Analysis Of Betaine Research Articles

Determination of betaine, a natural potential anti-inflammatory compound, using sildenafil as an internal standard in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Betaine is a naturally occurring cationic functional group which shows a wide range of therapeutic activities. The present research work involves rapid; robust and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method developed and validated for s analysis of betaine in human plasma. This method involved a solid phase extraction and a subsequent analysis performed on an LC-MS system which contained the turbo spray ionization interface. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Gemini C18 column. Good linearity was observed over the concentration range of 10.00 ng/mL to 1203.26 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r² ≥ 0.9984). Sildenafil was used as the internal standard in the present method. The method involves simple isocratic chromatography conditions and mass spectrometric detection in the positive ionization mode. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples were within the acceptance criteria of ±15%. The total elution time was about 5 min which allows higher throughput. This validated method can be applied for analysis of real samples from a bioequivalence study involving administration of formulations containing betaine as their active therapeutic components.

Analysis of Betaines from Marine Algae Using LC-MS-MS.

Betaines are a class of quaternary ammonium compounds found in marine algae that can act as osmolytes and/or affect gene expression, and therefore improve plant tolerance to stresses such as temperature extremes, drought, and salinity when applied to agricultural crops. In humans, glycine betaine acts as a methyl donor and has been shown to protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors, and enhance sport performance. Here we describe a sensitive LC-MS-MS method for the baseline separation and quantification of four betaines found in algae, namely, glycine betaine, δ-aminovaleric acid betaine, γ-aminobutyric acid betaine, and laminine.

Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet – Analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake

Betaine and its precursor choline are important components of one-carbon metabolism, remethylating homocysteine into methionine and providing methyl groups for DNA methylation. Cereals are the main source of betaine in the diet, though there is little literature available on the content of betaine in cereal products, nor on betaine intake from cereals. Betaine and free-choline concentrations were measured by liquid-chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in a wide range of commercially available cereal foods and cereal fractions. Whole grain wheat and related fractions were the best overall common source of betaine, while the pseudocereal quinoa had the highest amount of betaine measured (3900μg/g). Based on estimates of dietary intake data cereal foods provide approximately 60–67% of betaine in Western diets, and 20–40% of betaine in South-East Asian diets. Average intake of betaine was 131mg/d, well below those used in intervention studies using betaine to lower blood homocysteine.

Analysis of Betaine and Choline Contents of Aleurone, Bran, and Flour Fractions of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

In conventional milling, the aleurone layer is combined with the bran fraction. Studies indicate that the bran fraction of wheat contains the majority of the phytonutrients betaine and choline, with relatively minor concentrations in the refined flour. This present study suggests that the wheat aleurone layer ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tiger) contains the greatest concentration of both betaine and choline (1553.44 and 209.80 mg/100 g of sample, respectively). The bran fraction contained 866.94 and 101.95 mg/100 g of sample of betaine and choline, respectively, while the flour fraction contained 23.30 mg/100 g of sample (betaine) and 28.0 mg/100 g of sample (choline). The betaine content for the bran was lower, and the choline content was higher compared to previous studies, although it is known that there is large variation in betaine and choline contents between wheat cultivars. The ratio of betaine/choline in the aleurone fraction was approximately 7:1; in the bran, the ratio was approximately 8:1; and in the flour fraction, the ratio was approximately 1:1. The study further emphasizes the superior phytonutrient composition of the aleurone layer.

Analysis of Betaines Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

Cocoamidopropyl betaines are becoming increasingly important in cosmetic formulations because of their mild and effective surface active properties. A simple and accurate method is needed for quality control during the production of betaines. The aim of the present study was to determine if near infrared spectroscopy can replace wet methods for routine analysis of betaine. The calibration curve was obtained by partial least squares. The optimisation of calibration factors was guided by coefficient of determination ( R2) and the root mean square error of evaluation ( RMSEE). R2 was 0.99 or higher and RMSEE 0.025, 0.071, 0.03% and 0.007 units for active matter, sodium chloride, solids and pH, respectively. The method was validated with independent samples in the same manner on a different day and true values were obtained with R2 of 0.99 or higher and root mean standard error of prediction of 0.060, 0.074, 0.075% and 0.035 units for active matter, sodium chloride, solids and pH, respectively.

Improved analytical methods for determination of nitrogenous stress metabolites occurring in Limonium species

Efficient and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic procedures have been developed for metabolic analyses of amino acids, polyamines and betaines in Limonium species. The adaptive significance of accumulated low-molecular-mass nitrogenous compounds in dry or salt environments is under study. HPLC profiles of dansylated water-soluble polyamines revealed 1,3-diaminopropane and tyramine as the most abundant amines in the species under study whereas common aliphatic di- and polyamines (i.e., putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were poorly represented as their free forms. Nevertheless acylated conjugates of putrescine, 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine were also characterized, especially in L. vulgare, a halophytic salt marshes species. Direct derivatization of amino acids of the crude aqueous extracts with 6-aminoquinolyl- N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate allowed efficient determinations of most proteinic amino acids as well as non-proteinic ones such as ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid and β-alanine also related to polyamine metabolism. Analysis of betaines was improved, especially for β-alanine betaine, which is quite uncommon in higher plants whose metabolic routes from β-alanine are poorly understood. β-Alanine betaine was first converted to acrylic acid through trimethylamine β-elimination under alkaline treatment of the crude extracts and then quantified by HPLC. Thus Limonium species ranged from high β-alanine betaine accumulators, to low accumulators and finally to a third group where it was not detected, since β-alanine betaine was replaced by glycine betaine as shown here by 1H-NMR investigations. Metabolic links between these nitrogenous solutes and the adaptive significance of such adjustments are discussed. Special emphasis is directed towards the possible involvement of aliphatic polyamine oxidative catabolism, which seems to be effective in these species, to precursor recycling for compatible solute biosynthesis.

Determination of betaine in sugar and wine by liquid chromatography

The analysis of betaine by high-performance liquid chromatography presents some difficulties owing to the quaternary ammonium moiety. This problem was investigated on polar stationary phases such as silica gel and amine-bonded silica gel. A method for titration is described and examples of betaine analysis in commercial beet sugars and wine are given. Pre-treatment of samples is required prior to the quantitative determination of betaine by liquid chromatographic analysis. Under particular conditions, it would be possible to detect or to determine the amount of sugar added to wines in order to increase their ethanol content.