Analysis Of Cartographic Materials Research Articles

Assessment of the Possibilities of Transition to Sustainable Environmental Management Models in the Arctic Regions

The sustainable development agenda for regional development can be developed in depth and comprehensively if considered in a cluster manner. It is advisable to distinguish the traditional clusters of sustainable development: economic, environmental and social. This paper considers the Environmental cluster, which has taken in the development of several Targets from the SDGs and conducted a study close to the assessment of the state of the environment. The purpose of the study is the possibility of updating the Arctic Council studies for the regions of the Russian Arctic in connection with their authentic regional ecological pressures. Objectives: to determine the actual environmental loads on each of the nine Arctic regions and to develop approaches to the formation of a model of sustainable environmental management within the framework of the existing scientific developments of the Arctic Council working groups and the formation of a scientific agenda for the future. Research methods: analysis of cartographic material, environmental reports of local and federal authorities, non-financial reports of enterprises operating in the Arctic regions, messengers and activity of civil society institutions, the real state of natural environments (atmospheric air, soil, water resources and forests), perspective development plans of the selected regions. As a result, several of the most urgent areas were highlighted in which it is advisable to focus further efforts to improve the state of the environment in each of the regions. The work was carried out during 2021-2022.

Methodological and methodical basis for the study of two-tiered anthropogenic landscapes

The study of anthropogenic landscapes is an urgent topic in modern geography and ecology. Anthropogenic landscapes arise due to the anthropogenic activity impact on nature and have a two-tiered structure consisting of natural and anthropogenic components. The study of these landscapes requires a scientifically substantiated methodological and methodical basis that will allow us to collect, analyze and interpret data on the subject. The purpose of the article is to consider the methodological and methodical aspects of the study of the two-tiered anthropogenic landscapes. It aims to define the theoretical foundations and practical approaches to the study of these landscapes, as well as to analyze the methods of data collection and processing that provide information about the natural and anthropogenic components of the landscape. Main material. The article discusses the basic concepts and theoretical foundations of the study of two-tiered anthropogenic landscapes, including their classification and identification. The author considers methodological approaches to the study of anthropogenic landscapes, including the use of various methods of data collection and processing, analysis of cartographic material and the use of geographic information systems. The scientific significance of this article lies in the fact that it provides new approaches to the study of the two-tiered nature of anthropogenic landscapes, which we can use in further scientific research and practical activities. The results of this study can be useful for geographers, ecologists and other specialists involved in the study and protection of nature. Conclusions and further research: The study of the two-tiered nature of anthropogenic landscapes uses a variety of methods that help scientists better understand and assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on the natural environment. The use of geoinformation analysis, socio-geographical research, statistical analysis and other methods allows us to get a more complete picture of the two-tiered system, taking into account various aspects of the interaction between the anthroposphere and the biosphere. The study of the two-tiered nature of anthropogenic landscapes is an important part of modern geography and ecology. The use of classifications, integrated methodologies and geoinformation analyses helps to investigate the relationship between human activity and natural environment.

ICE FORMATIONS WITHIN THE COURSES OF SMALL RIVERS OF THE IRKUT RIVER BASIN

The article discusses the ice formations of small rivers in the upper reaches of the Irkut river basin. Morphometric and morphological characteristics of icings were obtained, the map-scheme of ice formations was created and analyzed, features of icing processes and their influence on the relief of small rivers were identified using data of field research for 2021-2022, analysis of cartographic material and satellite images. It has been established that the longest and gentlest icings are confined to the area of the Munku-Sardyk massif, the steepest icings - to the Nuhu-Daban and Tunkinsky Goltsy mountains, the icing coefficients of the rivers vary from low to medium values. The main role of ice formations is to transform the relief of the bottoms and slopes of small river valleys through erosive-accumulative (deep, lateral erosion and the formation of alluvial-iced terraces) and cryogenic processes (preparation of loose material).

Закономірності прояву фізичної деградації в орних ґрунтах України та регіони підвищеного її ризику

Goal. To study the patterns of physical degradation in arable soils of Ukraine, and identify its features in different climatic zones, as well as to identify regions of increased risk of its manifestation and propose efficient anti-degradation measures. Methods. Information-analytical — to analyze the literature on physical degradation of arable soils; mathematical and statistical — to identify the reliability of the results and calculate the area of soils at risk of physical degradation; cartographic — to create cartographic materials to identify problem areas of physical degradation. Results. The main reasons for the spread of physical degradation of arable soils were identified: the increased tendency of humus to mineralization and mobility, over compaction and destructurization, increase in the number of large and small pores in macroaggregates. The peculiarities of the manifestation of physical degradation of soils depending on the natural and climatic zone of their location are characterized. Based on the creation and analysis of cartographic materials, problem areas with physical soil degradation were identified and their areas were calculated by administrative regions of Ukraine. It is established that the soils of the Kherson region are characterized by the greatest tendency to the manifestation of physical degradation. Also, regions with an increased risk of physical degradation in soils are Zaporizhzhia, Poltava and Kyiv. The principles of overcoming physical degradation are determined, effective anti-degradation measures are proposed, the main ones of which are minimization of mechanical impact on the soil, observance of the deficit-free balance of organic matter and preservation of the agronomically useful structure. Conclusions. The causes and consequences of the physical degradation of arable soils are outlined. The urgency of identifying areas of soil susceptibility to physical degradation is proved, the peculiarities of its manifestation in different climatic zones of the country are analyzed. The main means and principles for overcoming the physical degradation of soils are proposed.

Поиск водопадов Эфиопии по данным дистанционного зондирования

Waterfalls are specific hydrological and hydrobiological objects that often serve as the natural obstacles for spreading of aquatic animal species, resulting as discontinuous range of these species. Waterfalls and rapids create special habitats for riverine aquatic organisms and cause microclimatic changes along the coast. The areas of the largest waterfalls in Ethiopia, high-mountainous Jinbar Waterfall and low-mountainous Blue Nile Falls (Tis Abay,Tis Issat), were considered as model. Up-to-date remote sensing and GIS for processing and storing satellite and field data makes it possible to identify new waterfalls and rapids, to correct and to supply the existing literature and cartographic data. ERS data obtained from the modern satellite Sentinel-2, designed to monitor the state of the environment, as well as data from radar satellite imagery (SRTM) were used mainly. Based on the results of the analysis of cartographic materials and remote sensing data, the localization of a number of large waterfalls and rapids on the rivers of the Ethiopian Highlands was determined and the parameters for the selection of remote sensing data were established. Images with a spatial resolution of 10–15 m/pixel and higher are suitable for detecting significant waterfalls (more than 30-m wide). According to the present study, the identifying the waterfall zones by the methods of GIS analysis of topographic maps at a scale of 1:200000 and larger, as well as from satellite topographic data is possible.

The impact of residential suburbanization on changes in the morphology of villages in the suburban area of Wrocław, Poland

Abstract Residential suburbanization is one of the most spontaneous processes occurring in the surroundings of large cities in Central and Eastern Europe. In the case of Wrocław, the first phase of suburbanization began as early as the second half of the 19th century. Its spatial scope changed with the expansion of the administrative borders of the city between 1924-28 and 1950-73, when dozens of suburban villages were incorporated into the city. In addition, during the socialism period, the intensity of suburbanization decreased significantly, which was related to the development of the city within the conditions of planned urbanization and industrialization of the country. The second phase of suburbanization began with the system transformation in the 1990s, and its scale and intensity increased in the 21st century. New construction in the hinterlands of the city has contributed to significant changes in the morphology of suburban villages, especially as the growing share of new buildings is multi-family housing. The aim of this article was to identify the most common trends in the morphological changes that affect villages located in the suburban area of Wrocław under the influence of residential suburbanization. Using the analysis of cartographic materials, field research and graph methods, a typology of morphological transformations of villages located in the suburban area was proposed.

Сравнительный анализ двух подходов к крупномасштабному картографированию лесной растительности в Южном Нечерноземье России

The results of the comparative analysis of traditional forest typology data and the data of floristic classification by the J. Braun-Blanquet approach for large-scale mapping of forest vegetation from the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia are presented. 3 model forest areas located in the forestries in borders of different botanic-geographical districts with specific climatic and edaphic conditions have been chosen to make the comparative analysis of cartographic materials (Bryansk and Smolensk Regions). A comparison of existing afforestation plans and created geobotanical maps demonstrates the difference in the number of recognized typological units. In all cases, a smaller number of units are noted for the geobotanical maps with a scale 1 : 25 000. A decrease in the number of typological units can be explain by the lack of information on the age of tree stands. Another reason is, probably, the assignment of some forest stands with the predominance of different indigenous species to a single association. However, the same typological units, distinguished by the predominance of tree species, may correspond to different units of floristic classification, which may increase the number of typological units on the geobotanical map. Some features of the Braun-Blanquet approach such as the allocation of units, primarily based on a comparison of the floristic composition of plant communities, allows attributing both natural stands and forest cultures to a single syntaxon. This also reduces the number of typological units on the geobotanical map. The plans of afforestation show the present-day species composition and the age of the studied stands, but the dynamic interrelations of forest communities are not reflected there. Therefore, it is more effective to reflect the dynamics of vegetation of forest communities in accordance with the methodology adopted when creating geobotanical maps. In this case, the succession state of communities and their links to classification units of higher ranks has been taken into account by the allocation of temporary facies with the predominance of small-leaved species at the site of indigenous broad-leaved or coniferous forests. The deductive approach with the identification of non-rank «communities» also makes it possible to separate into separate syntaxa and time-unstable, unformed or poorly floristic communities. Typically, such forests are formed by coniferous cultures in the zone of deciduous forests. The unformed «semi-forest» communities in the lowland swamps are also placed into the same category. They are often formed after felling, initiating or intensifying bogging under conditions of fluctuating moisture. The use of a single colorimetric scheme for forest stands in different climatic and edaphic conditions, reflected in the TLU (forest conditions) system, can be considered not quite correct. Stands with the predominance of the same species can correspond to different zonal-conditioned TLUs. At the same time, communities of some syntaxomomical taxa of floristic classification can be formed in different TLUs and their diversity corresponds to the width of the ecological amplitude of the types of plant communities. The more stenotopic communities, the smaller number of TLUs corresponding to their habitats. The afforestation plans and geobotanical maps can be used by different ways in forestry. The traditional afforestation plans are widely used in forestry planning. However, the geobotanical map supplemented with information on the dynamic relationships of stands allows making more efficient prediction of scenarios of forest stand development under known forest conditions. In addition, cartographic materials on the proposed geobotanical basis reflect the general botanical and geographical trends of vegetation, and the syntaxa of the floristic classification always have a certain chorological content, thus, they can be used as zonal-climatic indicators. This feature is reflected in their compliance with TLU, which are specifically distinguished for different natural zones.

ФОРТИФІКАЦІЙНІ ОБ’ЄКТИ ТА РОЗВИТОК ВУЛИЧНОЇ МЕРЕЖІ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ ЧАСТИНИ МІСТА ЧЕРНІВЦІВ У XVIII –XX СТ

Formation and development of the central part of Chernivtsi is a long historical process. The settlement, which emerged in the XIV century, underwent major urban transformations that took place during the XVIII-XX centuries. They became an important period of creation of the renewed structure plan of the city area which is still in operation. The historical city centre has been changing its structure, size, functional organization during a long time. The objective of the research is to study and compare the main parameters and characteristics of the city at certain historical stages by analysing the development of its transport network. The purpose of the article is to review and analyse available cartographic materials and study the street network development in the historical part of the city in the late XVIII - XX centuries. The article highlights the factors that played an important role in the formation and development of Chernivtsi city centre, in particular, strengthening and expansion of economic ties. According to the findings, discovery of new trade routes became a decisive factor that influenced the development of Chernivtsi, determined the city structure and directions of the main streets. Other important factors include natural conditions and local terrain, social economic and administrative impact. Studies have shown that the historical centre of Chernivtsi evolved according to the existing structure plan. Analysis of cartographic materials and historical sources allows to characterize the basic principles of urban development. Expansion of the street network and squares, as well as trends in the planning of residential areas provide an opportunity to assess their nature, scale and size. Topographical maps enabled us to devise comparative schemes of urban development and evolution of city boundaries throughout the studied period. The city center moved gradually to new areas in the south-western direction. This feature of the city development provides important materials for urban study. This work can be primarily aimed at studying the urban planning structure, defense lines, public spaces, etc. The city developed in an extensive way, pushing the boundaries of the city center, creating new parallel urban complexes with new central squares. The most difficult task for scientists today is to localize these boundaries for different stages. The next difficult task is to find out old defense systems existed in the different parts of the city in the past. A completely unresolved question is how defense complexes influenced the development of the planning structure. The study allowed to highlight the prerequisites for major urban transformations in the historical part of Chernivtsi in the XVIII - XX centuries.

Depopulated localities of former east Prussia as isolated components of the landscape structure in the form of clusters of high vegetation

The article is devoted to selected issues concerning the contemporary landscape identity of completely deserted localities situated in the part of former East Prussia incorporated into Poland. It presents conclusions drawn from an analysis of cartographic materials and on-site research on high greenery’s participation in and importance to the creation of the landscape of uninhabited settlement units. High greenery is one of the main components of the space of abandoned localities in the research area. In total, 94% of completely deserted settlements in the Polish part of former East Prussia are partially or completely covered with high greenery. Relatively often – in 39% of all uninhabited localities – high greenery forms isolated patches in the landscape structure. This is reflected in the process of observation of both the horizontal and vertical landscape structure of a locality, as demonstrated on the example of the case study of one of the old settlements.

Ландшафтно-екологічні особливості формування зелених насаджень у Львівській урбоекосистемі

Розкрито ландшафтно-екологічні особливості структури Львова та їх вплив на формування еколого-біологічних особливостей зелених насаджень міста. Проведено аналіз картографічного матеріалу, цільове натурне обстеження садово-паркових об'єктів міста Львова, їх ландшафтно-планувальну та типологічну структуру. Проаналізовано елементи ландшафтної структури на рівні макрорельєфу та мезорельєфу, які зберегли свою ідентичність, а тому певною мірою репрезентують ландшафтний аспект природного середовища Львова. Досліджено фітоценотичну структуру 10 дослідних ділянок комплексної зеленої зони міста Львова. З'ясовано еколого-біологічні відмінності та особливості формування просторових природних явищ у певному фітоценотичному угрупованні. Встановлено, що формування фітоклімату над окремою територією є наслідком інтегрованої взаємодії основних кліматотвірних чинників, що включають в себе надходження сонячної радіації, особливостей атмосферної циркуляції та підстильної поверхні. Виявлено, що знаючи кліматотвірні властивості едифікаторів головної синузії, можна формувати паркові та лісопаркові фітоценози, які володіють високою естетичною цінністю та сприятливими санітарно-гігієнічними умовами. Окреслено негативні явища впливу на різноманітні елементи ґрунтового покриту та рослинного вкриття урбанізованованих екосистем. Встановлено, що негативні наслідки рекреаційного природокористування підсилюються сезонністю, а також зосередженням рекреантів у найбільш освоєних паркових насадженнях. Відзначено, що Львівська урбосистема потребує зменшення рекреаційного навантаження на паркові та лісопаркові рослинні угруповання.

Differentiation of soils and land use changes in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake (Northern Poland)

Abstract The aims of the study were to characterize shoreline soil development and evolution and to determine land use changes (19th to 20th centuries) in the direct catchment of the completely vanished Gardeja lake. The study was based on pedological research and analysis of cartographic materials. The main factor determining the current development of shoreline zone soil cover at the former Gardeja lake was human activity (lake dewatering, further drainage and human-induced erosion). Studied soil profiles were developed from mineral, non-lacustrine materials (upper parts of the slopes) and lacustrine sediments covered with colluvium. The analyzed soil catenas are representative for the undulated young glacial landscape of Northern Poland. The biggest changes of the land use were observed for the class of grasslands that is combined with shrubs (increase of cover area).

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL TENSION RISK PREDICTING ALGORITHM IN THE POPULATION OF CERTAIN REGIONS OF RUSSIA

Aim . The aim of the study was development of approaches to predict the risk of social tension for population of the Russian Federation regions. Methods . Theoretical studies based on the analysis of cartographic material from the National Atlas of Russia. The use of geo-information technologies has provided modeling of environmental load in the territory of certain regions of Russia. Experimental studies were performed using standard methods of psycho-physiological testing involving 336 persons 18-23 years old of both sexes. Results . As a fundamental biologically significant factor of the environment, differentiating the Russian Federation territory to areas with discrete actual physical effects, total solar radiation was determined. The subsequent allocation of model regions (Republic of Crimea, Rostov and Saratov regions) based on the principle of minimizing regional differences associated factors of environmental pressure per person. Experimental studies have revealed persistent systemic relationships of phenotypic characteristics and tendency of person to neuropsychic tension. The risk of social tension for the study area population is predicted on the condition of finding more than two thirds of the representatives of sample within the borders of a high level of general non-specific reactivity of an organism. Main conclusions . The expediency of using the northern latitude as an integral index of differentiation of areas on the specifics of the severity of the physical factors of environmental impact on human activity is justified. The possibility of the application for the level of general nonspecific reactivity of an organism as a phenotypic trait marker of social tension risk is identified. An algorithm for predicting the risk of social tension among the population, compactly living in certain territories of the Russian Federation is designed.

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND AESTHETICAL DISCOURSE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF VILNIUS FOUNTAINS / ISTORINIS, SOCIALINIS IR ESTETINIS DISKURSAS VILNIAUS FONTANŲ ARCHITEKTŪROJE

This article attempts to review connections between Vilnius city culture and water, as an architectural mean. It aims to determine social and aesthetical aspects of water in development of Vilnius architecture in the context of cultural flux and changing urbanistic concepts. The main research methods are the interpretation of texts, historical reflection and analysis of cartographic material. In Vilnius architecture, water reflects functional principles and artistic conceptions of various historical periods. The usage of water as an aesthetic means was commenced in Renaissance Vilnius sculpture fountains. During the Soviet period, regardless of the heritage and historical traditions, geometrically developed city structure destroyed individual character and aesthetic charm. By absolutizing of geometric forms, modern urbanists deprived the city of life and individuality. Aesthetic value of water had been annulled and fountains were designed solely on the basis of technical and ideological considerations. In the discourse of modern Lithuanian urbanism, return to the aesthetic dimension of water is observed along with innovative management schemes and technologies, ecology and art. In the conclusion it is revealed, that throughout history, it has formed only weak link between water and cultural identity. This resulted, that water, as architectural tool for social influence, was used more by external forces, rather than for internal Lithuanian cultural purposes. In the meantime, the discourse is forming, which could result in future developments of the issue. Straipsnyje bandoma apžvelgti Vilniaus miesto kultūros ir vandens, kaip architektūrinės priemonės sąsajas. Iškeliamas tikslas nustatyti vandens socialinius ir estetinius aspektus Vilniaus miesto architektūros raidoje, besikeičiant urbanistikos koncepcijoms ir kintant kultūrinėms vertybėms. Pagrindiniai tyrimo metodai – tekstų interpretacija, istorinė refleksija bei kartografinės medžiagos analizė. Vanduo Vilniaus architektūroje atspindi įvairių laikotarpių funkcionalumo principus ir menines koncepcijas. Renesanso laikotarpiu Vilniaus skulptūriniuose fontanuose vandenį pradėta naudoti kaip estetinę priemonę. Sovietiniu periodu, neatsižvelgiant į praeities paveldą ir istorines tradicijas, geometriškai plėtojama miesto struktūra naikino individualų charakterį ir estetinį žavesį. Tuometinė urbanistika suabsoliutino geometrines formas, atimdama miestams gyvybę ir žmonių bendrumą. Vandens estetinė reikšmė buvo anuliuota, fontanai projektuojami remiantis techniniais bei ideologiniais motyvais, tačiau neapsieita ir be užslėptos, metaforinės prasmės. Šiuolaikiniame lietuviškame urbanistikos diskurse grįžtama prie estetinės dimensijos, prie vandens valdymo schemų su naujomis technologijomis, ekologija ir menu. Išvadose atskleidžiama, kad istorijos eigoje nusistovėjo silpnas ryšys tarp vandens ir kultūrinio tapatumo, todėl ši architektūrinė priemonė, kaip socialinis įtaigos įrankis, sąmoningai taikyta veikiau išorinių jėgų, nei vidinėms lietuviškos kultūros reikmėms. Nepaisant to, pastaruoju metu formuojasi diskursas, kuris gali turėti potencialo ateities pokyčiams.

ZMIANY POWIERZCHN I LEŚNYCH NA TERENIE PARKU KRAJOBRAZOWEGO PROMN O W OSTATNICH 200 LATACH W ASPEKCIE KRAJOBRAZOWYM

The main purpose of this work was to assess changes to the forest areas in Promno Landscape Park which occurred in 1830–2013. The assessment of these changes was based on an analysis of cartographic material from 1830, 1890, 1940 and 2013. The article presents the natural and socio-economic conditions in the research area. Analyses of dominant habitats and stands have also been presented together with cartographic material and a detailed analysis and evaluation of the changes over nearly 180 years. Based on the strategic documents and research results, a forecast has also been provided of the changes to be expected in the next dozen or so years. An analysis of changes to the forest areas in Promno Landscape Park has shown that the largest decrease in forest cover occurred in the second half of the 19th century in connection with clear-cut clearings. In 1890, the forest area decreased by 268 ha against 1830. Slight changes took place in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. In that period, slow afforestation followed logging and therefore the forest area increased from 1,592.3 hectares in 1890 to 1,679 hectares in 1940. Undoubtedly, the largest increase occurred after 1940, after the Second World War when land of poor agricultural value was afforested. The area of forests grew from 1,679 ha in 1940 to 2,545.29 ha in 2013 marking an increase in forest cover from less than 50% to the existing 76%.