Field Analysis Research Articles

Metis Observation of the Onset of Fully Developed Turbulence in the Solar Corona

This Letter reports the first observation of the onset of fully developed turbulence in the solar corona. Long time series of white-light coronal images, acquired by Metis aboard Solar Orbiter at 2 minutes cadence and spanning about 10 hr, were studied to gain insight into the statistical properties of fluctuations in the density of the coronal plasma in the time domain. From pixel-by-pixel spectral frequency analysis in the whole Metis field of view, the scaling exponents of plasma fluctuations were derived. The results show that, over timescales ranging from 1 to 10 hr and corresponding to the photospheric mesogranulation-driven dynamics, the density spectra become shallower moving away from the Sun, resembling a Kolmogorov-like spectrum at 3 R ⊙. According to the latest observation and interpretive work, the observed 5/3 scaling law for density fluctuations is indicative of the onset of fully developed turbulence in the corona. Metis observation-based evidence for a Kolmogorov turbulent form of the fluctuating density spectrum casts light on the evolution of 2D turbulence in the early stages of its upward transport from the low corona.

Prototype data analysis of the dynamics of the Venice gate-barriers during an extreme storm event

The MoSE barriers system was designed and constructed at the inlets of the Venice Lagoon (Italy) in order to limit and tame the flooding events in the Lagoon areas and in the City. The success of the design and operation of the system has been demonstrated by the significant reduction in the number and intensity of floods in the lagoon since its beginning of operations in 2020. In this study, we investigate the dynamical behavior of the MoSE system at full-scale by analyzing the barriers behavior during the severe storm event of November 22nd, 2022. In particular, the dynamical response of the Chioggia barrier to waves and storm surge is studied in detail. Spectral analysis of field records, barrier and inlet modal analyses and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) techniques are applied to provide a key for interpreting the actual behavior of such a complex system during a storm event, highlighting dominant frequencies and checking for the occurrence of resonance phenomena. First, a brief review of the experimental and theoretical studies carried out over the past forty years is given. Modal patterns of gates oscillations detected via EOF analysis confirm the presence of the eigenmodes of both the barrier and the inlet; however, the gates oscillations during the considered event are mild and the hydraulic performances of the system are satisfactory for the severe event studied. Further field measurements and future severe events should be studied to reach extended conclusions.

An advanced early warning technology for coral bleaching crisis based on the electrochemical biosensing of coral-symbiotic zooxanthellae eDNA

The symbiotic zooxanthellae in corals are extremely sensitive to the marine environment, and corals bleach rapidly when the symbiotic zooxanthellae are detached from their coral hosts. Currently, ecological monitoring techniques face many problems in coral health assessment, especially coral reef destruction during sampling. In this paper, an electrochemical eDNA biosensor based on ECM/MoS2 nanocomposites constructed with specific DNA probes was developed to detect the environmental DNA of free zooxanthellae at a low limit of detection (LOD = 0.223 pM) and limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.743 pM) under the experimentally optimized conditions, demonstrating excellent specificity and steadiness. Over and above, the electrochemical response of the biosensor to zooxanthellae DNA was significantly higher than that of other interferent targets, proving its high selectivity. On this basis, the dependability and precision of the biosensor were further verified by comparing the biosensor with ddPCR (P > 0.05, RSD < 5 %). Hence, this electrochemical biosensor can dynamically monitor community changes in zooxanthellae without destroying coral reefs and may serve as a non-invasive method for early warning of coral reef crises. The technique can also be upgraded with portable capabilities in future studies to provide greater convenience in the field analysis of coral bleaching.

Energy, Exergy, and flow fields analysis to enhance performance potential of a heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator

This study focuses on the design, optimization, and analysis of a heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator system to be used in a medium-size Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system, using its exhaust hot gases. Two configurations are investigated to maximize the total Coefficient of Performance (COPTot). Several approaches, including energy, sensitivity, displacement, and exergy analyses were conducted to understand the underlying physics, identify more effective performance configurations, and to find areas with the most potential for improvements. In an energy analysis, the engine and resonator efficiency, and the refrigerator COP (COPRF) were examined. The effects of engine and refrigerator stacks and their heat exchanger lengths and spacings on engine efficiency and the COPTot were investigated. Work and heat transfer dynamics are investigated across the system. Component interactions were explored through studying the acoustic intensity and pressure and velocity phase difference (θPU) distribution, and variations in velocity and pressure amplitudes in the engine and refrigerator stacks. Displacement analysis was introduced to assess the impact of stack length variations on refrigerator and engine displacement amplitudes. The analysis revealed the significant influence of the hot heat exchanger in the engine (HHXe) and the cold heat exchanger in the refrigerator (CHXRF) on design optimality. Sensitivity analysis identifies that the performance indices of the refrigerator are mainly sensitive to the stack length and spacing. Additionally, based on three new performance indices, an exergy analysis identified why and how the refrigerator heat exchanger closest to the engine performs better.

In Defense of Democratic Qualitative Research Teams: A Bourdieusian Approach to Critical Reflexivity

In this article, we provide a critical reflexive tool developed to interrogate hierarchical research team structures. As members of a qualitative research team working on a large-scale federally funded project, we aim to provide guidance for scholars interested in working against established hierarchies toward more democratic team practices. Our approach is guided by critical scholarship that employs Bourdieu’s conceptualization of reflexivity to move beyond individual-level positionality, toward the critical analysis of the larger academic field and intellectual bias produced through the neoliberal academic field. Though some have argued for the need to preserve hierarchy, we stand in defense of democratic teams.

Integrative approach for formation damage diagnosis in a Colombian brownfield: a comprehensive methodology

Formation damage is the reduction of a well's productivity due to the alteration of the permeability of the subsurface rock, leading to economically inefficient operations. This research established a methodology to diagnose such damage, which is divided into: 1) Identification of operational problems, 2) Field sampling and analysis of geological and engineering data, 3) Adaptation of API standards for the study of fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions, 4) Identification of damage mechanisms and recommendations. This methodology was applied to two depleted wells in a brown oilfield with reduced productivity to address scale deposition and casing corrosion issues. Finally, the application of control and stimulation fluids must satisfy technical and environmental requirements, with the objective of inducing destabilization of the identified formation damage mechanisms.

Inverse-proximity effect and 2D superconductivity of Ta/Au bilayer thin films

This study investigated the inverse-proximity effect (IPE) and two-dimensional (2D) superconductivity in α-phase Ta films and Ta/Au bilayers. These bilayers were deposited onto silicon substrates using a direct current (DC) sputtering system. The findings reveal that higher substrate temperatures and increased film thickness facilitate the formation of α-Ta up to a temperature limit of 300°C, resulting in higher Tc around 3.5–3.7 K. The fundamental superconductivity of α-Ta thin films is similar to that of a conventional s-wave BCS superconductor. The IPE in the Ta/Au bilayer films was observed, where the Tc increases and decreases with the Au overlayer thickness. This behavior was quantitatively described by considering a model accounting for the reduced superconducting fluctuations induced by the highly conductive Au layer. Furthermore, the presence of 2D superconductivity in the Ta film and Ta/Au bilayer was examined through critical field analysis, vortex motions, and Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition detection. Finally, the results were summarized in an H-T phase diagram illustrating the presence of IPE and 2D superconductivity in a Ta/Au bilayer. This study provides additional insights into 2D superconductivity within normal/superconductor (N/S) bilayers, laying the groundwork for future research to optimize film properties to align more closely with theoretical expectations.

Exploring Multivariate Statistics: Unveiling the Power of Eigenvalues in Wishart Distribution Analysis

This research examines how degrees of freedom and covariance matrix configurations affect Wishart distributed matrix eigenvalue distributions. We use the energy distance metric to compare eigenvalue distributions in Identity, Diagonal, and Structured covariance matrices. Through extensive simulations, we show that degrees of freedom and covariance matrix architectures greatly affect eigenvalue dispersion and energy distance distributions. Statistical models are more reliable with smaller, more stable distributions from higher degrees of freedom. We analyze the eigenvalue distributions of NextEra Energy (NEE), Enphase Energy (ENPH), First Solar (FSLR), SunPower (SPWR), and Brookfield Renewable Partners (BEP) stocks using this analytical methodology. Daily returns and covariance matrices were calculated using daily closing prices from January 1, 2018, to January 1, 2023. Our findings support simulation studies indicating larger degrees of freedom lead to more stable energy distance distributions.The findings of this study are useful in finance, genetics, and environmental studies, where stability and variability of the covariance structure are important. The requirement for higher-dimensional settings and real-world datasets to validate the theoretical framework are our research’s constraints. This research expands Wishart distribution knowledge and provides a solid analytical foundation for data analysis and model fitting in numerous scientific fields.

Magnetic field simulation and analysis of superconducting magnetic separator with different magnetic matrices

Superconducting magnetic separation technology leverages strong magnetic fields to separate magnetic from non-magnetic materials, vital for industries like mining, recycling, and water treatment. This study aims to elucidate the impact of various magnetic gathering media on the magnetic field distribution within superconducting magnetic separators through detailed modeling and simulation. Using Infolytica MagNet software, we simulate the magnetic field distribution of a JS-6-102 pilot-scale superconducting magnetic separator, both without media and with different magnetic matrices, such as mesh and rod media. Our results reveal that the presence of magnetic matrices significantly alters the magnetic field distribution, enhancing magnetic induction intensity and affecting field uniformity. We demonstrate that smaller mesh sizes yield more uniform magnetic fields, while larger rod diameters increase magnetic field distortion. These findings contribute to optimizing the design and efficiency of superconducting magnetic separation systems.

Improved GAN-based deep learning approach for strain field prediction and failure analysis of precast bridge slab joints

Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) is crucial for understanding complex stress-strain behaviors and assessing potential structural failure risks. Building on the recent success of deep learning (DL) methods in physical field predictions, there has been growing interest in forecasting internal force fields of structures beyond the existing data scope. In this study, a data-driven strain field analysis model based on an improved Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is proposed. To enrich the input data, this novel approach incorporates the Signed Distance Field (SDF) derived from the characteristics of the original Finite Element (FE) models. The generator, based on U-Net, is enhanced with channel attention mechanisms and loss penalty terms, forming the core of the improved GAN. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using two parallel datasets comprising 3-Headed bar tension models across two planes. Subsequently, the generated strain field is subjected to feature extraction using the 2D-Principal Component Analysis (2D-PCA) method, followed by structural failure determination through the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed improved approach achieves a significant reduction in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 20.71 % and 13.21 % across the two datasets, with the structural failure determination method reaching an F1-score of 0.971. Thus, the intelligent strain field analysis method introduced here effectively predicts strain distributions and promptly identifies failure states, offering valuable insights for further numerical analysis and structural design.

Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting CTNNB1 (β-catenin) for Endometrial cancer: Employing 3D QSAR, Drug-Likeness Assessment, ADMET Predictions, Molecular Docking and Simulation.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is associated with various treatment options such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy, each presenting unique challenges and limitations. Beta-catenin, a protein involved in the development and progression of several cancers, including EC, plays a crucial role. Abnormal beta-catenin signaling is often linked to the emergence of specific EC subtypes, affecting tumor growth and invasion. The study's objective is to identify compounds targeting the beta-catenin protein for treating endometrial cancer (EC) using in silico drug design. Our approach includes molecular docking to evaluate binding affinities, ADME profiling for pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity assessments, and molecular dynamics simulations to assess compound stability and interactions. Approximately one thousand anti-cancer phytochemicals were sourced from PubChem and subjected to molecular docking simulations against the beta-catenin protein. The compounds were evaluated based on their binding affinities, with the top five selected for further analysis. These five molecules underwent toxicity and ADME profiling. The Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) tool was used to identify compounds targeting CTNNB1. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were employed to establish quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the five CTNNB1 antagonist molecules. The selected five compounds, namely Pazopanib, Binimetinib, Telatinib, 4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[ b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-((5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)thio)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one, and Ribavirin, demonstrated efficacy against CTNN1. MD simulations of the docked complexes confirmed the stability of these drugs in binding to the target protein. All five molecules showed promising safety and effectiveness profiles according to their ADME and toxicity evaluations. Through a comprehensive screening process employing in silico drug design methods, this study successfully identified five potential human anticancer drug candidates targeting the beta-catenin protein. These findings offer a foundation for further experimental validation and development towards the treatment of EC.

Simplified discontinuous field model for RC beams with a medium shear span ratio: Experimental study and shear strength formula

It is generally believed that the shear span ratio is one of critical factors governing the shear failure of reinforced concrete beams. For a certain shear span scenario, the shear transfer mechanism is often attributed to one of the two typical categories: ‘beam-action’ for slender beams with a large shear span ratio, and ‘arch-action’ in deep beams with a small shear span ratio. However, in the medium shear span ratio range, neither the beam action nor the arch action dominates. In this study, an alternative model based on the notion of discontinuous fields is established under the framework of limit analysis. A shear strength formula for medium shear spans is derived subsequently by solving a combined action of the smeared-arch subfield and the vertical stirrups linking the fan subfield. After that, the least shear strength is obtained via the kinematic analysis of these discontinuous fields. To examine the proposed model, an experimental study is conducted through two T-beam specimens with artificially preset cracks and two benchmark specimens. In comparison with existing approaches and test results collected from this study and other twenty-two specimens in the literature, the proposed discontinues field model has a fairly good agreement in the shear strength predictions. A further discussion on the advantages and limitations of the simplified discontinuous field model also demonstrates that it provides a better transition of the shear strength verifications between slender beams and deep beams.

A study on the wake structure of an ascending submersible with silk flexible appendages using continuous wavelet transform and dynamic mode decomposition

This study proposed a new method for installing silk flexible appendages on the surface of the submersible to modify the wake structure of ascending submersibles, and explored a method of drag reduction of ascending submersible. A comparative analysis of the flow structure of submersibles with varying appendage lengths was conducted to understand the disturbance characteristics of the wake flow structure of submersible, and the high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement experiment was conducted at a Reynolds number of 6456. Analysis of the time-averaged flow field showed that the flexible appendages could disrupt the two large-scale vortices in the wake of the submersibles during the sailing process, but this ability diminished with increasing appendage length. Furthermore, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) were used to analyze the mechanism behind this phenomenon. The analysis results showed that flexible appendages based on CWT had an inhibitory effect on large-scale flow, and this effect gradually decreased with increasing appendage length. The results indicate that the flexible appendages can disrupt the wake vortex structure, reduce vortex energy, and facilitate the transition from large-scale vortex to small-scale vortex. Additionally, excessive disturbance is generated in the wake region when the flexible appendage is too long, hindering the shedding of small-scale vortices and resulting in an increase.

3D printed microplasma optical emission spectrometry coupled with ZIF-8 based dispersive solid-phase extraction for field analysis of waterborne arsenic

BackgroundArsenic contamination of drinking water has become a public health challenge over the world, particularly in Bangladesh, India, and China. Compared to the most used field test kits of waterborne arsenic, miniature microplasma atomic spectrometry retains advantages of accuracy, elemental specificity, and less matrix interference. Despite increased interest in arsenic detection by using miniature microplasma spectrometry, the improvements of its analytical performance, manufacturing cost and consistency still remain significant challenges. ResultsHerein, a miniature, battery-operated, and integrated hydride generation point discharge optical emission spectrometer (HG-μPD-OES, 116 mm length × 92 mm width × 104 mm height) was printed with a simple 3D printer and used for the highly sensitive and element-specific determination of arsenic by coupling to a dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as adsorbent. The d-SPE simplifies sample treatment, significantly alleviates the interference arising from transition metal ions and improves sensitivity. A LOD of 0.07 μg L−1 for arsenic was obtained with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 11) better than 3.8 %. SignificanceThe 3D printing technique significantly improves the manufacturing cost and fabricating consistency of HG-μPD-OES. LOD were remarkably improved 27-fold compared to those obtained by conventional HG-μPD-OES, providing a promising method for the reliable, sensitive, and convenient field analysis of waterborne arsenic even its concentration as low as 0.2 μg L−1. The practicability and accuracy of the proposed method have been successfully verified via the field analysis of waterborne arsenic in a Certified Reference Material (GBW(E)080390) and a series of river and lake water samples.

The Challenger's Social Skills: Bengkalis Panglong Business

This article focuses on the social skills possessed by the challengers, in this case, charcoal panglong (a place for wood processing and charcoal production) owners, entrepreneurs, and their workers who are able to survive the regulations on the utilization of mangrove forests. The battle in this field began in the days of the Dutch government. The purpose of this study is 1) to reveal how the contestation of stability and change in the charcoal panglong business in Bengkalis. 2) to analyze the social skills possessed by the owner of the charcoal panglong and his workers, hereinafter referred to as challengers, in maintaining the existence of his business until now. The ability to maintain the charcoal panglong business and its business existence. A series of research studies using a qualitative approach, using interviews and observations, were conducted by the author to reveal a series of strategic action fields in the forestry business. The findings obtained show that challengers have always competed with incumbents (mangrove forest policies and regulations) and governance units for a long time. This field contestation has occurred since 1853, starting from the time the Dutch government established a panglong in Bengkalis to meet the demand for wood and charcoal from Singapore and Malaysia. The challenger always maintains its business existence by fulfilling all obligations as a holder of a community forest license granted by the president and also as a charcoal export license holder to Malaysia; of course, to meet these export needs, another skill it has is maintaining a stable supply of charcoal for export. The patron client relationship is one of the challenger's skills in maintaining good relations with the local community and its workers. The market field analysis using Fligstein and McAdam's Field Theory of Strategic Action Field (SAF) helps explore the elements of social skills in SAF so that the structure of stability and change in the forestry charcoal panglong business arena can be illustrated more clearly.

Electromagnetic Field and Variable Inertia Analysis of a Dual Mass Flywheel Based on Electromagnetic Control

The moment of inertia of the primary flywheel and the secondary flywheel in a dual mass flywheel (DMF) directly affects the vibration damping performance in an automotive driveline. To enable better minimization of vibration and noise by changing the moment of inertia of the DMF to adjust the frequency characteristics of the automotive driveline, a new variable inertia DMF structure is proposed by introducing electromagnetic devices. The finite element simulation model of the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic device is established, the electromagnetic field characteristics in the structure are analyzed, and the variation in the electromagnetic force under different air gaps and current conditions is obtained. The electromagnetic force test system of the electromagnetic device is constructed, and the validity of the finite element simulation analysis of the electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic device is verified. A mechanical model of the electromagnetic device is established to analyze the characteristics of the displacement of the moving mass in the structure as well as the variation in the moment of inertia of the DMF at different rotational speeds and currents. The maximum adjustable proportion of its moment of inertia can reach 15.07%. A torsional model of the automotive driveline is established to analyze the effect of variable inertia DMF on the resonance frequency of the system under different currents. The results show that the electromagnetic device introduced in the DMF can realize the active adjustment of the moment of inertia and enable the resonance frequency to decrease with increasing rotational speed, which expands the idea of optimizing the vibration damping performance of the DMF and provides a reference for better control of the torsional vibration of the automobile or other mechanical transmission systems.

Diverse soliton wave profile analysis in ion-acoustic wave through an improved analytical approach

In engineering and applied sciences, several physical phenomena can be more precisely characterized by employing nonlinear fractional partial differential equations. The primary goal of this research is to examine the traveling wave solution in closed form for the nonlinear acoustic wave propagation model known as the time fractional simplified modified Camassa–Holm equation, which is used to explain the unidirectional propagation of shallow-water waves with non-hydrostatic pressure and explains the dispersion properties of numerous phenomena like fluid flow, control theory, liquid drop patterning in plasma, acoustics, fusion, and fission processes, etc. The utmost potential approach, namely the new auxiliary equation technique, is applied for analyzing the time nonlinear fractional simplified modified Camassa-Holm equation in the logic of the newest established truncated M-fractional derivative. The fractional partial differential equations have been transformed to the ordinary differential equation using the complex wave transformation in the sense of truncated M-fractional derivative. A variety of soliton solutions, including anti-kink, single soliton, anti-bell, bell, kink, multiple soliton, double soliton, singular-kink, compacton shape, periodic shape, and so many, are displayed in the diagram of 3D and contour plots by taking into account a number of various parameters. It is essential to point out that all derived outcomes are directly compared to the original solutions to certify their exactness. Results show that the used scheme is capable, simple, and straightforward and can be useful to a variety of complex phenomena. The acquired results are unique for the model equation and could be applied to the analysis of several nonlinear study fields.

Learning by Heart as a Pedagogy of Hope: Envisionment-Building through Poetry Memorization and Recitation

ABSTRACT While memorization has been criticized as outdated, recent studies have suggested that memorized poetry constitutes a vital repository which enhances the quality of individuals’ lives. The pedagogical potential of learning poetry by heart, however, has hardly been explored in contemporary settings. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of seven adolescent student participants in the inaugural National Poetry Recitation Competition held in Singapore in 2023, which involved 169 contestants. Employing an exploratory case study approach, including the analysis of interviews and field notes, this study applies Judith Langer’s concept of “envisionment-building” (2011) as a primary lens through which to interpret the students’ experiences, while elucidating aspects of their experiences in the light of schema theory. Findings indicate that students’ experiences demonstrate evidence of Langer’s first and fourth principles of envisionment-building most strongly, as manifested through the practice of poetry memorization and recitation. This study further proposes a model informed by students’ responses that could guide literature educators to support students in learning poetry by heart as a path towards envisionment-building, contributing to a pedagogy of hope while expanding opportunities to motivate deeper engagement with poetry.

Arab Countries’ Interest in Integration in Eurasia: Tactics or Strategy?

In the situation of transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world, the tasks of developing a dialogue with the Arab world are set out in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation for 2023. In contrast to the “senior-junior” concept developed by the West, in which the allegedly “natural” leading role is unfairly assigned to Western powers and which causes growing resistance from the states of the Global South, Russia proposes that its Arab partners form relations based on a fair consideration of each other’s interests. The Arab ruling circles, experts, and the “Arab street” increasingly perceive Russia as a statecivilization that is not only located in Eurasia, but is also a driving force for the integration of the Non-West. Of particular interest is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a platform for generating ideas and coordinating between the emerging centers of power represented by India, China, and Russia, especially after Iran, a regional rival of Saudi Arabia, became a member of the SCO in 2023. Is the Arab interest in the Eurasian NonWest strategic or tactical, being in the second case aimed solely at exerting pressure on the West to obtain maximum concessions? This is a difficult, but key question that requires an answer from experts, which explains the relevance of this article. In his study, the author uses situational analysis tools, including content analysis methods, force field analysis and data visualization. The author concludes that the interest of Arab countries in integration in Eurasia, including cooperation with Russia, is predominantly strategic.

Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces of Tandem Flapping Wings with Different Forewing Kinematics.

Dragonflies can independently control the movement of their forewing and hindwing to achieve the desired flight. In comparison with previous studies that mostly considered the same kinematics of the fore- and hindwings, this paper focuses on the aerodynamic interference of three-dimensional tandem flapping wings when the forewing kinematics is different from that of the hindwing. The effects of flapping amplitude (Φ1), flapping mean angle (ϕ1¯), and pitch rotation duration (Δtr1) of the forewing, together with wing spacing (L) are examined numerically. The results show that Φ1 and ϕ1¯ have a significant effect on the aerodynamic forces of the individual and tandem systems, but Δtr1 has little effect. At a small L, a smaller Φ1, or larger ϕ1¯ of the forewing can increase the overall aerodynamic force, but at a large L, smaller Φ1 or larger ϕ1¯ can actually decrease the force. The flow field analysis shows that Φ1 and ϕ1¯ primarily alter the extent of the impact of the previously revealed narrow channel effect, downwash effect, and wake capture effect, thereby affecting force generation. These findings may provide a direction for designing the performance of tandem flapping wing micro-air vehicles by controlling forewing kinematics.