid. Hybrid storage solutions have gained attention for specific applications, suggesting higher performance in some respects. This article compares the performance of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) to a single battery, evaluating their energy supply cost and environmental impact through optimization problems. The optimization model is based on a MILP incorporating the energy and degradation terms. It generates an optimized dispatch, minimizing cost or environmental impact of supplying energy to a generic load. Seven technologies are assessed, with an example applied to an industrial site combining a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and lithium battery considering the demand of a local load (building). The results indicate that efficiency and degradation curves have the highest impact in the final costs and environmental functions on the various storage technologies assessed. For the simulations of the example case, a single system only outperforms the hybrid system in cases where lithium efficiency is higher than approximately 87% and vanadium is lower approximately 82%.

COMPARING THE COSTS OF LONG-DISTANCE COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY TRANSMISSION VERSUS ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the construction cost associated with long-distance, large-scale Compressed Air Energy transmission via pipelines compared to electricity as a main energy carrier. The study indicates notable disparities in terms of compressed air energy transmission costs versus electrical transmission. The lower cost emphasizes the cost-effectiveness of Compressed Air Energy as a promising and economical method for energy transmission over varying distances. Another advantage of transmitting energy through compressed air pipelines is that it provides an opportunity to integrate the intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power more effectively. It puts a spotlight on Compressed Air Energy pipelines as a key topic for discussion and further investigation.

Real-World Treatment Patterns, Clinical Outcomes, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Costs in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Ontario, Canada.

The therapeutic landscape for aHCC has evolved in recent years, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of treatment patterns, clinical outcomes, HCRU, and costs to contextualize emerging treatments. This study aimed to investigate these outcomes using real-world data from Ontario, Canada. This retrospective cohort study was conducted using linked administrative databases from April 2010 to March 2020. Patients diagnosed with aHCC were included, and their clinical and demographic characteristics were analyzed, as well as treatment patterns, survival, HCRU, and economic burden. Among 7322 identified patients, 802 aHCC patients met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study. Treatment subgroups included 1L systemic therapy (53.2%), other systemic treatments (4.5%), LRT (9.0%), and no treatment (33.3%). The median age was 66 years, and the majority were male (82%). The mOS for the entire cohort from diagnosis was 6.5 months. However, patients who received 1L systemic therapy had an mOS of 9.0 months, which was significantly higher than the other three subgroups. The mean cost per aHCC-treated patient was $49,640 CAD, with oral medications and inpatient hospitalizations as the largest cost drivers. The results underscore the need for the continuous evaluation and optimization of HCC management strategies in the era of evolving therapeutic options.

An audit on the amount of drug wastage and the cost related to the disposal of unused intravenous agents in the operating theatres in a tertiary care hospital

: This manuscript presents an audit focused on assessing the extent of drug wastage and associated costs linked to the disposal of unused intravenous agents within the operating theatres of a tertiary care hospital. The study aims to carefully look at drug wastage, figure out why it happens, and propose strategies for optimizing resource utilization and cost-efficiency in clinical settings. : This audit is a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care hospital. The amount of drug loaded preoperatively, the amount of drug utilized, the amount of drug unutilized and discarded, the total quantity of drug wasted, and the cost related to the wastage were calculated in percentage. The maximum wastage of loaded drugs was seen with atropine (100%), followed by ephedrine (93.6%), propofol (52.5%), phenylephrine (35.2%), atracurium (28.6%), dexmedetomidine (27.8%), fentanyl (16.8%), vecuronium (16.2%) and morphine (6.4%). The cost analysis revealed that 36.3% of the total loaded drugs were wasted amounting to Rs.46903.54. The cost of wastage of propofol was maximum with Rs.14006 which is 29.8% of total cost wastage followed by atracurium 21%(Rs.9856), dexmedetomidine 18.4%(Rs.8687.5), ephedrine 14.7%(Rs.6919), phenylephrine 10.4%(Rs.4910), fentanyl 3.7%(Rs.1780), atropine 1.9% (Rs.906), vecuronium 1.2% (Rs.563.76), Morphine 0.18% (Rs.85.28).: In our audit, the maximum drug wastage was observed with atropine (100%) amounting to Rs.906, and the cost of wastage was maximum with propofol amounting to Rs.14006 which was 29.8% of the total cost of wastage. Our audit underscores the importance of proactive management of drug wastage and disposal costs in healthcare settings, particularly within operating theatres where intravenous agents play a crucial role in patient treatment. By conducting a comprehensive audit and proposing targeted interventions, healthcare institutions can optimize resource utilization, enhance sustainability, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Analysis Feasibility Of Farming Ground Water Spinach (Ipomoea Reptans Poir)

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the feasibility of land spinach farming in Sukarukun Village, Sukatani District, Bekasi Regency, to understand the profitability for farming families. Methodology: The study employed a saturated sample method with a population of 30 individuals. Data analysis included total cost analysis, revenue, income, R/C ratio, and Break Even Point (BEP). Results: The results showed that the average total cost was IDR 52,448,625 per year, revenue was IDR 75,600,000 per year, and income was IDR 23,151,375 per year. The R/C ratio was 1.4, indicating that the farming business is feasible. The BEP for production was 3,108 kg, BEP for price was IDR 4,162 per kg, and BEP for revenue was IDR 18,653,718. Findings: The study found that land spinach farming in the study area is profitable and feasible, as indicated by the R/C ratio and BEP calculations. Novelty: This research provides new insights into the economic feasibility of land spinach farming, contributing valuable information for farmers and stakeholders in agricultural planning. Originality: The study offers a detailed economic analysis of land spinach farming, highlighting key metrics such as total cost, revenue, income, R/C ratio, and BEP, which are essential for assessing farming viability. Conclusions: Land spinach farming in Sukarukun Village is economically feasible with a favorable R/C ratio and manageable BEP, making it a viable agricultural activity for local farmers. Type of Paper: Empirical Research Artikel Keywords: Farming Cost; Land Spinach; Feasibility; Revenue; Income

A New Menu Analysis Approach: Time-Driven Menu Engineering (TDME)

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop a new menu analysis model using a time-based activity-based costing method which allocates costs to activities. In this new menu analysis model, in addition to food and beverage costs, labor and general production costs are taken together while calculating contribution margin. In this study, a mixed research method was utilized. An a la carte restaurant is considered in the study. Interview and observation techniques, which are qualitative research methods, were used to determine the activities in the restaurant. The activities were determined by a descriptive analysis of the interviews with the employees of the restaurant. In the quantitative part of the study, job sampling was used to determine the duration of the activities in the restaurant. Because job sampling is used to distribute the costs incurred in the restaurant to the activities, this method is not yet used in the field of gastronomy. Therefore, the durations that were previously used as estimates were actually determined. In this study, the aboyeur activity was also added to the activities in restaurants for the first time. As a result of the study, a new menu engineering model that enables cost-based menu analysis in restaurants is introduced. In this model, all costs incurred in restaurants are included in the cost analysis, and a contribution margin is calculated accordingly. In this respect, the model brings a new approach to menu analysis.

Performance study for single slope solar still integrated with different types of solar collectors

The demand for consumed pure water continues to rise due to the increase in population density. Solar desalination is a process of converting brackish water into potable water. Solar distillation is one of the techniques used in desalination of raw water. Solar stills represent the common method for applying the principle of distillation process for obtained of pure water. Active and passive are the main categories of solar stills. In this study increasing the evaporation process inside the still is experimentally implemented with the help of two type of solar collector (finned tube solar collector and flat plate solar collector) integrating to conventional stills enhance productivity. The results show that the yields of conventional solar still, conventional with flat plate solar collector and conventional with finned tubes solar collector are (2.886, 3.853 and 4.766) L/m2.day respectively. Hence, the productivity is improved by 65.12 % and 33.49 % when using finned tubes and flat plate solar collectors respectively, as compared to that of conventional solar still. The cost analysis for the three solar still models for 1 Litter of yield is performed and the indication is that the lowest cost is form conventional still with finned tubes collector.

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND STICKY COST ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

NURSAMSI. 2024. Analysis of Capital Structure and Sticky Costs on the Financial Performance of Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Undergraduate Thesis. Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Muhammadiyah University Makassar. Main Supervised Mira and Co-Supervisor Firman Syah. The purpose of this research is a quantitative study aimed at analyzing the impact of capital structure and sticky costs on the financial performance of companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample for this study was drawn from the financial reports of companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used in this research is quantitative data obtained from the financial reports of companies from 2018 to 2022, sourced from the respective websites of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange or from the website www.idx.co.id. This study employs secondary data. The research instruments used in this study include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression analysis, and hypothesis testing using F-test (Chiw Test) and Hausman Test. From the analysis of Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), it appears that companies may need to consider strategies to manage and reduce their dependence on debt in order to improve their financial structure and reduce long-term financial risks. Additionally, the analysis of Sticky Costs indicates that these costs are becoming increasingly unresponsive to fluctuations in production and sales volume. Furthermore, Return On Assets (ROA) is significant in optimizing financial performance over the study period, although improvement efforts are observed in the final year

Analysis of Greywater Recovery Systems in European Single-Family Buildings: Economic and Environmental Impacts

This study explores the integration of greywater recovery systems (GRSs) within single-family buildings across European countries. The analysis evaluates the impacts of these systems from multiple perspectives: potable water conservation, economic feasibility, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Employing life cycle cost (LCC) and net present value (NPV) analyses, the research assesses the economic viability of these systems compared to standard water installations. Positive NPV is observed in countries such as Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Norway, according to the base scenario. Additionally, the implementation of subsidies can enhance economic incentives for adopting GRSs by reducing the payback period (PBP). Significant findings include reductions in potable water demand by up to 43.0%, and energy savings of up to 42.6% are also observed with the use of GRSs. Additionally, notably lower carbon dioxide emissions (CDEs) were reported, with reductions being directly proportional to the decreases in energy use. This holistic approach aims to establish frameworks for decision-making processes, emphasizing that economic and environmental aspects are mutually complementary and significant.