Corelation Analysis Research Articles

Relationship between Workload and Occupational Stress among Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya

The goal of this study was to determine the association between workload and occupational stress among public primary school teachers. The study's goal was to see if there was a link between workload and stress at work. The Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress provided the theoretical underpinning for this study (CATS). Questionnaires were used to collect, analyze, and interpret data in this study, which followed quantitative research technique. The study took place in Kasarani, Nairobi County, Kenya. All Kasarani public primary school teachers were the study's target group In order to pick the sample, the researcher employed a basic random sampling method. Using Nassiuma's formula, the sample size was estimated (2002). 155 teachers from six schools were studied out of 728 teachers in 25 public schools. A random sample of eight respondents was surveyed at two public primary schools in Kasarani, Nairobi County, which were not part of the study region. The correlation research design was used in this study. Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential analysis, were used for descriptive and co-relational analysis. There is no significant association between workload and occupational stress among public primary school teachers, according to the null hypothesis examined. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the hypothesis. The data demonstrated that a high level of occupational stress is connected with a high level of workload, with a significant connection of p = 0.001. The study concluded that primary school teachers should be relieved of their severe workload. Counsellors should collaborate with Head teachers to develop advice and counseling programs to assist teachers in reducing occupational stress. Teachers will be protected from emotional and cognitive injury as a result of this, and will be more effective in their jobs.

Alcohol use disorder and non-fatal suicide attempt: findings from a Swedish National Cohort Study.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with increased risk of non-fatal suicide attempt. We aimed to measure the strength and mechanistic nature of the association between AUD and increased suicide attempt and determine any causal pathways and/or shared risk factors. We used Cox proportional hazards models in population-level and co-relative analyses to evaluate the risk of first non-fatal suicide attempt as a function of previous AUD. We used continuously updated longitudinal nationwide Swedish registry data on native Swedes born from 1950 to 1970 (n=2 229 619) and followed from age 15 until 2012. AUD and suicide attempt were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 codes. AUD was also identified using pharmacy and criminal records. Genetic and family environmental risks were derived based on relatedness via the Multi-Generation Register and shared residency via the Population and Housing Census and the Total Population Register. AUD was robustly associated with suicide attempt in crude models (hazard ratio [HR]=15.24 [95% CI: 14.92, 15.56]). In models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and psychiatric comorbidity, the association was attenuated: for women, HRs declined gradually across time, ranging from 5.55 (3.72, 8.29) during the observation period that ranged from age 15 to 19years to 1.77 (1.65, 1.90) at age 40 or older. For men, the corresponding figures were 6.12 (4.07, 9.19) and 1.83 (1.72, 1.94); in contrast to women, risk of suicide attempt among men increased from age 15 to 29 before declining. In co-relative models, a residual association remained, consistent with a causal path from AUD to suicide attempt. In Sweden, alcohol use disorder appears to be an important predictor of suicide attempt even in the context of other psychiatric disorders. The observed association is likely the result of features that jointly impact risk of alcohol use disorder and suicide attempts (genetic liability, psychiatric illness, and childhood stressors) and a potentially causal pathway, acting independently or in conjunction with one another.

PERCEIVED STIGMA, FAMILY SUPPORT AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG CAREGIVERS OF FEMALE PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA DISORDER

Background: Family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia experience high level of poor quality of life be causes, Schizophrenia is severe mental illness which leads long term decline in person overall functional competence, alters communication patterns in the family, leads to occupational difficulties, and puts a load on the family caregivers. This study was done to examine how stigma and quality of life correlate with each other, and to determine impact of family support on quality of life of schizophrenia patients. Methods: Purposive sampling technique served sample recruitment of 200 caregivers of female patients with schizophrenia and correlational research design was used to analyse data. Devaluation of Consumer Family Scale, Perceived Social Support from the Family Scale, and WHO Quality of Life Scale were used as tools for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment co-relational analysis and hierarchal regression analysis were practiced for data analysis. Results: Significant negative relationship was found between perceive stigma and quality of life sub scales (Physical, Psychological and Environmental). Significant positive correlation between familial support and Quality of Life sub scales (Physical, Psychological and Environmental) was found among caregivers of women with schizophrenia. No significant differences were found between males and females with reference of quality of life. Conclusion: Stigma and quality of life are negatively associated while family support is positively associated with quality of life. Perceived stigma and family support were significant predictors of Quality of Life. Pak J Physiol 2021;17(2):42–5

Impact of Technical Parameters for Short- and Long-term Analysis of Stock Behavior

Stock price forecasting is a type of time series problem that forecasts the future price or status of a company on the basis of analysis of time respective values. As the price of stock or company varies with respect to time, its behavior can be analyzed by different machine learning approaches. In this work, methodology is proposed to evaluate the stock position with variation in time using deep learning approach such as recurrent neural network (RNN). This methodology used the technical parameters to evaluate the long term and short-term analysis of any stock or share. This approach also evaluates and gives suggestions to investors either to buy or sell any stock for long term and gives return at very low risk. In this paper work, hybridization of co-relation analysis and deep learning approach for stock price and long-term behavior analysis. The proposed work is termed as time lagged weight optimized RNN (TL-WO-RNN) that is adopted in this work and effectively predict the technical parameters and on the basis of that stock behavior is also predicted. The result analysis was performed on data from different sectors and such as Telecom, Powers, Manufacturing, Finance, Software sectors, etc. The result analysis shows the effectiveness of the TL-WO-RNN algorithm as compared to existing work.

Extensive long-term verbal memory training is associated with brain plasticity

The human brain has a remarkable capacity to store a lifetime of information through visual or auditory routes. It excels and exceeds any artificial memory system in mixing and integrating multiple pieces of information encoded. In this study, a group of verbal memory experts was evaluated by multiple structural brain analysis methods to record the changes in the brain structure. The participants were professional Hindu pandits (priests/scholars) trained in reciting Vedas and other forms of Hindu scriptures. These professional Vedic priests are experts in memorization and recitation of oral texts with precise diction. Vedas are a collection of hymns. It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 mantras and shlokas in the four Vedas. The analysis included the measurement of the grey and white matter density, gyrification, and cortical thickness in a group of Vedic pandits and comparing these measures with a matched control group. The results revealed an increased grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in the midbrain, pons, thalamus, parahippocampus, and orbitofrontal regions in pandits. The whole-brain corelation analysis using length of post-training teaching duration showed significant correlation with the left angular gyrus. We also found increased gyrification in the insula, supplementary motor area, medial frontal areas, and increased cortical thickness (CT) in the right temporal pole and caudate regions of the brain. These findings, collectively, provide unique information regarding the association between crucial memory regions in the brain and long-term practice of oral recitation of scriptures from memory with the proper diction that also involved controlled breathing.

피트니스센터 관계마케팅 실행요인과 고객충성도의 관계에서 고객만족의 조절효과

This study was aimed to determine the corelation between relationship marketing executive factors and customer loyalty in a fitness center. It was also aimed to analyze the moderating effects of the customer satisfaction in the relation among the variables considering the fitness center users’ characteristics. The subjects of this study were those who had used a fitness center over a years until Sep 1st, 2020. Stratified Cluster Random Sampling Method was used in this study and 228 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Survey questionnaire was used as the research tool. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, verification of reliability, and corelation analysis were implemented with the collected data from the questionnaires using SPSS Win Version 21.0. Moreover, the moderated regression analysis was used to achieve the purpose of this study. First, among sub-factors of relationship marketing executive factors, customer-oriented strategy, relationship strategy, pricing strategy had positive effects on customer loyalty while management strategy for facilities had few effects on customer loyalty. Second, customer satisfaction had moderating effects on the relation between customer loyalty and relationship marketing executive factors. Especially, the group of the customers who had higher level of satisfaction with the customer-oriented strategy and the pricing strategy showed a greater tendency in the customer loyalty than the group with lower level of satisfaction.

Quality of Life of Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Psychosocial Perspective using Mixed Method Approach.

Objectives:Head and neck cancers are one of the most visible cancers permanently damaging appearances and affecting some of the very basic life functions of the patients. With advances in medical care and multidisciplinary team interventions, such changes can be managed and patient’s quality of life (QOL) be improved. Thus, it is important to understand the QOL concerns of the patients. The objective of the study was to examine QOL concerns of the patients with head and neck cancer.Materials and Methods:A sample of 100 adult cancer patients was selected from NCT of Delhi using non-probability sampling design. Data were collected through European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaires 30 (EORTC QLQ30) and EORTC QLQ Head and Neck specific 35 inventories which was supplemented with qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews. Interdependence of the variables and their impact on QOL of patients was studied using co-relational analyses.Results:Patients with head and neck cancer experienced major changes in their speech, appearances, eating pattern, daily routine, and work efficiency. Emotional functioning of the patients was poorest, followed by social functioning, role functioning, physical functioning, and cognitive functioning. Education had significant positive correlation with global QOL (0.382**, P < 0.01).Conclusion:QOL of head and neck cancer patients was poor. Emotional functioning of the patients was worst affected as patients had high emotional concerns. The study recommends psycho-educational intervention programs to help patients cope up better with the disease and improve their QOL. Patients’ support group and peer counseling would give emotional strength to the patients as few patients derived positive experience out of the disease episode.

Spectrum Sensing of FH Signals Using Canonical Correlation Analysis Based Eigen Value Interpolation Over Nakagami-m Fading Channel

Aims: In the context of modern times where most of the network infrastructure is technology dependent, it becomes imperative to cumulate the perceptive regarding the contrivance of the concept of correlational analysis in communication domain as well. Hence, a Canonical Corelational Analysis (CCA) based Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation scheme for Frequency Hopped (FH) signals amidst a sumof- sinusoids based Nakagami- m fading channel is proposed. Objective: Spectrum Sensing (SS) is enunciated using maximum eigenvalue of the received signal’s covariance matrix obtained by the proposed CCA approach. Methods: The SNR of the sensed FH signals is evaluated using a conventional moment-based M2M4 technique. Results: Consequently, on contemplating the outcomes in terms of Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), it can be substantiated that the application of CCA approach is pertinent enough for reliable low range SNR estimation up to -5dB. Conclusion: Meanwhile, due to efficient multivariate analysis, CCA fosters statistical efficiency in terms of modulation identification that reduces the complexity of computation.

Analysis of Co-Relation Between Objective Measurement and Subjective Assessment for Dynamic Comfort of Vehicles

The assessment of vehicle dynamic comfort to human body vibration varies from person to person. Even though the dynamic comfort rating can be obtained by placing measurement devices over the cabin, passengers may have dissimilar sensations. For many car manufacturers, both subject and objective measurements are used together at development of new cars. To effectively assess the dynamic comfort of vehicle, this research explores the correlation between the objective measurement of the whole body vibration, hand-transmitted vibration and subjective assessment. The whole body vibration is measured from the backrest, seat surface and vehicle floor, whereas the hand-transmitted vibration is measured from the steering wheel. Four different vehicles are driven at various speeds on five types of pavements. Both simple linear regression and polynomial regression models based on Stevens’s power law from psychophysics are built to correlate the subjective and objective data. The regression results show that (1) the seat surface is more reliable than other positions for assessing the human body vibration; (2) the hand transmitted vibration on rough roads is more trustful for dynamic comfort evaluation than on smooth roads; (3) the overall dynamic comfort value is the most reliable index for dynamic comfort evaluation.

A UI Based Co-relational Analysis for Diabetic Prognosis using SVM Techniques

A UI Based Co-relational Analysis for Diabetic Prognosis using SVM Techniques

Evidence for a Causal Relationship Between Academic Achievement and Cigarette Smoking.

Academic achievement (AA) is associated with smoking rates. Can we determine the degree to which this relationship is likely a causal one? We predict smoking in male conscripts (mean age 18.2) assessed from 1984 to 1991 (N = 233 248) and pregnant females (mean age 27.7) receiving prenatal care 1972-1990 (N = 494 995) from AA assessed in all students at 16. Instrumental variable (IV) analyses used the instrument month-of-birth as in each school year, older children have high AA. Co-relative analyses used AA-smoking associations in the population, cousins and siblings to predict the AA-smoking relationship in MZ twins, thereby controlling for familial confounding. In males, higher AA was associated with a substantial decrease in risk for smoking (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence intervals [CIs]] per standard deviation [SD] = 0.41 [0.40-0.41]) while the parallel figures obtain from our IV and co-relative analyses were 0.47 (0.39-0.57) and 0.51 (0.43-0.60), respectively. In females, these figures for pre-pregnancy smoking were, respectively, 0.39 (0.39-0.39), 0.50 (0.46-0.54) and 0.54 (0.51-0.58). Results for heavy versus light smoking suggested a causal effect but were inconsistent across methods. However, among females smoking prior to pregnancy, AA predicted a reduced risk for continued smoking with ORs for uncontrolled, IV, and co-relative analyses equaling, respectively, were 0.54 (0.53-0.55) 0.68 (0.56-0.82) and 0.78 (0.66-0.91), respectively. Two different methods produced consistent evidence that higher AA has a causal effect on reducing smoking rates and increasing cessation rates in smoking pregnant females. Improving AA may result in meaningful gains in population health through reduced smoking. This study provides consistent evidence across two different methods that high AA is causally related to reduced rates of smoking and increasing rates of smoking cessation among pregnant women. Our results suggest that interventions that improve educational achievement in adolescence would reduce tobacco consumption, thereby improving public health.

스크린골프 소비자의 참가동기와 운동지속의 관계에서 재미요인의 조절효과

Purpose: This study is aimed to determine the causal relation between the motivational factors and the exercise adherence of screen golf participators. Considering the screen golf participators’ characteristics, it is also aimed to analyze the moderating effects of enjoyment factors among the variables.<BR> Method: The subjects of this study were the population of screen golf participators, who were in Seoul in September, 2019. Sample Selection Bias was used, and 308 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, verification of reliability, and corelation analysis were implemented with the collected data from the questionnaires using SPSS Win Version 21.0.<BR> Results: First, among sub-factors of participation motivation, self-development, social-orientation, and good use of leisure had positive effects on exercise adherence while health-orientation had few effects on exercise adherence. Second, enjoyment factors had moderating effects on the relation between participation motivation and exercise adherence. Especially, the group with higher degree of self-development and good use of leisure showed a greater tendency in exercise adherence than those of the group with lower degree.<BR> Conclusion: This study is expected to be the useful data in building a strategy for the person whose goal is to form various & healthy leisure culture through golf, and to increase the consumers’ participation adherence intention while decreasing their drop intention in the screen golf market.

Nature of the Causal Relationship Between Academic Achievement and the Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder

We evaluated the claim that interventions to improve academic achievement can reduce the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using nationwide data for individuals born in Sweden from 1972 to 1981 (n = 930,182), we conducted instrumental variable and co-relative analyses of the association between academic achievement and AUD with a mean 21.4-year follow-up. Our instrument, used in the instrumental variable analyses, was month of birth. Co-relative analyses were conducted in cousins, full siblings, and monozygotic twins discordant for AUD, with observed results fitted to a genetic model. The academic achievement-AUD association was modeled in Cox regression. AUD was assessed using national medical, criminal, or pharmacy registries. Later month of birth was significantly associated with poorer academic achievement. Lower standardized academic achievement had a strong relationship with the risk for subsequent AUD registration: hazard ratio (HR) [per SD] = 2.14 [2.11, 2.17]. Instrumental variable analysis produced a substantial but moderately attenuated association: HR = 1.52 [1.28, 1.80]. Controlling for modest associations between month of birth and parental education and AUD risk reduced the association to HR = 1.43 [1.20, 1.69]. Our genetic co-relative model fitted the observed data relatively well and estimated the academic achievement-AUD association in monozygotic twins discordant for academic achievement to equal an HR of 1.44 [1.35, 1.52]. Results were broadly similar when analyzed separately in males and females. Two distinct methods with different assumptions produced results suggesting that the association observed between academic achievement at age 16 and the risk for AUD into middle adulthood is partly causal, thereby providing support for interventions to improve academic achievement as a means to prevent later AUD risk.

225-LB: A High-Throughput CRISPR-Activation Screen Defines Human LncRNA Metabolic Regulators

In the past decade, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular and systemic metabolism. Deciphering the physiological functions of lncRNA by gain- or loss-of-function analyses in key metabolic organs, such as the liver, is essential to understand their disease relevance. Conventional transgenic or knockout approaches, however, have limitations in defining lncRNA function as lncRNAs transgenically expressed from ectopic genomic loci could be non-functional and partial deletion of lncRNAs. Domain negative Cas9 (dCas9) coupled with transcriptional activators can trigger endogenous lncRNA expression by targeting guide RNA (gRNA) to transcription start sites of lncRNAs, thus increasing their transcription efficiency and targeting multiple different lncRNA isoforms simultaneously. Adenovirus vector is the most commonly used tool for specifically targeting liver-enriched genes both in vitro and in animal models. A CRISPR-activation (CRISPR-a) adenovirus system thus constitutes a powerful means to active liver lncRNAs transcriptionally. In this study, we established a CRISPR-a adenovirus platform by transferring CRISPR-a units into the adenovirus vector, and our system allows one digestion-ligation step to construct the gRNA adenovirus vector seamlessly. Efficacy and versatility of this pipeline has been confirmed by the successful construction of a CRISPR-a adenovirus library containing 96 gRNAs targeting 20 liver-enriched, metabolic sensitive lncRNAs, which shows high CRISPR activation efficiency after primary human hepatocytes infection. Moreover, the expression levels of several lncRNA target genes predicted by co-relation analysis are significantly changed. This method thus provides a fast and efficient way to activate the endogenous liver lncRNAs and simplifies the procedure of lncRNA functional screening using CRISPR-a adenovirus system, which can be scaled up to a genome level to quickly define lncRNA metabolic regulators. Disclosure Y. Ma: None. H. Cao: None.

패밀리레스로랑의 물리적 환경, 브랜드 이미지, 브랜드 애호도의 영향관계

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among physical environment, brand image, and brand loyaty of family restaurant. For demonstrating hypotheses of this study, the survey was conducted customers who visited the family restaurant in Seoul for one month from March 1 to March 31, 2019. A total of 500 copies was distributed and 480 copies were collected, 2 copies were excluded due to incomplete or insincere response. Finally, a total of 478 questionnaires were applied to the final analyses. The study conducted descriptive statistic analysis, reliability analysis, corelation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 23.0 for Window's statistical package program. The empirical results of this research are as follows. First, the relationship between physical environment and brand loyalty showed that all the factors of physical environment had a significant effect on brand loyalty. Second, the result of examining relationship between physical environment and symbolic image showed that five sub factors, cleanliness, service, attractiveness, convenience, and comfort, had a significant effect on symbolic image. Third, the result of the relationship between brand image and brand loyalty turned out that all the factors of brand image had a significant effect on brand loyalty.

Policy recommendations for enabling transition towards sustainable agriculture in India

Aligning existing agricultural polices with UN-Sustainable Development Goals is imperative for the transition towards a cleaner and planet friendly food production, especially for a geographically and demographically diverse country like India. In this context, the present study focuses on ascertaining the major social and environmental challenges affecting agriculture in India, while evaluating the potential of efficient policy restructure in boosting growth within this sector. The methodology incorporates a quantitative assessment of social, ecological and economic indicators of agricultural sustainability in India, coupled with a co-relation analysis between several nutrition and land-based indicators for leading agriculture states across the country. The results highlight that despite attaining sufficiency in terms of food production, access to food by all in the country remains a major challenge along with incoherence between certain Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators and their corresponding data values. Furthermore, a critical analysis of operational as well as recommended agriculture and farmer welfare policies indicate that formulation of an overarching policy influencing sustainable management of agricultural systems, combined with proper implementation of social welfare schemes, would lead to the timely realisation of SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 2 (zero hunger), and SDG 3 (good health and well-being) in India. Consequently, an umbrella policy (National Policy on Eco-Agri-Food Systems) has been proposed by authors for sustainable management of the country’s entire agricultural value chain. Recommendations related to agricultural waste management and adoption of planetary healthy diets have also been suggested for enabling the smooth transition of agriculture as a sustainable enterprise in India.

The causal nature of the association between resting pulse in late adolescence and risk for internalizing and externalizing disorders: a co-relative analysis in a national male Swedish sample.

Resting pulse is robustly and inversely associated with the risk for externalizing disorders and may be positively associated with internalizing disorders. We know little about the causal nature of these associations. We examined resting pulse at conscription examination in 369 301 males born 1960-80 with a mean (s.d.) follow-up of 29.1 (7.7) years. From pulse rates, we predicted, using Cox models, the risk for criminal behavior (CB), drug abuse (DA), alcohol use disorder (AUD), major depression (MD), and anxiety disorders (AD), assessed from medical, criminal, and pharmacy registries. Co-relative analyses were conducted on the general population, cousin, half-sibling, full-sibling, and monozygotic pairs discordant for the outcome. Twin/sibling modeling for pulse was performed using OpenMX. Familial resemblance for pulse resulted entirely from genetic factors. In the general population, the risk for externalizing disorders (CB, DA, and AUD) and internalizing disorders (MD and AD) were, respectively, significantly associated with low and high resting pulse rate. For CB, DA, and AUD, co-relative analyses showed that the inverse association with pulse resulted entirely from familial common causes (aka 'confounders'). By contrast, co-relative analyses found that the association between higher pulse and MD and AD resulted from direct causal effects. Resting pulse has a negative and positive association with, respectively, the risk for externalizing and for internalizing disorders. Co-relative analyses indicate that the nature of these associations differ, suggesting that elevated pulse appears to directly increase the risk for internalizing disorders while the reduced pulse is a risk index for underlying traits that predispose to externalizing disorders.

Alcohol Use Disorder and Risk of Suicide in a Swedish Population-Based Cohort.

The authors examined the association between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and risk of suicide, before and after accounting for psychiatric comorbidity, and assessed the extent to which the observed association is due to a potentially causal mechanism or genetic and familial environmental confounding factors that increase risk for both. Longitudinal population-wide Swedish medical, criminal, and pharmacy registries were used to evaluate the risk of death by suicide as a function of AUD history. Analyses employed prospective cohort and co-relative designs, including data on 2,229,880 native Swedes born between 1950 and 1970 and observed from age 15 until 2012. The lifetime rate of suicide during the observation period was 3.54% for women and 3.94% for men with AUD, compared with 0.29% and 0.76% of women and men, respectively, without AUD. In adjusted analyses, AUD remained robustly associated with suicide: hazard ratios across observation periods ranged from 2.61 to 128.0 among women and from 2.44 to 28.0 among men. Co-relative analyses indicated that familial confounding accounted for some, but not all, of the observed association. A substantial and potentially causal relationship remained after accounting for a history of other psychiatric diagnoses. AUD is a potent risk factor for suicide, with a substantial association persisting after accounting for confounding factors. These findings underscore the impact of AUD on suicide risk, even in the context of other mental illness, and implicate the time frame shortly after a medical or criminal AUD registration as critical for efforts to reduce alcohol-related suicide.

A Study of Workplace Bullying and Job Performance: A Co-Relational Analysis of Faculty Engaged In Higher Education Institutions

A Study of Workplace Bullying and Job Performance: A Co-Relational Analysis of Faculty Engaged In Higher Education Institutions

The causal effect of resilience on risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national instrumental variable, co-relative and propensity-score analysis.

We sought to quantify and investigate the causal nature of the association between resilience at age 18 and future drug abuse (DA). In a national sample of Swedish men (n = 1 392 800), followed for a mean of 30.3 years, resilience was assessed during military conscription and DA defined from medical, criminal and pharmacy registers. For causal inference, we utilized three methods: (i) instrumental variable analyses with the month of birth as the instrument; (ii) co-relative analyses using the general population, cousins, siblings and monozygotic twins; and (iii) propensity scoring on a subsample (n = 48 548) with strong resilience predictors. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to examine survival time till DA diagnosis. Low resilience was most robustly predicted from internalizing symptoms. Lower levels of standardized resilience strongly predicted the risk for DA (HR = 2.31, 95% CIs 2.28-2.33). In instrumental, co-relative, and propensity score analyses, the association between resilience and DA was estimated at HR = 3.06 (2.44-3.85), 1.34 (1.28-1.39), and 1.40 (1.28-1.53), respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggested that our instrument was weak and, despite our large sample, likely under-estimated confounding. Low resilience strongly predicts DA risk. Three different causal analysis methods, with divergent assumptions, concurred in estimating that an appreciable proportion of this association was causal, probably around 40%, with the remainder arising from confounding variables many of which are likely familial. Consistent with prior interventions focused on substance use prevention, our results suggest that prevention programs that increase resilience in adolescence should meaningfully reduce the long-term risk for DA.