Analysis Of Chloramphenicol Research Articles

Molecular imprinting electrochemical sensor based on hollow spherical PProDOT-2CH2OH and chitosan-derived carbon materials for highly sensitive detection of chloramphenicol

The misuse of chloramphenicol (CAP) has jeopardized environmental safety. It is critical to create an effective and sensitive CAP detection technique. In this paper, a composite of chitosan (CS)-derived carbon material modified hollow spherical hydroxylated poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-2CH2OH) was designed, which innovatively used o-phenylenediamine and p-aminobenzoic acid as bi-functional monomers to prepare molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) sensors for highly sensitive analysis and determination of CAP. It was found that the hollow spherical structure of PProDOT-2CH2OH significantly enhanced the rapid electron migration. When combined with the CS-derived carbon material, which has multi-functional sites, it improved the electrical activity and stability of the sensor. It also provided more active centers for the MIP layer to specifically recognize CAP. Therefore, this MIP sensor had a wide linear response (0.0001 ∼ 125 μM), a low limit of detection (LOD, 6.6 pM), excellent selectivity and stability. In addition, studies showed that the sensor has potential practical value. Environmental implicationChloramphenicol (CAP) is one of the most widely used antibiotics with the highest dosage due to its low price and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Due to its incomplete metabolism in living organisms and its difficulty in degrading in the environment, contamination caused by it can pose a threat to public health. In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted sensor (MIP/PC2C1/GCE) was designed to provide a new idea for rapid and precise removal of CAP by adsorption. The detection of CAP in pharmaceutical, water quality, and food fields was realized.

Novel nickel(II) phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide: an electrochemical sensing platform for analysis of hydroquinone and chloramphenicol in environmental samples.

Novel tetra-2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-carboxamide nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiTBPBXCAPc) and rGO were confirmed using FT-IR, UV-vis, XRD, TGA and Raman spectra. The NiTBPBXCAPc and rGO nanocomposite has been developed to detect hydroquinone (HQN) and chloramphenicol (CPC). NiTBPBXCAPc has been examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The simultaneous CV analysis of HQN and CPC demonstrated the ability of NiTBPBXCAPc@rGO/GCE to execute simultaneous redox reactions. The voltammetric and amperometric limit of detection for HQN and CPC was determined to be 4.5 and 3.5 nM respectively, with a sensitivity of 0.446 and 0.416 μA M-1 cm-2. The amperometric LOD was observed to be 5 and 4 nM with a sensitivity of 0.235 and 0.288 μA M-1 cm-2. Additionally, the NiTBPBXCAPc@rGO/GC electrode is also used for real sample analysis with outstanding recovery. The long-term storage stability, reusability, and real-world sample analysis of the NiTBPBXCAPc@rGO/GC electrode demonstrated its use in environmental analysis.

Analysis of Chloramphenicol, Sulphamethoxazole, and Sulfanilamide Drugs by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescent Detector

Analysis of Chloramphenicol, Sulphamethoxazole, and Sulfanilamide Drugs by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescent Detector

Competitive immunoassay using enzyme-regulated Fe3O4@COF/Fe3+ fluorescence probe for natural chloramphenicol detection

Accurate and sensitive detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in natural samples is essential for ensuring human health. Herein, an enzyme-regulated fluorescence sensor using Fe3O4@COF/Fe3+ probe, is developed for CAP determination. Fe3O4@COF, synthesized via hydrothermal method, exhibits dual functions as a magnetic carrier and signal probe. Bovine serum albumin conjugated-chloramphenicol, adsorbed on the surface of Fe3O4@COF, competes with CAP for antibody binding. The antibody interacts with alkaline phosphatase via the biotin-streptavidin system. Meanwhile, ascorbic acid, produced from the enzyme-catalyzed reaction dominated by alkaline phosphatase, effectively restores the fluorescence of Fe3O4@COF that is quenched by Fe3+. After experimental verification and gradual optimization, a logarithmic linear relationship between CAP concentration and fluorescence intensity is established in the range of 2 × 10−4∼10 μg mL−1, with a good limit of detection (9.2 × 10−5 μg mL−1). Proposed method exhibits excellent stability (15 days) and reusability (8 cycles), providing a sensitive and reliable method for accurate CAP detection. The readouts show good agreement with HPLC and recoveries during laboratory and natural CAP analysis.

Enhanced colorimetric strategy: Aptamer-triggered assembly of Ni-Fe layered double oxide/DNA networks for ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol

In this study, a colorimetric assay was designed for ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol (CAP). In the presence of CAP, Ni-Fe layered double oxide/DNA networks (Ni-Fe LDO/DNA NWs) can be formed based on the combination of G-quadruplex (G4), DNA and magnetic Ni-Fe LDO nanosheets (NSs). Then, the as-formed Ni-Fe LDO/DNA NWs was applied to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) based on the enhanced peroxidase-like catalytic activity for the colorimetric analysis of CAP. To effectively enhanced the detection sensitivity, enzyme-free amplification methods including catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) were employed during this process. In addition, the background signal can be effectively reduced by means of the magnetic separation. Under optimal conditions, this strategy exhibited a wide linear range from 0.1 fM to 0.01 nM (r2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection (LOD) was obtained as 11.6 aM. Furthermore, the high specificity and stability of this strategy allowed its successful application to the quantitative analysis of residual CAP in genuine milk samples.

Introducing direct probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in apiculture: Comparison with other mass spectrometric methods for the determination of antibiotics in bees and honey

Amphenicols and tetracyclines (TCs) antibiotics use in apiculture is mainly focused on the treatment of bee brood diseases. Despite their efficiency, the serious genotoxic effects that some elicit led to their banning for use in apiculture and for chloramphenicol (CAP) in all food-producing animals. In this work, three tandem mass spectrometric methods were developed and validated for the analysis and quantification of CAP, thiamphenicol (TF), florfenicol (FF), tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in honey and honeybees. With the first, we have demonstrated the first use of probe electrospray ionization (PESI) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for antibiotics determination in honey and bees entailing a minimum sample preparation for bees, resulting in rapid chemical analysis for both commodities. The second was a reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method sharing the same scope. With the third chiral HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method, it was attempted to separate CAP stereoisomers in both commodities since reports have shown that only the D-threo isomer displays antimicrobial properties. The analytical methods fulfilled validation criteria demonstrating recoveries in the range of 74–92%, managing to address the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) for CAP, with the exception of PESI-MS/MS. The latter displayed a detection capability (CCβ) for all compounds in proximity to 1 ng/g, and an overall runtime of 1.5 min. In total, 68 samples of honeybees and honey were evaluated for amphenicols and TCs residues. CAP was detected only in two honeybee samples, while one honey sample was positive to TC and OTC was detected in traces in another sample. PESI-MS/MS managed to quantify both TC in honey and CAP in bees in proximity to the values assigned by the conventional HPLC-ESI-MS/MS methods. With regard to the separation of CAP's isomers, the chiral method managed to resolute all isomers and quantify CAP in one bee sample in the form of its L-threo stereoisomer. Overall, ABCs detection in honey and related matrices still constitutes a challenge, considering their prevalence and potential applications in major honey-producing countries.

Novel Dual-Signal SiO2-COOH@MIPs Electrochemical Sensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol in Milk.

In view of the great threat of chloramphenicol (CAP) to human health and the fact that a few producers have illegally used CAP in the food production process to seek economic benefits in disregard of laws and regulations and consumer health, we urgently need a detection method with convenient operation, rapid response, and high sensitivity capabilities to detect CAP in food to ensure people's health. Herein, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor based on a dual-signal strategy was designed for the highly sensitive analysis of CAP in milk. The NiFe Prussian blue analog (NiFe-PBA) and SnS2 nanoflowers were modified successively on the electrode surface to obtain dual signals from [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- at 0.2 V and NiFe-PBA at 0.5 V. SiO2-COOH@MIPs that could specifically recognize CAP were synthesized via thermal polymerization using carboxylated silica microspheres (SiO2-COOH) as carriers. When the CAP was adsorbed by SiO2-COOH@MIPs, the above two oxidation peak currents decreased at the same time, allowing the double-signal analysis. The SiO2-COOH@MIPs/SnS2/NiFe-PBA/GCE sensor used for determining CAP was successfully prepared. The sensor utilized the interactions of various nanomaterials to achieve high-sensitivity dual-signal detection, which had certain innovative significance. At the same time, the MIPs were synthesized using a surface molecular imprinting technology, which could omit the time of polymerization and elution and met the requirements for rapid detection. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the detection range of the sensor was 10-8 g/L-10-2 g/L and the limit of detection reached 3.3 × 10-9 g/L (S/N = 3). The sensor had satisfactory specificity, reproducibility, and stability, and was successfully applied to the detection of real milk samples.

Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Au Nanoparticles Decorated Porous Carbon Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol.

A facile and sensitive electrochemical aptamer sensor (aptasensor) based on Au nanoparticles-decorated porous carbon (AuNPs/PC) composite was developed for the efficient determination of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol (CAP). AuNPs modified metal-organic framework (AuNPs/ZIF-8) is applied as a precursor to synthesize the porous carbon with homogeneous AuNPs distribution through a direct carbonization step under nitrogen atmosphere. The as-synthesized AuNPs/PC exhibits high surface area and improved conductivity. Moreover, the loading AuNPs could enhance the attachment of the aptamers on the surface of electrode through the Au–S bond. When added to CAP, poorly conductive aptamer-CAP complexes are formed on the sensor surface, which increases the hindrance to electron transfer resulting in a decrease in electrochemical signal. Based on this mechanism, the developed CAP aptasensor represents a wide linear detection range of 0.1 pM to 100 nM with a low detection limit of 0.03 pM (S/N = 3). In addition, the proposed aptasensor was employed for the analysis of CAP in honey samples and provided satisfactory recovery.

Boosting the Selective Electrochemical Signals for Simultaneous Determination of Chloramphenicol and Furazolidone in Food Samples by Using ZnFe2O4-Based Sensing Platform: Correlation between Analyte Molecular Structure and Electronic Property of Electrode Materials

In this study, ZnFe2O4-based nanostructures, including ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles and ZnFe2O4/ZnO nanocomposite, were introduced on screen-printed electrodes surface (SPEs) for enhancing the selective electrochemical signals towards the chloramphenicol (CAP) and furazolidone (FZD) antibiotics. The difference in the molecular structure of CAP and FZD leads to significant changes in adsorption capacity and electron transfer kinetic at modified electrodes. Interestingly, FZD antibiotic with formal reduction potential (E0’) near the Fermi level of ZnFe2O4-based nanostructures showed a strong dependence of electrochemical response with electron transfer kinetic. In contrast, CAP antibiotic with E0’ away from the Fermi level of ZnFe2O4-based nanostructures showed the high sensitivity of electrochemical response with the electroactive surface area of modified electrodes. The obtained results might offer the basis to develop a suitable approach for improving the analytical performance of advanced spinel oxide nanostructures-based electrochemical sensing devices. Under optimal conditions, ZnFe2O4/ZnO/SPEs enabled the simultaneous monitoring of CAP and FZD in the linear working ranges of 0.5–100 μM and 0.5–75 μM with high electrochemical sensitivity of 1.87 and 1.82 μA μM−1 cm−2, respectively. The ZnFe2O4-based electrochemical nanosensor exhibited high repeatability and long-term storage stability for simultaneous analysis of CAP and FZD in milk sample.

Calculation of enrichment factor in chloramphenicol analysis in shrimp with variation of concentration using molecularly imprinted polymer

This research aims to determine the effect of chloramphenicol concentration in shrimp toward the value of enrichment factor (EF) in the adsorption-desorption process using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) as adsorbent. The enrichment factor describes how much analyte concentration is transferred from the sample to the solvent. In this research, the highest enrichment factor (EF) value was obtuined for chloramphenicol concentration of 50 ppm which was 120,086%. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the sizes of Blank Polymer (PB), Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP), and Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) were 12, 18, and 23 nm, respectively. The detection limit value (LOD) was 0.0981 μg/mL, and the quantitation limit value (LOQ) was 0.3273 μg/mL. At this limit of detection (LOD) no chloramphenicol was detected in the analyzed shrimp.

Calculation of enrichment factor in chloramphenicol analysis in shrimp with variation of concentration using molecularly imprinted polymer

Calculation of enrichment factor in chloramphenicol analysis in shrimp with variation of concentration using molecularly imprinted polymer

Determination of the optimum concentration of the coupling agent in chloramphenicol analysis

The aim of this research is to determine the optimum concentration of the coupling agent used in chloramphenicol analysis, then calculate the limit of detection of that photometric reaction. Chloramphenicol is a colorless compound that is often abused in animals whose products are consumed by humans. Chloramphenicol has side effects on the human body. So, chloramphenicol must be analyzed. To facilitate the analysis process, chloramphenicol must be converted into colored compounds called azo compounds. To make azo compounds must go through the process of reduction, diazotization, and coupling. A coupling agent is an important compound that played a role in an azo compound formation and was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. This research, used N-(-1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA) with variations concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% at 565 nm. The optimum coupling concentration that gives maximum absorbance was 0.1%. The detection limit (LOD) obtained by using the optimum coupling is 0.0498 μg/mL, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.1660 μg/mL, the sensitivity value is 0.1425, and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999 with a concentration range of chloramphenicol is 0,14 - 1,4 ppm.

Determination of the optimum concentration of the coupling agent in chloramphenicol analysis

Determination of the optimum concentration of the coupling agent in chloramphenicol analysis

Analysis of Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Using Standard Addition Method Based on Diazotization

This research aimed to determine the concentration of chloramphenicol in shrimp using the standard addition method based on the diazotization reaction using Zn powder as a reducing agent of chloramphenicol, followed by the use of N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride as a coupling agent and measured at 565 nm. Based on the test, the shrimp sample was found to contain 1964.91 mg/kg of chloramphenicol and it exceeded the requirements set by the European Commission which was 0,15 mg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) value is 0.19 mg/mL and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) value is 0.64 mg/mL. The correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9991 for the concentration range of 0-50 ppm. The analysis of the results showed that the %recovery in shrimp analysis using this method was 87.41%-107.73% with an average of 109.38%.

Analysis of Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Using Standard Addition Method Based on Diazotization

Analysis of Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Using Standard Addition Method Based on Diazotization

ProFlow nano-liquid chromatography with a graphene oxide-functionalized monolithic nano-column for the simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide in foods.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an effective antibiotic with broad spectrum against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while it is used to treat various infections in animals. Although CAP is banned for usage in the livestock products including, milk, honey, seafood, and royal jelly, CAP is still often detected in foods of animal origin, posing a threat to consumer health. The use of CAP is restricted in many countries due to its side effect in human metabolic process according to the Expert Committee on Food Additives (ECFA) recommendation. Chloramphenicol glucuronide (CAPG) is also a metabolic product of CAP, which may be a hazardous chemical for human health. Therefore, the development of sensitive separation and quantification method is an important issue, especially for food safety. Herein, we reported the preparation and application of a monolithic nano-column for CAP and CAPG analyses in foods by ProFlow Nano liquid chromatography (ProFlow Nano LC). The monolithic nano-column was prepared by an in situ polymerization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA-Cl) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and followed graphene oxide (GO) modification. After characterization, the monolithic nano-column was used for the analysis of CAP and CAPG in honey and milk samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The whole method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, recovery, and repeatability, while it led to obtain high sensitivity with limit of quantification was found as 0.02µg/kg for CAP. Limit of quantification for CAPG was found as 0.08µg/kg. The developed method with monolithic nano-column was optimized to achieve very sensitive analyses of CAP and CAPG in the food samples. The applicability of the nano-column was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of CAP and CAPG in milk and honey samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This article describes the preparation and application of a monolithic nano-column for the separation and determination of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide in food samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The use of new and advanced techniques is a crucial issue in the food science and technology. In this sense, this study demonstrated a new food analysis method using advanced instrumental technique with a homemade monolithic nano-column.

Unraveling the Roles of Morphology and Steric Hindrance on Electrochemical Analytical Performance of α-Fe2O3 Nanostructures-Based Nanosensors towards Chloramphenicol Antibiotic in Shrimp Samples

In this work, we investigated the effect of morphology on the analytical performance of α-Fe2O3 nanostructures-based electrochemical sensors toward chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic using three designed morphologies including α-Fe2O3 nano-tube (α-Fe2O3-T), α-Fe2O3 nano-rice (α-Fe2O3-R), and α-Fe2O3 nano-plate (α-Fe2O3-P). Among these morphologies, α-Fe2O3-T displayed an outstanding electrochemical activity owing to the unique hollow structure and large specific surface area. However, due to the small pores size, α-Fe2O3-T showed the high steric hindrance (SD) effect towards an antibiotic with complex molecular structure, as CAP, leading to a significant decrease of their CAP electrochemical sensing performance. The CAP analytical performance of α-Fe2O3-R was highest in investigated morphologies owing to a high density of exposed Fe3+ as well as less SD effect towards CAP molecules. Under optimized conditions, α-Fe2O3-R-based CAP electrochemical sensor reached an electrochemical sensitivity of 0.92 μA μM−1 cm−2 with a LOD of 0.11 μM in the detection range from 2.5–50 μM. In addition, all these α-Fe2O3 nanostructures-based electrochemical sensors had excellent stability and high anti-interference ability for CAP analysis in a complex food matrix, as shrimp sample. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology-dependent sensing properties of α-Fe2O3 nanostructures towards antibiotics, which is helpful to the design of novel α-Fe2O3-based electrochemical nanosensors.

Electrochemistry of Gd2(MoO4)3-rGO nanocomposite for highly sensitive and selective detection of hazardous hydroquinone and chloramphenicol

A novel electrochemical sensor based on Gd2(MoO4)3 (Gam) and rGO nanocomposite has been developed for sensitive and selective detection of hydroquinone (HQN) and chloramphenicol(CPC). Gam nanosheets have been prepared using a simple hydrothermal method with varying reaction temperatures. The formation of Gam has been analyzed using several analytical techniques. Electrochemical properties of Gam-150 were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott-Schottky analysis and found enhanced by rGO incorporation. Gam@rGO loaded GCE sensor has been used for voltammetric and amperometric detection of HQN and CPC. The simultaneous CV analysis of HQN and CPC proved the capability of Gam@rGO loaded GCE to execute the simultaneous redox reactions. The voltammetric limit of detection (LOD) and linear range for HQN were found to be 0.0129 and 0.05–0.24 μM respectively with high sensitivity of 126.81 μA μM−1 cm−2. The amperometric LOD and linear range for CPC were found to be 0.0063 μM and 0.02–0.09 μM respectively with a sensitivity of 23.96 μA μM−1 cm−2. Gam@rGO loaded GCE has also been employed for real sample analysis with excellent recoveries. The long-term storage stability and reusability of Gam@rGO loaded GCE and real samples analysis validated its use for environmental and clinical sample analysis.

Intertwined Carbon Nanotubes and Ag Nanowires Constructed by Simple Solution Blending as Sensitive and Stable Chloramphenicol Sensors.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a harmful compound associated with human hematopathy and neuritis, which was widely used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in agriculture and aquaculture. Therefore, it is significant to detect CAP in aquatic environments. In this work, carbon nanotubes/silver nanowires (CNTs/AgNWs) composite electrodes were fabricated as the CAP sensor. Distinguished from in situ growing or chemical bonding noble metal nanomaterials on carbon, this CNTs/AgNWs composite was formed by simple solution blending. It was demonstrated that CNTs and AgNWs both contributed to the redox reaction of CAP in dynamics, and AgNWs was beneficial in thermodynamics as well. The proposed electrochemical sensor displayed a low detection limit of up to 0.08 μM and broad linear range of 0.1–100 μM for CAP. In addition, the CNTs/AgNWs electrodes exhibited good performance characteristics of repeatability and reproducibility, and proved suitable for CAP analysis in real water samples.

A Sensitive Two-Analyte Immunochromatographic Strip for Simultaneously Detecting Aflatoxin M1 and Chloramphenicol in Milk.

A two-analyte immunochromatographic strip (immunostrip) was developed for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk. Protein conjugates (AFM1-ovalbumin (OVA) and CAP-OVA) and goat anti-rabbit IgG were respectively drawn on nitrocellulose membrane as two test lines (T1 and T2) and a control line (C). The immunostrip was dipped into a well that contained a 200 μL milk sample, 5 μL AFM1 antibody-gold conjugates, and 8 μL CAP antibody-gold conjugates; the whole assay was completed in 15 min and the results could be interpreted visually or using a reader. This immunostrip has cut-off levels of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL for AFM1 and CAP, respectively. Analysis of CAP and AFM1 in milk samples revealed that data from the immunostrip test agreed closely with those obtained from ELISA. The two-analyte immunostrip is a rapid way for on-site simultaneous detection of AFM1 and CAP in milk.