Cost Analysis Research Articles

USING NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

The article discusses the basics of using neural networks in the activities of construction organizations. The main goal of the study was to substantiate the advantages and prospects of using neural networks in the construction industry. As part of the study, the essence of this variant of machine learning was initially determined, their classical architecture was justified, key elements were identified, and the principle of operation was described. Subsequently, options for using neural networks within the construction industry were systematized (design of construction projects, analysis of costs for the implementation of construction projects, management of construction projects, monitoring of labor and equipment productivity, assessment of the quality of materials used and inventory management, ensuring energy efficiency, risk analysis and ensuring the safety of work performed, etc.) and a distinction was made between the areas of application of neural networks within the stages of the life cycle of construction projects, which formed the basis of scientific novelty. The results of the study can be applied in the activities of construction organizations to increase the efficiency of work carried out at various stages of construction.

Clinical and cost analysis of an ultra-rapid metagenomic sequencing test for pathogen detection in adult patients with sepsis.

Clinical and cost analysis of an ultra-rapid metagenomic sequencing test for pathogen detection in adult patients with sepsis.

Cost analysis of new robotic competitors: a comparison of direct costs for initial hospital stay between Da Vinci and Hugo RAS for radical prostatectomy.

Robotic surgery with Da Vinci has revolutionized the treatment of several diseases, including prostate cancer; nevertheless, costs remain the major drawback. Recently, new robotic platforms entered the market aiming to reduce costs and improve the access to robotic surgery. The aim of the study is to compare direct cost for initial hospital stay of radical prostatectomy performed with two different robotic systems, the Da Vinci and the new Hugo RAS system. This is a projection study that applies cost of robotic surgery, derived from a local tender, to the clinical course of robotic radical prostatectomy (RALP) performed with Da Vinci and Hugo RAS. The study was performed in a public referral center for robotic surgery equipped with both systems. The cost of robotic surgery from a local tender were considered and included rent, annual maintenance, and a per-procedure fee covering the setup of four robotic instruments. Those costs were applied to patients who underwent RALP with both systems since November 2022. The primary endpoint is to evaluate direct costs of initial hospital stay for Da Vinci and Hugo RAS, by considering equipment costs (as derived from the tender), and costs of theater and of hospitalization. The direct per-procedure cost is €2,246.31 for a Da Vinci procedure and €1995 for a Hugo RALP. In the local setting, Hugo RAS provides 11% of cost saving for RALP. By applying this per-procedure cost to our clinical data, the expenditure for the entire index hospitalization is € 6.7755,1 for Da Vinci and € 6.637,15 for Hugo RALP. The new Hugo RAS system is willing to reduce direct expenditures of robotic surgery for RALP; furthermore, it provides similar peri-operative outcomes compared to the Da Vinci. However, other drivers of costs should be taken into account, such as the duration of OR use-that is more than just console time and may depend on the facility's background and organization. Further variations in direct costs of robotic systems are related to caseload, local agreements and negotiations. Thus, cost comparison of new robotic platform still remains an ongoing issue.

Performance study for single slope solar still integrated with different types of solar collectors

The demand for consumed pure water continues to rise due to the increase in population density. Solar desalination is a process of converting brackish water into potable water. Solar distillation is one of the techniques used in desalination of raw water. Solar stills represent the common method for applying the principle of distillation process for obtained of pure water. Active and passive are the main categories of solar stills. In this study increasing the evaporation process inside the still is experimentally implemented with the help of two type of solar collector (finned tube solar collector and flat plate solar collector) integrating to conventional stills enhance productivity. The results show that the yields of conventional solar still, conventional with flat plate solar collector and conventional with finned tubes solar collector are (2.886, 3.853 and 4.766) L/m2.day respectively. Hence, the productivity is improved by 65.12 % and 33.49 % when using finned tubes and flat plate solar collectors respectively, as compared to that of conventional solar still. The cost analysis for the three solar still models for 1 Litter of yield is performed and the indication is that the lowest cost is form conventional still with finned tubes collector.

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND STICKY COST ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

NURSAMSI. 2024. Analysis of Capital Structure and Sticky Costs on the Financial Performance of Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Undergraduate Thesis. Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Muhammadiyah University Makassar. Main Supervised Mira and Co-Supervisor Firman Syah. The purpose of this research is a quantitative study aimed at analyzing the impact of capital structure and sticky costs on the financial performance of companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample for this study was drawn from the financial reports of companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used in this research is quantitative data obtained from the financial reports of companies from 2018 to 2022, sourced from the respective websites of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange or from the website www.idx.co.id. This study employs secondary data. The research instruments used in this study include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression analysis, and hypothesis testing using F-test (Chiw Test) and Hausman Test. From the analysis of Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), it appears that companies may need to consider strategies to manage and reduce their dependence on debt in order to improve their financial structure and reduce long-term financial risks. Additionally, the analysis of Sticky Costs indicates that these costs are becoming increasingly unresponsive to fluctuations in production and sales volume. Furthermore, Return On Assets (ROA) is significant in optimizing financial performance over the study period, although improvement efforts are observed in the final year

An Economic Analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal in Organic and Inorganic Vegetable Farming

This study investigates the economic analysis of Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal cultivated through both organic and inorganic farming methods in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Organic farming systems have gained popularity due to their sustainability benefits and resource conservation, which can reduce output costs by 10% to 30% compared to conventional farming. Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, recognized for its unique characteristics and recent Geographical Indication (GI) tag, serves as a focal point for this analysis. The study collected primary data from 25 organic and 25 inorganic farmers, as well as from various market participants. Cost and return analyses revealed that the total cultivation cost per acre is Rs. 90,482 for organic and Rs. 77,322 for inorganic methods. Despite higher cultivation costs, organic farming proved more profitable with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.59 compared to 1.35 for inorganic farming. Marketing channel analysis showed that the primary distribution pathways involved wholesalers and retailers, with organic brinjal channels displaying higher efficiency. Price spread and marketing efficiency calculations indicated that Channel II was the most efficient for both farming methods due to fewer intermediaries and lower consumer prices. Overall, the study underscores the economic viability of organic farming for Vellore GI Spiny Brinjal, highlighting its potential for higher profitability and marketing efficiency.

Analisis Biaya Operasional Alat Berat pada Pekerjaan Timbunan

Heavy equipment plays an important role in construction work, especially road construction work. The advantage of using heavy equipment is that it can get the job done faster. Improper use of heavy equipment will cause losses, so an analysis of operational costs is very necessary. Accurate and complete calculation of heavy equipment operational costs will help companies to make decisions, especially from a financial perspective. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of the operating costs of heavy equipment, and to know the proper and proper handling of heavy equipment. Cost analysis on heavy equipment is expected to provide benefits to be able to plan heavy equipment management in a coordinated, effective and sustainable manner. This research was conducted on the project Peningkatan Jalan Alun-Alun Suka Makmue-Jalan Lingkar Timur Ibu Kota Tahap II which is located in the district Nagan Raya. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, namely research that seeks to describe problem solving based on data that will be obtained in the field. This research was conducted on four types of heavy equipment, namely excavators, motor graders, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks. The results of the calculation of the operational cost analysis of excavator heavy equipment Rp. 738,617 per hour, motor grader Rp. 572,401 per hour, vibrator roller Rp. 499,735 per hour and water tanker truck Rp. 348,859 per hour. From the results obtained, it shows that for heavy equipment excavators and motor graders there has not been a return on capital, while for heavy equipment vibrator rollers and water tankers there has been a return on capital. So for heavy equipment, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks, it is feasible to replace them with new tools

An Exogenous Risk in Fiscal-Financial Sustainability: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Analysis of Climate Physical Risk and Adaptation Cost

This research aims to explore the fiscal and public finance viability on climate physical risk externalities cost for building social-economic-environmental sustainability. It analyzes climate physical risk impact on the real business cycle to change the macroeconomic output functions, its regressive cyclic impact alters tax revenue income and public expenditure function; This research also analyzes that the climate physical risk escalates social-economic inequality and change fiscal-financial policy functions, illustrates how the climate damage cost and adaptation cost distorts fiscal-finance cyclical and structural equilibrium function. This research uses binary and multinomial logistic regression analysis, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium method (DSGE) and Bayesian estimation model. Based on the climate disaster compensation scenarios, damage cost and adaptation cost, analyzing the increased public expenditure and reduced revenue income, demonstrates how climate physical risk externalities generate binary regression to financial fiscal equilibrium, trigger structural and cyclical public budgetary deficit and fiscal cliff. This research explores counterfactual balancing measures to compensate the fiscal deficit from climate physical risk: effectively allocating resources and conducting the financial fiscal intervention, building greening fiscal financial system for creating climate fiscal space.

Occlusive dressing versus local flap coverage for the treatment of fingertip amputations with exposed bone: a comparative study.

We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 54 patients treated with occlusive dressings (OD) (27 patients) or local flap (LF) coverage (28 patients) for fingertip amputations with bone exposure. All patients healed completely within a mean of 5 weeks in the OD group and 3.5 weeks in the LF group. At a mean follow-up of 26 months (range 12-38), 2-point discrimination was significantly better in the OD group (4 mm) than the LF group (6 mm). Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) stiffness was more common in the LF group, affecting one-third of patients. A cost analysis showed that ODs were 6.5 times less expensive than LFs performed in the operating theatre. OD appears to be a reliable and more cost-effective alternative to LF for treating zone 2 and 3 fingertip amputations with exposed bone, with similar healing time, better tactile discrimination and a lower rate of PIP joint stiffness.Level of evidence: IV.

Comparative Analysis of Conventional Methods with BIM Methods on Construction Cost Estimate at Structure Project Design Calculations (Case Study of Construction of A Satpol PP Building)

Construction cost estimate in construction projects requires high accuracy in calculating work volumes and applying unit cost analysis. Lack of accuracy in calculating the volume of work can result in inaccurate cost estimates, causing project budget overruns. This research discusses the use of 3D BIM planning concepts using Autodesk Revit software to help calculate volumes accurately, with the aim of reducing project budget overruns. Comparative analysis of cost estimates between the use of Autodesk Revit and conventional methods provides an overview of the efficiency and effectiveness of using BIM software in estimating construction project costs. The object of this research is the Satpol PP Bantul office construction project, with a focus on structural work. This research method includes data collection, 3D BIM modeling, calculating cost estimates based on the volume produced using unit cost analysis, and comparative analysis of cost estimates between the use of BIM software and conventional methods. Based on the research results, it found that the construction cost estimate for structural work from Revit had a value of IDR 862,330,518.59 and a difference of IDR 53,420,195.31. This shows that the use of the 3D BIM concept results in 5.83% cheaper calculations than conventional construction cost estimate methods.

Unlocking energy and economic benefits of integrated green envelopes in office building retrofits

Green envelopes show significant potential in energy conservation and thermal comfort enhancement in office buildings. This study presents a comprehensive method integrating field tests, building energy simulations, and optimization in office buildings in Chongqing, China. A 20-year life-cycle cost analysis was conducted to evaluate the benefits of green roofs (using sedum lineare container-type planting modules) and green façades (featuring vertical kudzu greenery systems). The results indicate that green roofs could reduce peak temperatures by up to 34.3 °C, leading to daily energy savings of 12.5 % during summer. Green façades decreased the wall exterior surface temperatures by up to 3.4 °C and 5.1 °C on the test cold and hot days, respectively. The maximum annual building electricity savings per green-modified area was 22.8 kWh/m2 for the poorly-insulated building and 5.4 kWh/m2 for the well-insulated one. This study highlights the cost-effectiveness of green envelopes in improving building efficiency. The optimal retrofit measure for the poorly-insulated building was the combination of green roofs and daylighting dimming control systems, yielding a 20-year life-cycle net savings per floor area of 81.5 CNY/m2. For the well-insulated building, the daylighting dimming control system alone provided optimal net savings per floor area of 26.4 CNY/m2.

Evaluation of silica spin‑column and magnetic bead formats for rapid DNA methylation analysis in clinical and point‑of‑care settings.

Late-stage cancers lack effective treatment, underscoring the need for early diagnosis to improve prognosis and decrease mortality rates. Molecular markers, such as DNA methylation, offer promise in early cancer detection. The present study compared commercial kits for analyzing DNA from cervical liquid cytology samples in cancer screening. Rapid bisulfite conversion kits using silica spin-columns and magnetic beads were assessed against standard DNA extraction and bisulfite conversion methods for profiling DNA methylation using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. β-actin amplification indicated the suitability of small sample volumes for methylation studies using either the pellet or supernatant (cell-free DNA) parts. Comparison of Bisulfite Conversion Kit-Whole Cell (Abcam), Methylamp Bisulfite Modification (Epigentek), EpiTect Fast LyseAll Bisulfite Kit (Qiagen GmbH) and EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit (Zymo Research Corp.) showed no significant differences in β-actin cycle threshold values. EZ-96 DNA Methylation-Lightning MagPrep (Zymo Research Corp.), a hybrid kit in a 96-well plate format, exhibited swift turnaround time and similar amplification efficiency. Automation with magnetic bead kits increased throughput without compromising amplification efficiency in open PCR systems. Cost analysis favored direct kits over the gold standard manual protocol. This comparison aids in selecting cost-effective DNA methylation diagnostic tests. The present study confirmed comparable kit performance in methylation-based analysis, highlighting the adequacy of cytology samples and the potential of bodily fluids as alternatives for liquid biopsy.

Sustainable Innovation in Ceiling: Exploring the Environmental Benefits of a New Plaster–Rock Wool Layered Recycled Composite

This paper presents a new layered plaster-based material for building purposes. First, a new manufacturing machine was designed to make the elaboration process easier. This manufacturing machine and the way it works are described. In this study, perlite and recycled glass wool (RGW) were added to traditional plaster with the aim of improving the performance of this material. Two series (with and without perlite) and three different layer configurations were developed and assessed. Recycled glass wool layered materials were subjected to both physical and mechanical characterisation to determine their suitability for precast elaboration. The addition of perlite resulted in a significant improvement in flexural strength. Moreover, the addition of RGW also gave rise to extra flexural strength when added. The two-layered samples performed better than the one-layered samples. Mechanical properties increased up to 75% when both the perlite and RGW layers were added. Potential Global Warming Potential (GWP 100) savings were also analysed, reporting up to 49% savings. A complementary cost analysis was performed, aimed at establishing potential savings in production costs; thus, 13–57% potential cost savings were reported. After that, a comparative analysis within the literature was conducted to contextualise the results obtained in this study.

Planning renewables in distribution system with electric vehicles to improve hosting capacity and energy losses: Two-stage stochastic optimization framework

Excessive penetration of renewables in distribution system can create several operational issues. One of the technologies that can maximize accommodation of renewables is electric vehicles (EVs). However, along with EVs additional measures are required while maximizing hosting capacity (HC) to avoid negative impact on system and account for uncertain parameters. In this regard, this paper proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization approach for planning of renewables in distribution system integrated with EVs. In the first stage, capacity of renewables is determined while maximizing HC whereas in the second stage operating strategy of EVs, renewables and grid power is evaluated to minimize expected energy losses. The proposed framework includes uncertainties in load demand, renewables and EVs characteristics through stochastic programming approach. The optimization problem is formulated as second order cone programming problem. The proposed model is tested on modified IEEE-33 bus and real-life 108-bus Indian distribution systems with different charging/discharging patterns and penetration rates of EVs. Moreover, an economic based cost analysis to compare planning cost and EV charging cost is also provided. Simulation results reveal that in 33-bus system with 500 EVs, the HC with vehicle-to-grid capability (V2G) is higher as compared to uncoordinated and coordinated charging by 29.86% and 6.36% respectively, while in 108-bus system with 1000 EVs, it is higher by 18.51% and 5.69% respectively. Further, the energy losses with V2G are 27.54% and 1.36% less in 33-bus system and 7.31% and 3.22% less in 108-bus system as compared to uncoordinated and coordinated charging respectively.

Integration of coagulation–flocculation and photolysis processes for treating reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) of pharmaceutical wastewater management

ABSTRACT This study provides novel insights into optimizing the integral treatment process, contributing to ROC treatment strategies. A comprehensive treatment approach for reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from pharmaceutical wastewater was investigated using an integral system consisting of a coagulation-flocculation and photolysis process. Ferric chloride (FC) and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) are examined as coagulants within the range (0.1–1) gL−1, focusing on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The findings show that the optimal FeCl3 dosage is 0.4 gL−1, achieving significant turbidity reduction to 1 NTU. PAC at 0.2 gL−1 is optimal, reducing turbidity to 1 NTU and exhibiting non-linear behavior in COD and TOC removal, introducing them as a starting point to the post-treatment. Photolysis of treated samples at pH 7 yields COD reductions of 60.5% for PAC and 79.5% for FC, with respective TOC reductions of 79.5% and 75.23% over 360 min. At (pH 3.5) showed a significant reduction in the COD and TOC of treated ROC. The FC coagulant could decrease the COD from 261 to 5 mgL−1 (98% COD removal) and the TOC from 143.9 to 5 mgL−1 (74.8% TOC removal). The FAC coagulant could decrease the COD from 675 to 39 mgL−1 (93% COD removal) and the TOC from 186 to 13.1 mgL−1 (69.7% TOC removal). The conventional oxidant (H2O2) at optimal dosages enhanced COD and TOC removal at pH 7, with treated PAC and FeCl3 achieving 81.8% and 97.2% COD reduction and 89% and 98% TOC reduction at 360 minutes. These results were supported by the cost analysis in which this system was cost effective manner. This system can offer a solution for the efficient treatment of other types of industrial wastewater and open the door to new applications for water reuse on a broad scale, contributing to global water sustainability.

A comparative well-to-wheel analysis of renewable energy pathways for hydrogen and battery electric vehicles

Renewable hydrogen and batteries are pivotal not only for promoting renewable energy adoption but also for serving as key components in electric vehicles. While multiple hydrogen-based and battery-based pathways exist for linking renewable energy to automotive powertrains, comprehensive evaluations of them are lacking, especially in the context of long-distance energy transmission in China. This study aims to fill this gap by offering an in-depth well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis of costs and CO2 emissions across various pathways. The pathways involve two energy storage mediums - hydrogen and battery, five transport options, and three automotive powertrains - Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV). How the electricity price, storage duration, and transport distance influence these pathways is also examined. The results show that the battery-based pathway offers the lowest WTW cost and CO2 emissions in BEV applications. Hydrogen-based pathways are not economically feasible for ICEVs. Importantly, the indirect use of hydrogen in BEVs - H2 for power generation - outperforms its direct use in FCEVs and ICEVs in both cost and emissions. The battery-based pathway is significantly affected by storage duration and becomes less feasible for durations exceeding one day. The most cost-efficient hydrogen transport methods are identified for different transport distances and electricity prices. This research may provide valuable insights for the planning of the hydrogen industry, automotive decarbonization and renewable energy development in China.

Synergising hybrid short fibres and composite cements for sustainable and efficient textile-reinforced concrete composites

Under the raising concerns over the environmental impacts of construction materials, including reinforced concrete, there has been a recent growing focus on the application of innovative Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) composites to the repair of existing deteriorated structures or to developing slender structural components. Aiming to further increase the attractiveness of TRCs, we focus on the development of low-carbon, cost-effective and ductile TRCs from Alkali Resistant (AR)-Glass textiles and composite cements with a focus on the reduction of the clinker content and incorporation of short fibres into the TRC matrix. Quaternary blends of cement and Supplementary Cementitious Materials combined with single and hybrid short fibres of alkali-resistant glass, Polyvinyl alcohol, and polypropylene, are considered for this purpose. The role of these in controlling the post-cracking response, load carrying capacity and mechanical behaviour of TRCs is investigated. These followed by an environmental and cost analysis show that the developed TRCs exhibit significant improvement in ductility and nonlinear response, and reduction in cost and embodied carbon compared to those available in the literature. It is also shown that the hybridisation of short fibres allows manipulating the performance, carbon footprint, and cost of hybrid TRCs.

Optimal sizing and cost analysis of hybrid energy storage system for EVs using metaheuristic PSO and firefly algorithms

This paper presents a single-objective function optimization method for the optimal sizing and cost of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that integrates lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and supercapacitors (SC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The study introduces a comprehensive framework for EV modeling, incorporating simulated EV data to enhance accuracy. A key achievement involves adapting the modified–WLTC driving cycle, iteratively employed in EV simulations to accurately capture the spectrum of power and energy profiles within the designated range, ensuring adherence to BMW-i3's top speed requisites. The proposed method's validity is established by comparing optimization results using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Firefly Algorithm (FA), indicating comparable HESS sizing and cost outcomes. Notably, the PSO algorithm demonstrates superior accuracy and computational efficiency. Through PSO, the optimal LIB-SC HESS weight is determined at 160 kg with an optimal cost of $27,660, while FA yields 161 kg and $28,270, surpassing LIB-Only EV models by approximately 21 % in improved sizing. This research significantly contributes by establishing a robust EV modeling paradigm, employing simulated data for optimization, and successfully implementing PSO to determine optimal HESS parameters, advancing the field of efficient EV energy storage and promoting cost-effective, sustainable electric transportation.

Exploring the key technologies needed for the commercialization of electric flying cars: A levelized cost and profitability analysis

Flying cars, also known as Vertical Takeoff and Landing aircraft (VTOLs), can significantly improve transportation efficiency, and are expected to play an important role in future transportation. However, the technical requirements to make electric flying cars economically feasible remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, with detailed cost calculation model, the levelized cost and profit of electric flying car operation are estimated. The results show that under the base case (250 Wh/kg battery, baseline cost, battery swapping, no unmanned autonomous driving systems), the levelized cost is $0.61/passenger-km, about one-third higher than on-road taxi cost. Under passenger fare of $1.00/passenger-km, the net present value is $0.46 million, which implies an investment return cycle of 5 years, comparable to the airline industry. Advanced technology deployment can significantly improve profitability. With battery specific energy increased to 400 and 600 Wh/kg, the net present value increases by 60 % and 72 %. The investment return cycle can be reduced to 3 and 2 years, making electric flying car operation a high-profitability industry comparable to ride-sharing. The use of unmanned autonomous driving systems can drive net present value up to 4.2 times that under the base case, implying an investment return cycle of 2 years. Compared with battery swapping, charging as the energy supplementing approach leads to lower operation efficiency, but can be compensated by fast-charging and the reduction of battery capacity. The results suggest that the electric flying car industry could take full advantage of on-road-vehicle battery technology development. Efforts should be made in establishing a complete air-ground joint management system to facilitate unmanned autonomous driving.

Analysis of Greywater Recovery Systems in European Single-Family Buildings: Economic and Environmental Impacts

This study explores the integration of greywater recovery systems (GRSs) within single-family buildings across European countries. The analysis evaluates the impacts of these systems from multiple perspectives: potable water conservation, economic feasibility, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Employing life cycle cost (LCC) and net present value (NPV) analyses, the research assesses the economic viability of these systems compared to standard water installations. Positive NPV is observed in countries such as Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Norway, according to the base scenario. Additionally, the implementation of subsidies can enhance economic incentives for adopting GRSs by reducing the payback period (PBP). Significant findings include reductions in potable water demand by up to 43.0%, and energy savings of up to 42.6% are also observed with the use of GRSs. Additionally, notably lower carbon dioxide emissions (CDEs) were reported, with reductions being directly proportional to the decreases in energy use. This holistic approach aims to establish frameworks for decision-making processes, emphasizing that economic and environmental aspects are mutually complementary and significant.