Carbohydrate Composition Analysis Research Articles

Mechanism of nanoplastics capture by jellyfish mucin and its potential as a sustainable water treatment technology

The accumulation of nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment has raised concerns about their impact on human health and the biosphere. The main aim of this study is to understand the mechanism that governs the capture of NPs by jellyfish mucus extracted from the jellyfish Aurelia sp. (A.a.) and compare the capture/removal efficiency to that of conventional coagulants and mucus from other organisms. The efficacy of A.a mucus to capture polystyrene and acrylic NPs (∼100 nm) from spiked wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent was evaluated. The mucus effect on capture kinetics and destabilization of NPs of different polymer compositions, sizes and concentrations was quantified by means of fluorescent NPs, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements and visualized by scanning electron microscopy. A dosing of A.a. mucus equivalent to protein concentrations of ∼2–4 mg L−1 led to a rapid change in zeta potential from a baseline of −30 mV to values close to 0 mV, indicating a marked change from a stable to a non-stable dispersion leading to a rapid (<10 min) and significant removal of NPs (60 %–90 %) from a stable suspension. The A.a. mucus outperformed all other mucus types (0–37 %) and coagulants (0 %–32 % for ferric chloride; 23–40 % for poly aluminum chlorohydrate), highlighting the potential for jellyfish mucus to be used as bio-flocculant. The results indicate a mucus-particle interaction consisting of adsorption-bridging and “mesh” filtration. Further insight is provided by carbohydrate composition and protein disruption analysis. Total protein disruption resulted in a complete loss of the A.a. mucus capacity to capture NPs, while the breaking of disulfide bonds and protein unfolding resulted in improved capture capacity. The study demonstrates that natural jellyfish mucin can capture and remove NPs in water and wastewater treatment systems more efficiently than conventional coagulants, highlighting the potential for development of a new type of bio-flocculant.

Investigation of chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates in cultured poplar cambium tissues via double isotope labeling

Lignin precursor labeled with 13C (coniferin-13Cα), carbohydrate precursor labeled with D (6,6-D2-glucose) were put into cambium tissue stripped from a growing poplar. The tissue was further cultured in vitro for 18d. Then, the isotopic abundance was determined. The results showed that the labeled precursors could be normally involved in the formation of new xylem. The labeled new xylem tissue was fractionated by ionic liquid DMSO/TBAH system to obtain two components: glucan-lignin complex (GL) and xylan-lignin complex (XL). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the crystalline form of cellulose in the GL component was transformed from type I to type II after the ionic liquid separation. Then the GL and XL were purified and modified by enzymatic and chemical methods, and their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that lignin subunits in the cultured tissues were mainly connected by β-5 and β-O-4 linkages, of which the β-O-4 substructure unit predominated. Lignin and carbohydrates were mainly connected by acetal bonds, ether bonds, and ester bonds. Combined with the carbohydrate composition and XRD analysis results, the GL components also confirmed the existence of acetal bonds, ester bonds and ether bonds between lignin and cellulose.

Analysis of Complex Carbohydrate Composition in Plant Cell Wall Using Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful tool for compositional analysis of plant cell walls. The infrared spectrum generates a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks corresponding to the frequency of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material. Here we describe a method focused on the use of FTIR in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize the composition of the plant cell wall. The FTIR method described here facilitates high-throughput identification of the major compositional differences across a large set of samples in a low-cost and non-destructive manner.

Study and determination of fructan-type polysaccharide content in Erigeron annuus L

Abstract Fructan-type polysaccharidescomes from natural sources and occur in a large variety of plants, where they play important biological roles as reserve carbohydrate. One of the most commonly distributed compound from this group – inulin has been part of human daily diet for hundreds of years, as it is found in many fruits and vegetables, among others, bananas, onions and wheat. The inulin-type fructans: inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are considered to be functional food elements, the consumption of which brings about health benefits. Indeed, inulin can be consumed to increase the dietary fiber content. Fructan compounds, inulin and fructooligosaccharides have a strong bifidogenic effect, and have a positive action on the gut microbiota. In this work, we preformed gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Erigeron annuus L. herb. The GC-MS analysis of carbohydrate composition confirmed the presence of free (arabinose, glucose, fructose 1, fructose 2) and fermented (arabinose, glucose, fructose 1, fructose 2, sucrose) carbohydrates at the quantity of 69.83 and 91.70 mg/g d.w., respectively.

Biomass formation and sugar release efficiency of Populus modified by altered expression of a NAC transcription factor.

Woody biomass is an important feedstock for biofuel production. Manipulation of wood properties that enable efficient conversion of biomass to biofuel reduces cost of biofuel production. Wood cell wall composition is regulated at several levels that involve expression of transcription factors such as wood‐/secondary cell wall‐associated NAC domains (WND or SND). In Arabidopsis thaliana , SND1 regulates cell wall composition through activation of its down‐stream targets such as MYBs. The functional aspects of SND1 homologs in the woody Populus have been studied through transgenic manipulation. In this study, we investigated the role of PdWND1B, Populus SND1 sequence ortholog, in wood formation using transgenic manipulation through over‐expression or silencing under the control of a vascular‐specific 4‐coumarate‐CoA ligase (4CL) promoter. As compared with control plants, PdWND1B‐RNAi plants were shorter in height, with significantly reduced stem diameter and dry biomass, whereas there were no significant differences in growth and productivity of PdWND1B over‐expression plants. Conversely, PdWND1B over‐expression lines showed a significant reduction in cellulose and increase in lignin content, whereas there was no significant impact on lignin content of downregulated lines. Stem carbohydrate composition analysis revealed a decrease in glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose, but an increase in xylose in the over‐expression lines. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of several downstream transcription factors and secondary cell wall related structural genes in the PdWND1B over‐expression lines, partly explaining the observed phenotypic changes in cell wall chemistry. Relative to the control, glucose release efficiency and ethanol production from stem biomass was significantly reduced in over‐expression lines. Our results show that PdWND1B is an important factor determining biomass productivity, cell wall chemistry and its conversion to biofuels in Populus.

Structural characterization of lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) of sesame hull

In the present study, lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) constituting the cell wall structure of sesame hulls were investigated to explore novel techniques of dehulling. Milled wood lignin (MWL), Björkman LCC, and acid-soluble LCC (LCC-AcOH) were extracted from sesame hulls and characterized by carbohydrate composition analysis, molecular weight analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, thermal analysis, Py-GC/MS, 2D HSQC NMR, and 31P NMR. The results showed that rhamnose accounted for the largest proportion of the lignin and LCC fractions, followed by glucose. Björkman LCC had the largest molecular weight, MWL had the smallest molecular weight, and LCC-AcOH had the largest polydispersity index. The lignin of sesame hulls consisted of syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G), p-hydroxyphenyl (H), and caffeyl alcohol (C) units. The most abundant monomer was guaiacyl (G), followed by caffeyl alcohol (C). C-type lignin is a new type of lignin that is different from the three traditional lignin monomers. The major lignin-linked bonds in the MWL and LCC-AcOH were β-O-4′ and β-β′, and β-5′ bonds were present in the Björkman LCC. The major LCC chemical bonds in the three fractions were PhGly. These findings will provide the factual basis for exploring different dehulling methods to enhance the quality of sesame products.

Elválasztástechnikai módszerek fejlesztése növényi fehérjék és szénhidrátok komplex jellemzésére

In the Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality at the Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science of BME, separation technique has been part of the methods used for the complex quality assessment of food and food ingredients for a long time. Our colleagues working in our current and predecessor department achieved serious results with the help of their separation technique methods, for example in the analysis of protein and carbohydrate composition, analysis of lipids (fatty acids), quantitative and qualitative evaluation of biogenic amines and amino acids, etc. In addition to determining the composition of the raw material, the impact of different molecules on quality and technological properties was always an important question. It was always possible to investigate this using the modern tools and methods of the time, so the application of gel chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electrophoretic techniques determined the quality of both research and education. In recent years, the research group has mainly dealt with the quality of grains, their composition, their technological potential and their evaluation from a food safety aspect. For the research of these areas, molecular level (mainly protein and fibre composition) examinations have become essential, for which modern electrophoretic and chromatographic methods are excellent tools. However, their proper application is a great challenge, because in most cases, serious method development and/or method adaptation and partial validation tasks are required for their routine use. In the following, we provide a brief overview of the projects and results achieved in our research group in the field of separation techniques through a few application examples.

Bacillus subtilis natto Derivatives Inhibit Enterococcal Biofilm Formation via Restructuring of the Cell Envelope.

Enterococcus faecalis is considered a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Treatment of these infections has become a major challenge for clinicians because some E. faecalis strains are resistant to multiple clinically used antibiotics. Moreover, the presence of E. faecalis biofilms can make infections with E. faecalis more difficult to eradicate with current antibiotic therapies. Thus, our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic derivatives against E. faecalis biofilm formation. Bacillus subtilis natto is a probiotic strain isolated from Japanese fermented soybean foods, and its culture fluid potently inhibited adherence to Caco-2 cell monolayers, aggregation, and biofilm production without inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis. An apparent decrease in the thickness of E. faecalis biofilms was observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, exopolysaccharide synthesis in E. faecalis biofilms was reduced by B. subtilis natto culture fluid treatment. Carbohydrate composition analysis also showed that carbohydrates in the E. faecalis cell envelope were restructured. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing revealed that the culture fluid of B. subtilis natto downregulated the transcription of genes involved in the WalK/WalR two-component system, peptidoglycan biosynthesis and membrane glycolipid biosynthesis, which are all crucial for E. faecalis cell envelope synthesis and biofilm formation. Collectively, our work shows that some derivatives present in the culture fluid of B. subtilis natto may be useful for controlling E. faecalis biofilms.

Comparative Analysis of Collagen-Containing Waste Biodegradation, Amino Acid, Peptide and Carbohydrate Composition of Hydrolysis Products

This paper aimed to study the biodegradation of collagen-containing waste (pork skin) induced by collagenase and Neutrase 1.5 MG enzymes and compare the amino acid, peptide, and carbohydrate composition of hydrolysis products. It was found that the degree of biodegradation of collagen-containing raw materials (pork skin) reached 78% when using an enzyme preparation (collagenase with a concentration of 250 U/g of the substrate) at pH 7.0, 40 °C, and a 360 min process duration. It was shown that the content of peptides with a molecular weight of 6.5–14.0 kDa in the hydrolysis products (collagenase) of collagen-containing wastes was 13.4 ± 0.40%, while in the products of hydrolysis (Neutrase 1.5 MG) it was 12.8 ± 0.38%. The study found that the hydrolysis products (Neutrase 1.5 MG) of collagen-containing raw materials contain fewer hexoses, free hexosamines, and hyaluronic acid than the hydrolysis products (collagenase) of collagen-containing raw materials. The content of chondroitin sulfates is practically the same in all samples of hydrolysis products. Proteases with collagenolytic activity are widely used in industry. Recently, they have increasingly been used in pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. Collagenases are promising enzymes for the production of chondroprotectors used for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Genome-wide mRNA and miRNA analysis in the early stages of germ tube outgrowth in Coprinopsis cinerea

Coprinopsis cinerea is a model mushroom-forming basidiomycete which produces basidiospores during sexual reproduction. This fungus is widely used to study fruiting body formation and development. Molecular mechanisms controlling its growth from vegetative mycelium to multicellular mature fruiting body have been studied extensively. However, little is known about the underlying biological processes during germ tube outgrowth or the transition from basidiospores to multinucleate hyphae. To better understand sexual spore germination in fungi, here we examined the time-dependent cellular events at resting, germinating and fully germinated basidiospores of C. cinerea by genome-wide transcriptional and post-transcriptional analyses and by carbohydrate composition analysis. Our results revealed a high demand of protein degradation, and biosynthesis of various compounds at the early stage of basidiospore gemination and dynamic changes of carbohydrate metabolism throughout the germination process. Seven microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) were identified in the resting basidiospores of C. cinerea, six of which were basidiospore-specific. Glycogen and trehalose were shown to be the carbon sources supporting the initiation of germ tube outgrowth. One basidiospore-specific milRNA, cci-milR-37, was found to be a potential regulator of glycogen metabolic pathways related to vegetative hyphal growth. Our results demonstrated the mRNA and miRNA-mediated regulation on energy production, protein and carbohydrate metabolisms at the early developmental stages of germ tube to form totipotent hyphae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show the roles of miRNAs in mushroom basidiospore germination and out-growth.

Kraft Pulping Using Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Root Biomass

The competition for biomass between the bioenergy and conventional forest product industries has resulted in increased utilization of unused residual wood biomass. This study investigates the anatomical, chemical and pulping characteristics of red pine root biomass to focus on kraft-pulping raw material. In a chemical compositional analysis, the root biomass was found to have lower Klason lignin and higher polysaccharide contents than the trunk biomass. Meanwhile, in a carbohydrate compositional analysis, the root biomass showed higher cellulose and glucomannan, but lower xylan compared with the trunk biomass. In terms of anatomical features, the cell wall thickness in earlywood was not significantly different (3.8 μm for the trunk cell and 3.3 μm for the root cell), but that in latewood was significantly different (6.3 μm for the trunk cell wall and 3.8 μm for the root cell wall). In kraft pulping, the trunk biomass showed a better response to pulping than the root biomass in terms of the kappa number at the same pulping condition. In terms of fiber morphology, the trunk fiber was longer (2.2 mm) and thinner (30.6 μm) than the root fiber (2.1 mm and 32.9 μm). In terms of the polysaccharide loss during kraft pulping, xylan in the trunk and cellulose in the root was more vulnerable to pulping chemicals; however, glucomannan was the most vulnerable component to kraft pulping. Based on the tensile–tear plot, the root fiber showed better response to beating, but lower fiber strength.

Structural elucidation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit

The lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of the mesocarp (MS) and near the endocarp (NE) of Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruits were analyzed using three different methods of fractioning: milled wood lignin (MWL), LCC extracted from crude MWL with acetic acid (LCC-AcOH), and Bjorkman LCC. The MWL and LCC fractions were characterized by carbohydrate composition analysis, SEC, FT-IR, Py-GC/MS, thermal analysis and 2D HSQC NMR. Notably, large amounts of arabinose and galactose remained in the Björkman LCC fractions suggesting a chemical bond between the lignin and pectin. MWL and LCC-AcOH fractions showed better thermal stability than the Björkman LCC fractions. The structure of MS lignin was similar to that of NE lignin; however, fractions from the different fractionation methods revealed differences. The MWL fractions were rich in benzyl ether and γ-ester linkages, while the Björkman LCC fractions contained phenyl glycoside and γ-ester linkages, and the LCC-AcOH fractions contained phenyl glycoside and benzyl ether linkages. These findings are helpful in understanding the nature of lignin and LCC in Chinese quince fruits and provide a theoretical support for their potential application.

Functional and Evolutionary Characterization of a UDP-Xylose Synthase Gene from the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, Involved in the Synthesis of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide.

Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-infecting bacillus, responsible for many important crop diseases, such as Pierce's disease of vineyards, citrus variegated chlorosis, and coffee leaf scorch (CLS), among others. Recent genomic comparisons involving two CLS-related strains, belonging to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca, revealed that one of them carries a frameshift mutation that inactivates a gene encoding an oxidoreductase of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, which may play important roles in determining structural variations in bacterial glycans and glycoconjugates. However, the exact nature of this SDR has been a matter of controversy, as different annotations of X. fastidiosa genomes have implicated it in distinct reactions. To confirm the nature of this mutated SDR, a comparative analysis was initially performed, suggesting that it belongs to a subgroup of SDR decarboxylases, representing a UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs). Functional assays, using a recombinant derivative of this enzyme, confirmed its nature as XfUxs, and carbohydrate composition analyses, performed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules obtained from different strains, indicate that inactivation of the X. fastidiosa uxs gene affects the LPS structure among CLS-related X. fastidiosa strains. Finally, a comparative sequence analysis suggests that this mutation is likely to result in a morphological and evolutionary hallmark that differentiates two subgroups of CLS-related strains, which may influence interactions between these bacteria and their plant and/or insect hosts.

Characterization and Antiproliferative Effect of Novel Acid Polysaccharides from the Spent Substrate of Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes) Cultivation.

In this study, a high yield of crude polysaccharide (16.73 ± 0.756%) was extracted from the spent mushroom substrate of Lentinus edodes using a hot alkali extraction method. Two groups of polysaccharides (designated as LSMS-1 and LSMS-2) were obtained from the crude extract by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and their molecular characteristics were examined by a multiangle laser-light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index detector system. The weight-average molar masses of LSMS-1 and LSMS-2 were determined to be 6.842 × 106 and 2.154 × 106 g/mol, respectively. The SEC/MALLS analysis revealed that the molecular shapes of LSMS-1 and LSMS-2 were sphere-like forms in aqueous solution. Carbohydrate composition analysis using chromatography--mass spectrometry revealed that they were both acid heteropolysaccharides. LSMS-1 comprised mainly glucose and galacturonic acid, whereas LSMS-2 mainly consisted of xylose and glucuronic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis of the purified fractions revealed typical characteristic polysaccharide groups. In addition, MTT assays with refined polysaccharide doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL suggested that both of the polysaccharide fractions exhibited antiproliferative activity against 6 tested human tumor cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, and LSMS-2 had better anticancer capacity in vitro than LSMS-1. The inhibition ratio of LSMS-2 against A549 human lung cancer cells, the SGC7901 gastric cancer cell line, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the U937 histiocytic lymphoma cell line, and the MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell line reached 43.55%, 29.97%, 19.63%, 18.24%, and 17.93%, respectively, at a concentration of 400 µg/mL.

Carbohydrate Composition Analysis in Xylem.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a widely applied technique in carbohydrate composition analysis due to high accuracy and repeatability. As cell walls are the major carbohydrate pool in xylem tissues, the measurement of carbohydrate composition essentially constitutes an analysis of wall residues. Here, we describe the method for quantification of the contents of several common neutral monosaccharides and cellulose, the major components of cell walls in poplar xylem tissues, by GC-MS. The procedures for extraction of cell wall residues from xylem, generation of alditol derivatives, subsequent further separation on gas chromatograph, and detection by mass spectrometer are included.

Characterization of a water soluble, hyperbranched arabinogalactan from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) roots

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl.) roots are largely grown in Andean countries and have attracted recent interest due to their antioxidant and prebiotic effects. Yacon is typically consumed as a fruit due to its sweet taste and juiciness. The macromolecular properties of an aqueous extract of yacon are investigated using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to UV, multiangle light scattering (MALS) and differential refractive index (dRI) detection. The method allows for determination of molar mass and size over the size distribution. Three major populations were found of which one strongly dominates in concentration. Through collection of fractions from AF4, carbohydrate composition and glycosidic linkage analysis for the dominating population was performed. The results show that the dominating population consists of a highly branched arabinogalactan (type 2) with a molar mass of approximately 1-2·105g/mol, a hydrodynamic radius of approximately 6-10nm and a relatively high apparent density (approx. 70-150kg/m3).

Listeria monocytogenes exopolysaccharide: origin, structure, biosynthetic machinery and c-di-GMP-dependent regulation.

Elevated levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP activate biosynthesis of an unknown exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This EPS strongly protects cells against disinfectants and desiccation, indicating its potential significance for listerial persistence in the environment and for food safety. We analyzed the potential phylogenetic origin of this EPS, determined its complete structure, characterized genes involved in its biosynthesis and hydrolysis and identified diguanylate cyclases activating its synthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of EPS biosynthesis proteins suggests that they have evolved within monoderms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that L. monocytogenes EPS is cell surface-bound. Secreted carbohydrates represent exclusively cell-wall debris. Based on carbohydrate composition, linkage and NMR analysis, the structure of the purified EPS is identified as a β-1,4-linked N-acetylmannosamine chain decorated with terminal α-1,6-linked galactose. All genes of the pssA-E operon are required for EPS production and so is a separately located pssZ gene. We show that PssZ has an EPS-specific glycosylhydrolase activity. Exogenously added PssZ prevents EPS-mediated cell aggregation and disperses preformed aggregates, whereas an E72Q mutant in the presumed catalytic residue is much less active. The diguanylate cyclases DgcA and DgcB, whose genes are located next to pssZ, are primarily responsible for c-di-GMP-dependent EPS production.

Carbohydrate composition of compost during composting and mycelium growth of Agaricus bisporus

Changes of plant cell wall carbohydrate structures occurring during the process to make suitable compost for growth of Agaricus bisporus are unknown. In this paper, composition and carbohydrate structures in compost samples collected during composting and mycelium growth were analyzed. Furthermore, different extracts of compost samples were prepared with water, 1M and 4M alkali and analyzed. At the beginning of composting, 34% and after 16 days of mycelium growth 27% of dry matter was carbohydrates. Carbohydrate composition analysis showed that mainly cellulose and poorly substituted xylan chains with similar amounts and ratios of xylan building blocks were present in all phases studied. Nevertheless, xylan solubility increased 20% over the period of mycelium growth indicating partial degradation of xylan backbone. Apparently, degradation of carbohydrates occurred over the process studied by both bacteria and fungi, mainly having an effect on xylan-chain length and solubility.

Production optimization, preliminary characterization and bioactivity of exopolysaccharides from Incutis tamaricis (Pat.) Fiasson & Niemela

The aim of this work was to optimize the submerged culture medium for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production from Inocutis tamaricis (Pat.) Fiasson & Niemelä. The molecular characterization and the evaluation of antioxidant activity and antitumor activity in vitro of EPS were carried out as well. The one-factor-at-a-time method was adopted to investigate the optimal initial pH and temperature as 8.0 and 25°C, respectively. The optimal culture condition was obtained as follows: sucrose 64.09g/L and tryptone 5.24g/L by central composite design (CCD). Under optimal culture condition, the maximum EPS concentration in shake flask was 5.89g/L. Two groups of EPSs (designated as Fr-I and Fr-II) were obtained from the culture filtrates by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and their molecular characteristics were examined by a multiangle laser-light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar masses of the Fr-I and Fr-II of EPS were determined to be 8.948×104 and 6.421×104g/mol, respectively. The SEC/MALLS analysis revealed that the molecular shapes of the Fr-I and Fr-II were the rigid sphere suspected to be the aggregates of complex polysaccharides. Furthermore, Fr-II was exhibited higher antioxidant and antitumour activities than Fr-I. Finally, FT-IR spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of the Fr-II EPS and the obvious absorption peaks at 916.5 and 884.0cm−1 revealed the co-existence of α and β configuration. The carbohydrate composition analysis revealed Fr-II EPS was mainly composed of mannose, glucose and talose.

Lectin-binding analysis of the biofilm exopolymeric matrix carbohydrate composition of corrosion-aggressive bacteria

Lectin-binding analysis of the biofilm exopolymeric matrix carbohydrate composition of corrosion-aggressive bacteria