Proximate Composition Analysis Research Articles

Physicochemical and Sensory Evaluation of Yanggaeng Formulated with Corni fructus Powder and Alternative Sweeteners

This study examined the effects of alternative sweeteners—allulose, stevia, and xylose—on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of Yanggaeng fortified with 2% Corni fructus powder (CF). A proximate composition analysis revealed that Yanggaeng treated with alternative sweeteners had a significantly higher moisture content and a lower carbohydrate content than that treated with sugar. Colorimetric analysis showed that the xylose treated Yanggaeng decreased lightness (L*) and increased redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), likely due to enhanced browning reactions. The xylose treated Yanggaeng exhibited the highest Brix values and antioxidant activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Although the allulose treated group had the highest total phenolic content, its radical scavenging activity was lower than the xylose treated Yanggaeng. Xylose produced a firmer and more cohesive gel matrix, increasing hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas stevia resulted in a softer, less chewy texture. In sensory evaluations, the xylose treated Yanggaeng scored higher for color, flavor, sweetness, overall acceptance, and purchase intent than other groups. These findings suggest that xylose is the most suitable alternative sweetener for CF-enhanced Yanggaeng, offering reduced caloric content, enhanced antioxidant properties, improved texture, and superior consumer acceptance.

Harnessing the nutraceutical and antioxidant potential of the sporocarp of medicinal mushrooms, Schizophyllum commune Fr.

The split gill mushroom, Schizophyllum commune Fr., naturally occurs on decaying wood during the rainy season and is consumed as a food source in many parts of North-East India due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, an isolate of S. commune was analysed for its proximate composition and nutraceutical potential to support the development of biofortified products. The proximate composition analysis of dried and fresh mushrooms of S. commune revealed the following results: carbohydrate content (74.00% and 30.51 %, respectively), calorific value (358.00 and 148.84 Kcal/100g, respectively), crude fiber (3.08 % and 1.20% respectively), crude protein content (13.70 % and 6.18%, respectively), and total antioxidant activity (1267.00?g/g and 1090.76?g/g, respectively). Glycemic potential assessments indicated that S. commune exhibited a low glycemic index of 10.33 and total starch digestibility of 7.65%. The nutraceutical analysis of dried S. commune powder in different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) demonstrated that methanolic extracts recorded the highest DPPH inhibition percentage (89.60%), reducing power (37.20%), and phenolic content (0.230±0.005 mg/mL). Methanolic extracts also exhibited higher flavonoid content (0.455±0.003mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts were found to have the highest total tannin (0.250±0.001mg/mL) and saponin content (0.303±0.001mg/mL). A herbal infusion formulated with S. commune dried powder, dried basil leaf powder, and dried ginger powder demonstrated high antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Sensory evaluation of two treatments of the herbal infusion indicated good overall acceptability, highlighting its potential as a commercially viable fortified product with significant antioxidant properties.

Optimizing Growth Conditions and Biochemical Properties of Chondracanthus acicularis (Rhodophyta) in Laboratory Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the laboratory cultivation of Chondracanthus acicularis, focusing on key environmental parameters such as nutrient levels and light exposure. The results provide insights into the optimal growth conditions and biochemical composition of C. acicularis, which are crucial for its sustainable exploitation in industrial applications. Significant differences in the relative growth rate (RGR) and productivity (Y) were found between the different treatments. Seaweed grown on Provasoli (PES) Medium with white LED light and red LED light showed the best growth rates. Negative growth was observed in treatments with Nutribloom plus®, and blue LED light. The proximate composition analysis revealed a high moisture content across all treatments, with significant differences in ash and organic matter content between the treatments. The use of LED light played a crucial role in optimizing growth by influencing photosynthetic efficiency and pigment production. The proximate composition varied significantly between treatments, especially ash and organic matter. Light and nutrient conditions also influenced pigmentation and colour characteristics, with significant changes in phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll concentration. PES treatments consistently showed the highest colour variation. These findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on seaweed growth, productivity, pigmentation, and proximate composition, and provide valuable insights for optimized cultivation strategies.

Water Physicochemical Properties Influence the Production, Nutritional Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Gracilaria tenuistipitata From the Northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

This study investigates the influence of water physicochemical properties on the growth, production, nutritional composition, and antioxidant properties of Gracilaria tenuistipitata, cultivated at two different sites (Gangamati and Hazipur) along the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The water quality parameters were monitored weekly. Results revealed that the Gangamati site is characterized by significantly higher (p < 0.05) salinity (14.75 ± 4.89 ppt), transparency (60.50 ± 9.57 cm), and total dissolved solids (6154.90 ± 1492.50 mg/L) compared to the Hazipur site. The Gangamati site significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed the Hazipur site in terms of daily growth rate and production. Furthermore, proximate composition analysis indicated significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein (25.06 ± 0.90% DW), lipid (1.22 ± 0.05% DW), fiber (7.03 ± 0.76% DW), and carbohydrate (38.41 ± 0.80% DW) contents in seaweed from the Gangamati site. The mineral content of G. tenuistipitata was also influenced by the culture site significantly (p < 0.05). Amino acid analysis demonstrated superior protein quality in Gangamati seaweed, with significantly higher levels of essential (77.286 ± 0.06 mg/g) and nonessential (95.243 ± 0.07 mg/g) amino acids than the Hazipur site. The fatty acid profiles varied significantly between the two sites, with seaweed from the Gangamati site exhibiting higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (41.27 ± 0.05%) compared to Hazipur, indicating superior nutritional lipid quality indices. Bioactive compounds were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Gangamati seaweed, along with higher antioxidant activity. Overall, these results indicate that the Gangamati estuary provides a better environment for the cultivation of G. tenuistipitata, resulting in seaweed with superior nutritional and bioactive properties.

Which is the shear force that defines the lamb's sensory acceptance?

Abstract The lamb meat tenderness acceptance threshold has been little studied and has never been evaluated for the Brazilian population. So, this study aimed to find the maximum acceptable shear force for Brazilian lamb meat consumers. Three muscles were previously tested and chosen Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), psoas major and semimembranosus muscles received different treatments in the post-slaughter period (Hot deboning followed by cooling on ice, Standard carcass cooling and Ageing), aiming to create samples with varying levels of tenderness, which were evaluated by acceptance tests and descriptive analysis of tenderness by a trained team. Sarcomere length, myofibril fragmentation index, proximate composition, weight loss and pH analyses were performed to observe the biochemical phenomena in each treatment's meats. Variations caused in samples by treatments were more significant than differences inherent to the different muscles. Pearson and Multiple Factor correlation analyses indicated positive correlations between sarcomere length, myofibril fragmentation index and the scores assigned in sensory tests by 140 panelists and a trained team. Both groups noted that the differences between the meats in terms of tenderness and the sarcomere length also influenced the perception of juiciness observed by the groups. The maximum shear force indicated as acceptable for lamb meat was 44.1 N. The results obtained are important to guide the lamb meat producer for certain practices in the post-slaughter moments, avoiding actions that lead to sarcomere shortening and encouraging the production of aged meats.

Development and Performance Evaluation of an Instrumented Hybrid Onion Storage Facility

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the oldest bulb crops, known to mankind and consumed worldwide. It is valued for its distinct pungent flavour and is an essential ingredient for the cuisine of many regions. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the performance of a refrigerated onion storage facility. The designed facility was simple, efficient, and cost-effective, with a focus on user-friendly operation and packaging of onions in zippered bags. The experiment involved slicing and dicing onions of equal size, which were then placed in zip bags and monitored over a week. The mass of the samples was measured daily to observe the changes. Additionally, laboratory analysis was conducted to assess the proximate composition, phytochemical contents, and heavy metal concentration of the onions. The results showed that the storage facility maintained a cooling rate of 0oC and experienced fluctuations in temperature due to external weather conditions. The relative humidity ranged from 18% to 19%, indicating the coldness of the storage facility. The analysis of the onion samples revealed high moisture content, with values ranging from 80% to 90%. Other compositional parameters such as crude protein, CHO, crude fibre, fat content, and ash content were relatively low. In terms of phytochemical analysis, flavonoid content was found to be relatively high compared to saponin, alkaloid, and tannin contents. Flavonoid content was highest in the raw state of the onion. Heavy metal analysis showed significant differences in the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), while copper (Cu) did not exhibit a significant effect. The developed refrigerated onion storage facility demonstrated promising performance. The proximate composition analysis indicated that before and after storage of the onions, the moisture content and nutrients of onions was maintained. The phytochemical analysis revealed a significant presence of flavonoids, while heavy metal analysis showed varying concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu.

Evaluation of glycemic index, glycemic load and biochemical traits of rice associated with anti-diabetic properties

Diabetes mellitus, a modern lifestyle disease and metabolic disorder, is closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Research on carbohydrates, particularly white rice with a high glycemic index, has been linked to an increased risk of type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. In this study, we aimed to understand the nutritional composition, estimated glycemic index, and glycemic load of twenty-eight rice accessions, particularly focusing on those with low starch digestibility associated with low GI levels. The proximate composition analysis revealed that tested rice accessions exhibited higher levels of genetic variation for amylose (18.45 - 25.97%), phenolic content (5.00-34.08%), protein (5.52-14.54%), and crude fibre (1.64-3.91%) content in brown rice. Huge variability for estimat?ed glycemic index, ranging from low to high GI was observed among all the varieties (49.37 - 78.58%). Traditional varieties viz., Thavalakannan and Kavuni depicted low estimated glycemic index (49.37 % and 54.55 %) and moderate glycemic load (14.60 and 15.80), respectively. The estimated glycemic index exhibited significant and negative association with amylose (r = -0.57**), phenolic (r = -0.67**), and crude fibre (r = -0.52**) content. In contrast, glycemic load showed a significant positive correlation with the amount of carbohydrate content. Principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among rice accessions' biochemical traits with the first two principal components accounting for 68.57% of the total variance. The hierarchical clustering based on Darwin software identified two major clusters. Cluster I comprise popular varieties and Cluster II contains traditional varieties with low to moderate glycemic index. Moreover, identifying rice varieties with lower glycemic index can facilitate the development and enhancement of breeding lines for the diabetic population.

Proximate and elemental composition of tea effluents obtained from various tea processing factories in Kenya

Tea undergoes intricate processing in factories, generating substantial effluents that pose significant environmental challenges. This study explored the proximate and elemental composition of tea effluents obtained from various factories to determine their potential benefits, especially in agriculture and health. The proximate composition analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) variations in ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids across samples from different factories. Notably, ash content in fluff samples from Mudete and Ogembo, and fly-off from Kionyo factories, is statistically comparable (P>0.05) but significantly higher than other samples (P<0.05). The cyclone fluff from the Kinoro factory exhibited significantly lower ash content than all other samples (P<0.05). The study further examined microelement minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus) in tea samples, showcasing significant variations. The fluff sample from the Ogembo factory showed significantly higher calcium levels than others (P<0.05), while the cyclone sample from Mogogosiek displays significantly lower calcium concentrations than other samples (P<0.05). Regarding micronutrient/trace mineral elements, the fluff sample from the Gitambo factory has significantly higher Boron concentrations than other tea samples (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in Cobalt concentrations, with cyclone fluff samples from Chelal and Momul factories showing significantly higher levels than others (P<0.05). The concentration of heavy metals (Aluminium, Chromium, Lead) in tea effluents varies significantly among samples from different factories (P<0.05). The cyclone fluff samples from Boito and Chelal factories and fluff samples Mogogosiek factory showed significantly higher Aluminium concentrations than others (P<0.05). The cyclone fluff sample from the Kinoro factory exhibited significantly lower Aluminium levels than others (P<0.05). Therefore, future research should delve into specific processes contributing to these variations, enabling tailored strategies for sustainable waste management in the tea industry. Moreover, adopting environmentally conscious approaches, informed by a nuanced understanding of metal concentrations in tea effluents, is imperative for ensuring the long-term viability of the tea industry and safeguarding environmental health. Key words: Tea waste, micronutrients, macronutrients; heavy metals, nutritive value

An industry survey of the composition and variability of soybean gums and soapstocks across US soybean processing plants.

Depending on the soybean processing plant, gums and soapstocks may be added back to soybean meal during soybean processing. Despite potential effects on soybean meal quality, there is limited information available on the composition and variation in soybean by-products and the resulting soybean meal if by-products are added back during processing. A total of 36 soybean by-product samples from 14 plants across 8 different companies were examined in an industry survey evaluating the composition and variation of soybean gums and soapstocks across the US. All soybean processing plants in the study produced at least one of two by-products: soybean gums or soybean soapstocks. Soybean by-product and soybean meal samples were collected within two different timeframes: May to July 2023 and October to November 2023. The individual plants surveyed constitute approximately 30% of total US soybean meal production, with 8 participating companies representing 80% of the total US soybean meal production. By-products were analyzed for lipid quality criteria including moisture, fat by acid hydrolysis, fatty acid analysis, and oxidation markers. Soybean meal samples were submitted for analysis of proximate composition, neutral detergent fiber, Ca, P, and trypsin inhibitor activity. Soybean gums had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) percentage of acid hydrolyzed fat and p-Anisidine value compared to soybean soapstocks. Soybean soapstocks tended to have a greater (P = 0.085) percentage of moisture and volatile matter as well as an increased (P = 0.052) concentration of insoluble impurities compared with soybean gums. Most notably, there was considerable variation in the composition of by-product samples among processing plants indicating differences in processing procedures or incoming soybean quality. Soybean meal containing added soybean by-products had 61% greater (P < 0.05) ether extract than soybean meal samples without added soybean by-products on a dry matter basis, but there was no difference (P > 0.10) in crude protein. Furthermore, trypsin inhibitor units varied considerably among plants with values ranging from 1.45 to 9.26 TIU/mg of seed powder, regardless of by-product inclusion. These results provide information on the composition and variation in soybean by-products across various processing plants; however, further information is still needed to evaluate their subsequent effects on livestock diets.

Phytochemical, antioxidant activity and proximate composition analysis of Manilkara zapota L. leaves

Phytochemical, antioxidant activity and proximate composition analysis of Manilkara zapota L. leaves

Nutrient Enhancing and Flesh Quality Improvement in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed Dietary Sweet Potato (Ipomoa butatas) Leaves Aqueous Extract

Dietary sweet potato (I. batatas) leaves extract was assessed for nutrient enhancing ability and improvement of flesh quality in catfish (C. gariepinus). Thirty five (35) % crude protein feed was formulated using locally available ingredients. Four different diets were prepared from the formulated feed by adding varying quantities of sweet potato leaves extracts as follows: Oml/kg; 50ml/kg; 100ml/kg; and 150ml/kg and labeled as Do, D1, D2 and D3 respectively. One hundred and twenty (120) sub-adult C. gariepinus were used for the experiment, they were divided into four groups in triplicates of 10. Feeding with the experimental diets (Do-D3) commenced after two weeks of acclimatization and they were fed for eight (8) weeks, and water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolve oxygen and pH were determined daily, and measurement of length and weight was done fortnightly. After the feeding period fish were collected from each of the groups for proximate composition analysis and organoleptic assessment. The proximate composition of the diets were done to assess the effects of I. batatas on the quality of the diets. The results revealed the following: (i) the diets had no effects on the assessed water quality parameters; (ii) there were no significance difference in the proximate composition of the experimental diets; (iii) the I. batatas leave extracts enhanced the lipids, protein and fibre contents on the flesh of C. gariepinus; (iv) the I. batatas improves texture, taste, appearance and general acceptability of C. gariepinus flesh; (v) nutrient utilization parameters such as protein intake (PI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention (PR), fat retention (FR) and net protein retention (NPU) increases significantly as the quantity of I. batatas extracts increases in the diet (Do- D3). It was concluded that sweet potato (I. batatas) leaves extracts improves nutrients utilization and flesh quality in C. gariepinus by enhancing bioavailability, digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Biochemical Analysis of Fruiting Bodies of Cordyceps Militaris Grown on Brown Rice

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal fungus known for its diverse biofunctional properties. This subject has been extensively analyzed over the past decade. The diverse pharmacological potential of C. militaris has garnered significant global interest recently. This research aims to determine the proximate composition of in vitro cultivated C. militaris fruit bodies. The analysis of proximate composition included measurements of crude protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, total carbohydrate, and moisture content. The research focused on quantifying the overall nutritional value of the fruit bodies and evaluating biological efficiency, in addition to key bioactive compounds including cordycepin, ergosterol, and Vitamin D2. The results demonstrated that the carbohydrate content constituted 47.67% of dry weight, the protein content was 30.41%, and the fiber content accounted for 15%. The fruit bodies contained 39.82 mg/kg of cordycepin and 61.73 mg/100g of ergosterol, whereas vitamin D2 was absent in the cordyceps mushroom sample. The findings demonstrate that in-vitro-cultivated C. militaris fruit bodies exhibit considerable nutritional and therapeutic potential.

Characterization of oils and defatted residues of Terminalia catappa L. seed kernels of two varieties

ABSTRACT The seed kernel of Terminalia catappa Linn (T. catappa) is an underutilized plant food with promising potential. This study investigated the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, thermal behavior, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral characteristics of oils extracted from kernels of yellow and purple cultivars of T. catappa and proximate compositions of their defatted residues. The oils extracted through a cold press micro-expeller, differed in color, with yellow oil being lighter than purple oil. Both cultivars demonstrated high iodine values and lower saponification values. Thermal profiles displayed major exothermic and endothermic peaks associated with the crystallization and melting of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Both oils were rich in unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), particularly oleic and linoleic acids, with palmitic acid being the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA). FTIR spectra indicated the presence of functional groups such as methyl, methylene and esters representing the complex composition of the oils. Proximate composition analysis revealed that whole kernels were high in fat, while defatted residues were richer in protein and minerals. These findings suggest that T. catappa kernels from both cultivars were good sources of plant oils with potential for high-fat products, and defatted residues could be used in protein-rich supplements, offering diverse industrial applications.

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Proximate Composition and Hematology of Anabas testudineus in Biofloc Culture System

In a biofloc fish culture system, this experiment assessed the effects of stocking densities of 200, 250, and 300 fish/m3 at treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, on the growth and production performances of Anabas testudineus. With a mean final weight of 121.64 ± 1.354 g, T1 produced the largest weight, followed by T2 (111.63 ± 0.552 g) and T3 (104.65 ± 0.602 g). In addition, the feed conversion ratio in T1 treatment (0.97 ± 0.011) was noticeably lower than T2 (1.36 ± 0.020) and T3 treatment (1.67 ± 0.116). Survival rate in T1 treatment (86.66%) was substantially greater than T2 (80.71%) and T3 treatments (74.81%). The comparative analysis of proximate composition has shown lower total microbial colony count, higher protein and fat content, and lower moisture and ash content in biofloc system. There was no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) found in water quality parameter. Significant difference found (p &lt; 0.05) in DO among three treatments. Comparing T1 (1.77 ± 0.017) to T2 (1.46 ± 0.005) and T3 (1.16 ± 0.047), BCR in T1 were higher. There was no significant differences found in HDL, LDL, Triglycerides and cortisol among three treatments but significantly found in control of A. testudineus. The higher level of HDL found in T1 and lower in control, LDL level lower in T1 and higher in control, triglycerides were lower in T1 and higher in control, cortisol higher in control and lower in T1. It might be concluded that the comparatively lower stocking density provides enhanced production and also be suitable in order to maintain better water quality parameters in biofloc culture system. This density is appropriate for the nation's biofloc culture of A. testudineus, as evidenced by the lowest production costs and maximum income seen in T1.

EVALUATING GROWTH AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN CATFISH UNDER DIFFERENT SALINITIES

An investigation was carried out to explore the effect of salinity on the growth and flesh quality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), a significant species in global aquaculture. Fifty juvenile catfish of weight 24.25±0.4g were collected from the Chenab River in Pakistan and acclimatized in controlled aquaculture conditions at different salinity levels NaCl (T1; 0, T2; 2, T3; 4; T4; 6, and T5; 8 ppt) over 60 days. Growth performance indicators, including final weights, weight gain, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were measured. The statistical result indicated that the fish in lower salinity environments (0-2 ppt) exhibited significant (p &lt; 0.05) final weights, weight gain, and growth rates, with performance declining significantly as salinity increased. The best FCR 1.2±0.01 was indicated at 0 ppt, while the highest salinity (8 ppt) was revealed in the FCR 1.7±0.04. Proximate composition analysis indicated that crude protein and moisture content elevated with salinity while crude fat and ash content decreased. These results suggest that C. gariepinus thrives in slightly brackish conditions, with optimal growth at low salinity levels. However, higher salinities adversely impact physiological health and growth performance.

From waste to nutrient: Proximate composition, morphological and elemental analysis of Tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) fish bone

From waste to nutrient: Proximate composition, morphological and elemental analysis of Tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) fish bone

Confirmation of the feasibility of using agrobyproduct biochar in thermal power plants through oxygen pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing agrobyproduct biochar as a substitute for fossil fuels in thermal power plants by comparing oxygen-rich and oxygen-lean pyrolysis processes. The biomass types examined include soybean pods (BE), bamboo (BB), and wood pellets (WP). Results demonstrate that oxygen-lean pyrolysis at high temperatures enhances biochar's carbon content and energy density. Mass yields varied, with WP showing the highest yield at 500℃ under oxygen-lean conditions. Elemental analysis indicated increased carbon content and improved fuel properties with higher pyrolysis temperatures. Proximate composition analysis revealed decreased volatile matter and increased fixed carbon and ash content, leading to higher fuel ratios. Calorific values increased significantly across all biomasses, particularly under oxygen-lean conditions. Gas analysis showed significant changes in O2, CO2, and CO concentrations with temperature variations. Combustion indices and physical properties like aromaticity and Hardgrove grindability index improved with higher temperatures. Optimal pyrolysis conditions were identified as 325℃ for WP, 350℃ for BB, and 300℃ for BE, with BE also performing well at 500℃. The study concludes that optimized agrobyproduct biochar can effectively replace conventional fossil fuels, offering high energy yield and enhanced combustion properties.

Optimizing insect repellence in open sun drying of fish through the combined influence of salt, turmeric, pepper and the bacteriocin nisin under tropical conditions

AbstractBackgroundSun drying of fish in open air is an age‐old traditional practice in Asia and some other parts of the world. This study aims to suggest optimal field doses of turmeric, pepper, salt and the bacteriocin nisin (food additive, E234) for open‐sun‐dried silver jewfish (Johnius argentatus) under a tropical environment. Investigations were carried out on the blowfly infestation, proximate composition, water reconstitution properties and organoleptic and microbial quality of open‐air‐dried fish samples.ResultsA direct relationship between moisture reduction and drying period was observed with salt‐treated samples demonstrating accelerated moisture reduction, reaching as low as 14.1% after 34 h. Turmeric and pepper treatments provided some protection against weight loss but ultimately extended the drying time to 38 h. Botanical pesticides like turmeric or pepper exhibited significant efficacy against blowfly adult and larval infestation with similar efficacy observed in 15% and 25% salt‐treated samples. Proximate composition analysis revealed that salt‐treated samples had lower moisture ranging from 14.1% to 16.0% but higher protein of 58.2%–62.1%, while the lipid and ash content did not vary significantly (p &gt; 0.05). The water reconstitution properties of salt‐treated samples exhibited superior rehydration rates, with the highest in nisin (Niseen S) + 15% salt‐treated samples at 60°C, while organoleptic evaluations revealed salt‐treated samples to possess favourable attributes with minimal insect infestation and broken pieces. Finally, microbial analysis demonstrated the lowest aerobic plate count in dried fish samples treated with nisin (Niseen S) alone or in combination with 15% salt and/or 3% turmeric ranging from 3.97 ± 0.20 to 4.33 ± 0.07 log cfu/g.ConclusionIt is concluded that 200 ppm nisin (Niseen S)‐treated samples in combination with 3% turmeric and/or 15% salt are a viable option for producing high‐quality dried fish in traditional open‐air sun‐drying practices.

Comparative Studies of Some Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata from Lagos Suburb in Nigeria

The search for plants and plants products of medicinal potentials cannot be underestimated. Hence this study sought to investigate some parameters of medicinal importance.The phytochemical constituents, proximate and mineral composition, anti-nutrient contents, and acute toxicity of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids in both plants. Notably, Ipomoea involucrate exhibited higher saponin levels, suggesting potential unique medicinal properties. Proximate and mineral composition analysis indicated that both plants have low moisture content, which helps in preserving the active compounds by minimizing chemical degradation. Additionally, the plants were found to be rich in crude fiber, protein, and nutritionally valuable elements. Anti-nutrient assessments showed that Chromolaena odorata had the lowest cyanide (5.45mg/100 g) and phytate (0.23mg/100 g) levels, while Ipomoea involucrate had the lowest oxalate content (0.40 mg/100 g). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in tested animals following oral treatment with 2000 mg/kg body weight, indicating a high margin of safety. This study highlights that both Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrate possess beneficial phytochemical and nutritional profiles. The low moisture content in these plants contributes to the stability of their active compounds, enhancing their potential medicinal value. Ipomoea involucrata stands out for its higher saponin content, which may offer distinctive therapeutic benefits. The minimal presence of anti-nutrients andless lethal effectsfurther support their safety and efficacy as medicinal plants. The findings in this study however underscore the therapeutic potential of these plants and their suitability for use in drug development and their application in therapeutic products.

Color, proximate composition, bioactive compounds and antinutrient profiling of rose

Rose (Rosa sp.) is one of the most important ornamentals which is commercialize for its aesthetic values, essential oils, cosmetic, perfume, pharmaceuticals and food industries in the world. It has wide range of variations that is mostly distinguished by petal color differences which is interlinked with the phytochemicals, secondary metabolites and antinutrient properties. Here, we explored the color, bioactive compounds and antinutritional profiling and their association to sort out the most promising rose genotypes. For this purpose, we employed both quantitative and qualitative evaluation by colorimetric, spectrophotometric and visual analyses following standard protocols. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications where ten rose genotypes labelled R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 were used as plant materials. Results revealed in quantitative assessment, the maximum value of lightness, and the luminosity indicating a brightening of rose petals close to a yellow color from rose accessions R4, and R10, respectively which is further confirmed with the visually observed color of the respective rose petals. Proximate composition analyses showed that the highest amount of carotenoid and β-carotene was found in R10 rose genotype, anthocyanin and betacyanin in R7. Among the bioactive compounds, maximum tocopherol, phenolic and flavonoid content was recorded in R8, R6 and R3 while R1 showed the highest free radical scavenging potentiality with the lowest IC50 (82.60 µg/mL FW) compared to the others. Meanwhile, the enormous variation was observed among the studied rose genotypes regarding the antinutrient contents of tannin, alkaloid, saponin and phytate whereas some other antinutrient like steroids, coumarines, quinones, anthraquinone and phlobatanin were also figured out with their presence or absence following qualitative visualization strategies. Furthermore, according to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), correlation matrix and cluster analysis, the ten rose genotypes were grouped into three clusters where, cluster-I composed of R3, R4, R5, R8, cluster-II: R9, R10 and cluster-III: R1, R2, R6, R7 where the rose genotypes under cluster III and cluster II were mostly contributed in the total variations by the studied variables. Therefore, the rose genotypes R9, R10 and R1, R2, R6, R7 might be potential valuable resources of bioactive compounds for utilization in cosmetics, food coloration, and drugs synthesis which have considerable health impact.