Damage Analysis Of Buildings Research Articles

Teotihuacan ancient culture affected by megathrust earthquakes during the early Epiclassic Period (Mexico)

Teotihuacan was one of the thriving cultures in the Mesoamerica pre-Hispanic times, located in the Central Valley of Mexico. The city-state was a dominant centre point during the Classic period and its influence affected other contemporaneous cultures. Around the year 550 CE, a continuous decrease in urban population and selective building destruction was noted, accompanied by widespread fire. The layout of the city is identified by an avenue that articulates the political-administrative and religious centres, with such significant and impressive buildings as the Pyramid of the Sun, the Pyramid of the Moon and the Temple of Feathered Serpent. A systematic analysis of building damage in the pyramids reveals several Earthquake Archaeological Effects, (EAEs) potentially related to seismic loading. A damage pattern compatible with a strong ground shaking was also identified in the west staircase of the Old Temple of the Feathered Serpent, in the first rows of the west staircase of the Adosada platform (New Temple), and in the Pyramid of the Sun. In total, five ancient earthquakes have been determined from the damage, dated from the Tzacualli cultural period (1–100 CE), to the Xolalpan – Metepec period (450–550 CE). Unfortunately, this methodology does not determine the earthquake source. Therefore, we consider the possibility that repetitive megathrust earthquakes (Mw > 8.5) from the Middle American Trench (Pacific coast) could be responsible for the spatial pattern of the building damage. This proposal does not conflict with other existing theories for the Teotihuacan abrupt collapse, considering that the sudden overlapping of natural disasters like earthquakes could increase internal warfare (uprising), and civil unrest.

Integrated HBIM-GIS Models for Multi-Scale Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Historical Buildings

The complexity of historical urban centres progressively needs a strategic improvement in methods and the scale of knowledge concerning the vulnerability aspect of seismic risk. A geographical multi-scale point of view is increasingly preferred in the scientific literature and in Italian regulation policies, that considers systemic behaviors of damage and vulnerability assessment from an urban perspective according to the scale of the data, rather than single building damage analysis. In this sense, a geospatial data sciences approach can contribute towards generating, integrating, and making virtuous relations between urban databases and emergency-related data, in order to constitute a multi-scale 3D database supporting strategies for conservation and risk assessment scenarios. The proposed approach developed a vulnerability-oriented GIS/HBIM integration in an urban 3D geodatabase, based on multi-scale data derived from urban cartography and emergency mapping 3D data. Integrated geometric and semantic information related to historical masonry buildings (specifically the churches) and structural data about architectural elements and damage were integrated in the approach. This contribution aimed to answer the research question supporting levels of knowledge required by directives and vulnerability assessment studies, both about the generative workflow phase, the role of HBIM models in GIS environments and toward user-oriented webGIS solutions for sharing and public use fruition, exploiting the database for expert operators involved in heritage preservation.

Operational earthquake-induced building damage assessment using CNN-based direct remote sensing change detection on superpixel level

• Superpixel-based direct change detection is capable of finding damages efficiently. • Extra feature enhancement bands accelerate the process of damage assessment. • Channel-expanded CNN model benefits simultaneous building damage analysis. • The potential of the proposed method in post-earthquake emergency is recognized. Accurate and quick building damage assessment is an indispensable step after a destructive earthquake. Acquiring building damage information of the seismic area in a remotely sensed way enables a timely emergency response. Existing remote sensing building damage detection methods based on convolutional neural network (CNN) mainly need two-step processing or only use single post-event image, leading to low efficiency and inaccurate building boundary. Considering the practical needs of emergency rescue and post-disaster reconstruction, this study proposed a hierarchical building damage assessment workflow using CNN-based direct remote sensing change detection on superpixel level. First, vulnerable building areas close to the epicenter are extracted using extra feature enhancement bands (EFEBs) to narrow the extent of image processing. Then, fine scale building damage is detected in the extracted building areas based on a direct change detection method with pre-event superpixel constraint (PreSC) strategy to improve the precision and efficiency. Finally, a rapid remote sensing earthquake damage index (rRSEDI) is used to quantitatively assess the damage. Experimental results of the case study show that damaged buildings can be effectively and accurately localized and classified using the proposed workflow. Comparative experiments with single-temporal image and post-event segmentation further embody the superiority of the direct change detection. The damage assessment result matches the official report after Ludian earthquake, proving the reliability of the proposed workflow. For future natural hazard events, the workflow can contribute to formulating appropriate disaster management, prevention and mitigation policies.

PTAD: A web-based climate service for building design adaptation

Projections Tool for Architectural Design (PTAD) is a web-based climate service product available at www.ptad.mju.ac.th. Targeted at building owners and designers, it is intended to support these decision makers in building design to reduce the impacts of climate change. This study presents the technical environment of PTAD and provides a conceptual basis for linking academic information on climate change to building-related data with the cooperation of the relevant authorities. The PTAD development concept was divided into three parts: climate change impact assessment in small areas (i.e., at a construction site scale), building damage analysis of the impacts, and climate-resilient recommendations for building design. Tools such as GIS, HEC-RAS, and ERDAS and the existing outputs of regional climate models were used as the baseline data for analyzing the impacts that may occur at the study site. The impacts in small areas and design strategies to reduce the potential damage were analyzed with the Delphi technique using existing standards and guidelines. A 3-tier architecture was employed for the production and development environments by modularizing the user interface, service object, and data storage layers. The impact data values, namely, the highest annual surface temperatures and flood characteristics, including the maximum flood level, flood duration, and water velocity from 1998 to 2047, were displayed as markers on the satellite maps, tables, and figures. The impacts can be linked to architectural design guidelines to help design buildings that mitigate some of the impacts of climate change.

TIPOLOGI KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN AKIBAT CUACA EKSTREM STUDI KASUS CUACA EKSTREM KABUPATEN BANTUL 2019

The threat of disaster is unavoidable in Indonesia. In 2018, for example, 2,564 disasters occurred in which no city / district in Indonesia was free from threats. Statistical data shows that more than 90% of disasters in Indonesia are included in the hydrometereological disaster category, which has continued to increase over the past 15 years. Even in the early half of 2020, there were 256 disasters with 99% of them being hydrometereological disasters such as floods, landslides and tornadoes. The existence of extreme weather events in Bantul Regency in 2019 shows that the dangers of hydrometereology can cause considerable harm to the community. There needs to be a study to find out how to mitigate hydrometereological disasters which are the most common hazards in Indonesia. Analysis of building damage and disaster data needs to be carried out to determine the characteristics of the impact of extreme weather on buildings, to identify building elements that are vulnerable to damage, to provide anticipatory measures and alertness to extreme weather in Indonesia. Building damage data is grouped and processed in graphical form to read information patterns as material for analysis. The results of the study show that there are things that must be done in the face of extreme weather including: choosing the quality of materials and the strength of the construction of the building, attention to building elements, especially the back of the building (kitchen & bathroom), walls, and foundations, high vigilance in the area steep contours and highlands, need to be vigilant with all elements of society in areas of high potential for extreme weather, and the need to pay attention to vulnerable groups of the elderly and children.

Statistical Analysis of Building Damage from the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan and its Storm Surge in the Philippines

In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit the Philippines. It caused heavy loss of lives and extensive damages to buildings and infrastructure. When collapsed buildings are focused on, it is interesting to find that these buildings did not collapse for the same reasons after the landfall of the typhoon and storm surge. The objective of this study is to develop a statistical model for building damage due to Super Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge. The data were collected in collaboration with Tanauan Municipality, the Philippines. The data for the inundation map were obtained by field surveys conducted on-site to determine the cause of the damages inferred from satellite data. The maximum wind speed was derived from the Holland parametric hurricane model based on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) typhoon track data and the inundation depth of storm surge was calculated using the MIKE model. Multinomial logistic regression was used to develop a model to identify the significant factors influencing the damage to buildings. The result of this work is expected to be used to prepare urban plans for preventing damage from future storms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXTURE INDEX OF DAMAGED BUILDINGS USING TIME-SERIES HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SATELLITE IMAGES

Abstract. A large-scale disaster has occurred due to the earthquake. In particular, 20% of the world's earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or more occur near Japan. Damage analysis of buildings by image analysis have been effectively carried out using optical high-resolution satellite images and aerial photograph with spatial resolution of about 2 m or less. In this study, the damaged buildings caused by large-scale and continuous earthquakes in Kumamoto, Japan that occurred in April 2016 was selected as a typical example of damaged buildings. For these earthquake event, the applicability of damage distribution of buildings and recovery/restoration status by texture analysis was examined. The applicability of the representative in the dissimilarity texture analysis methods Gray- Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method by image interpretation in the case of a large number of collapsed and wrecked buildings in a wide area was assessed. These results suggest that dissimilarity was applicable to the extraction of damaged and removed buildings in the event of such an earthquake. In addition, the analysis results were appropriately evaluated by comparing the field survey results with the image interpretation results of the pan-sharpened image. From these results, we confirmed the effectiveness of texture analysis using time-series high-resolution satellite images in grasping the damaged buildings before and immediately after the disaster and in the restoration situation 1 year after the disaster.

A review of flood damage analysis for a building structure and contents

As a natural hazard, flood can cause a significant damage to buildings. Buildings are one of the important components of an economy which are providing the necessary space for human activities. In this regard, any considerable changes to their serviceability affect living condition of people locally, regionally, and even globally. Thus, building damage analysis forms a crucial part of a flood risk analysis. This review paper provides an insight into flood damage analysis for a building structure and contents: past works, current state, and required improvements. The discussed buildings include residential, commercial, and industrial types. The methods are divided into two main categories: (1) using real data and empirical models, and (2) using what-if analysis and analytical models. Differences in damage analysis of a building structure and its contents are explained in a separate section. Flood factors influencing the damage to a building structure and its contents are presented. How a method considers some of those flood factors is described. Limitations and shortcomings of each method alongside their advantages and strength are discussed. Lack of reliable data for both model construction and validation is one of the main issues with the methods in both categories. Inability to convey the uncertainty is the other main issue identified in the literature.

PS-driven inventory of town-damaging landslides in the Benevento, Avellino and Salerno Provinces, southern Italy

ABSTRACT The Apennine provinces of Campania Region (southern Italy), Benevento, Avellino and Salerno, are known for their ‘unstable towns’ suffering periodic damage from landslides. Their identification and mapping are very challenging tasks, since boundary mapping under urban settlements is not always possible without time-consuming field analysis of building damage and/or expensive mid-term diffuse ground-surface deformation monitoring. To overcome this problem, an inventory of town-damaging landslides, guided by available Permanent Scatterers (PS) ground-deformation data, was prepared. It provides an updated tool suitable to guide future land planning and historical site restoration in the Apennine provinces of Campania Region. Our fourteen Map Sheets show active and local reactivation of suspended/dormant landslides. Overall, 356 landslides were identified, amongst which 162 were identified as flows, 101 as slides, 1 as a spreads and 92 as complex landslides. To supplement our maps, a simplified distribution analysis based on major landslide morphometric characteristics was completed.

Probabilistic assessment of tunneling-induced building damage

This paper presents a rational and efficient probabilistic framework to address the uncertainties of geotechnical properties and the stratigraphic profile in a tunneling-induced building damage assessment. The probabilistic approach is based on the application of a hybrid point estimation method that employs a reduced number of computations without losing accuracy. The framework also relies on sensitivity analyses using tornado diagrams. Analyses of ground movements and building displacements are considered prior to the building damage assessment. The proposed approach was applied to the recently constructed extension of Line 5 of the São Paulo Metro. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) numerical analyses were carried out using a commercial finite element code by considering the Mohr-Coulomb and linear elastic constitutive models. Three probabilistic scenarios based on the lower, mean, and upper bound values of the coefficient of variation of input variables were considered. The results obtained using the proposed framework allowed estimating the probabilistic scenario that better provides an ideal coefficient of variation to adopt for input variables. The ground elastic properties and upper layer thickness had the greatest influence on ground movements and building displacements. Finally, the building damage analysis showed good agreement with the settlement data measured in the field.

Analisa Tingkat Kerusakan Struktur Kolom Terkena Tsunami

Tsunami that occurred in Aceh at the end of 2004. has affected the buildings affected by the tsunami. The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of the current state and to analyze the level of damage to the structure of the column affected by the tsunami, one of which is the building of UPTD Bina Marga and Cipta Karya IV Meulaboh. This research is done by direct survey method to the field and conduct damage analysis of buildings based on Regulation of Minister of Public Works No.16/PRT/M/2010 on the technical guidance of periodic inspection of buildings. The result of the analysis is done classification level of damage according to the standard in Regulation of Minister of Public Works No.24/PRT/M/2008 about building maintenance and maintenance guidelines. The results showed that the column of the affected buildings had decreased the strength of the concrete, the condition of the column structure was all cracked and broken, most of the concrete blankets had been peeled, the main reinforcement conditions were corroded and some of the stirrup bones were broken. The result of concrete quality test is 114,41 kg/cm² lower than normal concrete strength. The results of the study and analysis that the affected columns on the buildings of UPTD Bina Marga and Cipta Karya Region IV Meulaboh are classified as heavy damage, the building of UPTD Bina Marga and Cipta Karya IV Meulaboh is not functional Keywords: Level of damage, Column Structure, UPTD Bina Marga Meulaboh and Cipta Karya IV Meulaboh region.

Coupling of material point method and discrete element method for granular flows impacting simulations

SummaryGranular debris flows are composed of coarse solid particles, which may be from disaggregated landslides or well‐weathered rocks on a hill surface. The estimation of agitation and the flow process of granular debris flows are of great importance in the prevention of disasters. In this work, we conduct physical experiments of sandpile collapse, impacting 3 packed wooden blocks. The flow profile, run‐out distance, and rotation of blocks are measured. To simulate the process, we adopt a material point method (MPM) to model granular flows and a deformable discrete element method (DEM) to model blocks. Each block is treated as comprising 9 material points to couple the MPM and DEM, and the acceleration of grid nodes arising from the contacts between granular material and blocks is projected to the discrete element nodes working as body forces. The contacts between blocks are detected using the shrunken point method. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. Thus, the coupling method of MPM and DEM developed in this work would be helpful in the damage analysis of buildings under impact from the debris flows.

Wooden Building Damage Analysis in Mashiki Town for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes on April 14 and 16

The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes caused serious building damage in Mashiki town. Because two large earthquakes occurred within an interval of 28 hours, it is difficult to separate the damage caused by each of these earthquakes. We analyzed aerial photos of the center of Mashiki town taken before and after the second event, which allow us to separate the damage caused by the two earthquakes. Our analysis shows that building damage was concentrated especially on the river terrace of the Akitsu river, and there were almost no collapsed buildings in the south of the damaged area. The pattern of damage distribution of the two events was similar, which suggests that the damage to the wooden buildings was caused by local conditions. The analysis of past aerial photos showed that the heterogeneity of the damage distribution is difficult to explain by only the building age. The cause of this heterogeneity was found to be not because of an earthquake faulting effect, but because of a combination of building seismic performance and local site conditions.

Building damage analysis for the updated building dataset of Istanbul

Although the occurrence of earthquakes cannot be prevented, the vulnerabilities of them can be mitigated by decreasing the population, strengthening the vulnerable assets or both. The impact of the earthquake would be even higher if it is not managed properly. Istanbul has been affected by earthquakes throughout its history. The most recent damages in Istanbul that occurred due to an earthquake were during the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake. Despite the fact that the epicenter of the Kocaeli Earthquake was far away from Istanbul (approximately 110 km), there were lots of damaged buildings, and many people died or were injured in Istanbul. Based on scientific studies after the 1999 earthquakes, it is predicted that Istanbul will face a major earthquake in the near future and that it will cause severe damage to the urban environment. In order to mitigate damage and to manage potential earthquake risks in Istanbul, building risk analyses are required. Following the analysis, the necessary precautions can be taken immediately. The building damage analysis results provide the basic data for the decision makers for the disaster prevention, mitigation and urban transformation studies. This article presents a building damage analysis for Istanbul, based on updated building data which are collected up to the year of 2013, that includes building age, number of floors and construction type for every structure that can be classified as a building. The building damage analysis was performed according to PGA and 0.2-s Sa demands by using HAZTURK software (Elnashai et al. 2008). Results from the damage analysis for Istanbul are presented for districts and sub-districts too, in order to compare with other studies.

Forensic Engineering Analysis of Fuel Usage and Thermostat Settings

According to the Insurance Institute, frozen pipes are one of the leading causes of building damage in the United States. In the forensic engineering analysis of building damage due to burst pipes, fuel tank runout orexcessive thermostat setback are common causes of these losses — and may lead to a fuel provider being culpable for a late fuel delivery or the property owner being responsible due to excessively turning down thermostat settings. This paper will address the relationship between thermostat settings and fuel consumption. From abuilding’s demonstrated fuel consumption and known thermostat settings, corresponding changes in thermostat settings and the resulting fuel consumption will be discussed. Department Of Energy adjustments for fuel savings in relation to thermostat setback will be discussed as well as a fuel usage study in an exemplar home. Forensic case examples utilizing this relationship will also be presented.

A framework for a microscale flood damage assessment and visualization for a building using BIM–GIS integration

Flood damage assessment (FDA) is a key component of risk-based method for flood management. In the current FDA approaches, generally the uniqueness of the building is disregarded in the analysis. Therefore, they are unfit for detailed applications in which case-by-case analysis of building damage is an essential requirement. This limitation is compounded by the use of incomplete and often low-quality data inputs about the building and the assumptions and approximations made regarding the geometry and materials of its components. Such shortcomings may result in incomplete and uncertain outcomes. Considering the benefits and increasing use of three-dimensional (3D) urban modeling and Building Information Model in various urban management processes, in this paper, an integrated framework for utilization of detailed 3D building models for the assessment and 3D visualization of flood damage to building according to its distinct behavior against flood is presented. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the framework in a case study underlined the feasibility of implementation of the framework, which can potentially benefit a variety of users and be used as a complementary approach to the current FDA methods for improving the resilience of the community toward floods and their adverse impacts.

Empirical fragility analysis of building damage caused by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Ishinomaki city using ordinal regression, and influence of key geographical features

Tsunamis are disastrous events typically causing loss of life, and extreme damage to the built environment, as shown by the recent disaster that struck the East coast of Japan in 2011. In order to quantitatively estimate damage in tsunami prone areas, some studies used a probabilistic approach and derived fragility functions. However, the models chosen do not provide a statistically sound representation of the data. This study applies advanced statistical methods in order to address these limitations. The area of study is the city of Ishinomaki in Japan, the worst affected area during the 2011 event and for which an extensive amount of detailed building damage data has been collected. Ishinomaki city displays a variety of geographical environments that would have significantly affected tsunami flow characteristics, namely a plain, a narrow coast backed up by high topography (terrain), and a river. The fragility analysis assesses the relative structural vulnerability between these areas, and reveals that the buildings surrounding the river were less likely to be damaged. The damage probabilities for the terrain area (with relatively higher flow depths and velocities) were lower or similar to the plain, which confirms the beneficial role of coastal protection. The model diagnostics show tsunami flow depth alone is a poor predictor of tsunami damage for reinforced concrete and steel structures, and for all structures other variables are influential and need to be taken into account in order to improve fragility estimations. In particular, evidence shows debris impact contributed to at least a significant amount of non-structural damage.

Risk analysis of building damage induced by landslide impact disaster

Assessing building damage in a geological landslide is a dynamic process in which the event can be regarded as the combined effect of the landslide impact and the building’s response. In conventional models, a landslide mass is typically assumed to be rigid, and standard energy principles are used to calculate equivalent impact loads. Because the disintegration phenomenon of a landslide mass is being ignored, the conventional method often leads to a larger impact force than observed in reality. Based on a case study of a critical landslide, this paper applies a granular discrete element method to investigate landslide processes. First, macroscopic and meso-structural parameters are calibrated through biaxial simulation tests. Second, energy conversion laws between the impact force, geotechnical strength parameters and the outrun distance of the landslide are studied, providing a more realistic load curve of the landslide impact. Finally, a distressed building model is established through a loading curve analysis to study the structural damage state with different parameters. Numerical results show that building damage can be characterised through an equivalent impact force and that the precise calculation of dissipated energy in a landslide is greatly improved by taking into account both the energy dissipation at the slipping surface and the internal friction in the rock mass. The proposed evaluation factor of the damage degree of buildings shows great promise in analysing landslide motion and assessing the safety of building structures.

Analiza oštećenosti zgrada stradalih tijekom potresa na istoku Turske

Analiza oštećenosti zgrada stradalih tijekom potresa na istoku Turske

Building Damage Analysis and Research on Reinforcement Measures in Wenchuan Earthquake

The 5•12 Wenchuan earthquake was in M8.0, Mianyang felt strongly. Majority of the buildings have varied at different degrees of damage, especially in masonry-frame structures, Which reinforcement cost much higher for repairing; The 1200 buildings in Mianyang city or it’s Suburbs were surveyed. The results showed: masonry suffered much heavier damage and masonry-frame of the mixed structure by designing, which damage were significantly lower than without seismic design. Realization of the earthquake will not be collapsed, and after a simple repair it can be used. Buildings that suffered heavy damage which combined with the relevant code requirements and research in the past, adopt specific measures for strengthening the houses.