Policy Analysis Research Articles

A model for integrating palliative care into Eastern Mediterranean health systems with a primary care approach.

Palliative care in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) faces challenges despite the high number of patients in need. To provide accessible, affordable, and timely services, it is crucial to adopt a suitable care model. World health organization (WHO) recommends integrating palliative care with primary health care (PHC). Given the unique conditions of EMR countries, there is a need to design a model tailored to these contexts. This study is a multi-method research project conducted through several sub-studies, including a literature review, policy analysis, expert opinion (Delphi Method), dimension-specific analysis, model development, and its validation and refinement (Delphi Method). Drawing from the WHO model, six dimensions: policy, drug availability, education, community integration, service delivery, and research were considered to developing the model and implementation requirements. Within each dimension, evidence-based solutions tailored to the region's context were explored. A successful palliative care model requires, in the policy dimension, oversight by the Ministry of Health (MOH). Having a focal-person or working group within the MOH is crucial for policy-making, formulation, and approval of clinical guidelines, as well as addressing care challenges. It is essential to provide access to morphine and other essential medications, along with facilitating the administration and consumption of morphine at home. Conducting empowerment courses for care providers, can address various challenges. Community involvement through volunteers, charities, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is also important. To ensure service provision, monitoring and evaluating systems are crucial, along with striving for service continuity through an appropriate payment system. Lastly, research is necessary for needs assessment, evidence-based practice, and designing evaluation indicators. The proposed model relies on community health workers, especially nurses, as multitasking professionals available for community palliative care. In the presented model, special attention has been given to networking, collaboration, and the use of digital health technologies to support nurses. The model proposed for integrating palliative care into PHC should serve as a framework that enhances access to available and affordable services for countries in the region. While this model was developed based on the overall conditions of the region, each country can tailor it to its unique strengths and opportunities.

Analisis Struktur Modal terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2018-2022

"Capital Structure Analysis of the Financial Performance of Companies Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2018-2022 Period (Case Study of Pt Blue Bird Tbk)". under the guidance of Mrs. Dr. Milka Pasulu, SE., M.Si, and Fausiah, S.E., M.Si. This research aims to determine the effect of capital structure policy on the financial performance of PT Blue Bird Tbk. The research sample is the 31 December financial report regularly for 5 years in accordance with the research period required for the periods 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 (The financial report as of 31 December is a financial report that has been audited). The results of the analysis found that the company PT Blue Bird Tbk for the 2018 – 2022 period, where analysis of capital structure policies to measure financial performance obtained poor results. Regarding this, the values ​​obtained from DER, DAR, ROA and ROE measurements experience fluctuating percentages (rising and falling).

”Vi behöver fler akutskolor i Sverige för de elever som inte kan uppföra sig som folk”

The aim of the article is to explore constructions of the disciplinary measure emergency school, understood as an institutionalization of the policy for and the public discourse about “forceful measures for safety and discipline” in schools. Theoretical approach is critical policy analysis. The empirical material consists of, in this context, relevant policy documents, Swedish media discourses and international research. Emergency schools have made a rapid journey through the Swedish school-institutional landscape. From loosely defined local inventions, with a plenty of labels to being constructed as a matter of national urgency. The public discourse has rapidly evolved from stressing that the goal of emergency schools is to offer support to students at-risk (discourse of equity) in a secluded environment to becoming a site where rowdy, violent and criminal students at least temporary can be evacuated (discourse of safety). The question of knowledge is completely absent from public discourse and from the policy foundations. One of the risks with emergency school, apart from anticipated stigmatization and negative impact on learning progress, is that its sheer existence can negatively affect the primary responsibility of ordinary schools for safety, positive school climate and equity of all students. The pressing issue to be raised is not just what emergency schools do with their students, but also what they do with the ordinary schools’ overall responsibility for safety and positive school climate.

Public policy: at the forefront of training a new generation of political experts.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of public policy as a scientific and academic category. Public policy is one of the fastest growing scientific and educational areas in the 21st century. This trend should not be considered solely as a tribute to fashion; with the right approach, public policy can become the cornerstone in the study of the political process and in training a new generation of experts in the field of political management and decision-making. Moscow University is one of the leaders in the development of this area, introducing public policy at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The article examines the history of public policy, shows the main theoretical and methodological prerequisites for its study, and the reasons for its institutionalization in different countries of the world. It is shown that public policy is a multifaceted category, the understanding of which varies depending on theoretical, managerial and ideological perspectives. At the same time, it is the most important educational and research area, which is associated with the fundamental principles of the functioning of the state, issues of increasing the efficiency of public administration, and harmonizing the interests of the state and society. The author proves the point of view that universities involved in organizing the training of public policy experts are today at the forefront of the processes of modernization and increasing the efficiency of the entire political and administrative apparatus. Public policy experts trained by Russian universities in general and Moscow University in particular are future multidisciplinary professionals capable of managing complex socio-political processes, increasing the efficiency of the state apparatus, and building a competent balance between state and public interests.

Social rights in a post-colonial welfare state: Revisiting ‘universality’ and ‘inclusivity’

Scholars have long overlooked the impact of colonialism on the development of European welfare states and their mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion. In this article we address this blind spot by examining the ‘pension gap’ of Surinamese-Dutch elderly residing in the Netherlands, many of whom receive reduced public old age pensions. We examine the historical origins of this exclusion from full benefits through a discursive historical analysis of policy documents and parliamentary debates between 1919 and 2023 as well as political claims made by activists. We find that the Dutch welfare state was built on an exclusionary interpretation of social citizenship, granting social rights only to the citizens residing in the metropole. The exclusion of colonial citizens from social rights was deemed self-evident and anchored in laws and political discourses that, although increasingly contested, remain operative today. Our findings question core assumptions in the welfare state literature, especially those regarding the ‘universality’ of social rights and the taken-for-granted boundaries drawn around deserving polities. Thus, we argue that coloniality, territoriality and racialization are indispensable concepts for scholars to engage with in the analysis of social rights stratifications in Europe.

Policy rhetoric, realities, and burdens: Using critical policy analysis to center at-promise student success in the McNair program

Educational policies designed to benefit students from first-generation, low-income, and racially minoritized backgrounds do not always consider the realities these students experience during college. Instead, students participating in compensatory education programs can endure further marginalization. Using critical policy analysis’ core tenets as guiding principles to frame our study and guide our analysis, we conducted a three-phase qualitative analytic study. We examined interviews with students and McNair program policy documents to interrogate policymakers’ hidden assumptions and the (de)centering of minoritized student perspectives in the McNair program policy. Students in the program discussed varied and conflicting definitions of success, such as learning they did not want to attend graduate school—a primary goal and measure of success for the federal government. They also highlighted advisors as a source of support. By centering the experiences of students, our findings highlight this critical gap and draw attention to the administrative burdens placed on at-promise students, emphasize the need for holistic socio-emotional support in federal policy, and underscore the powerful role of supportive faculty and staff.

Formation of the TNI Cyber Force: A Strategic and Policy Analysis

The increasing cyber threats in Indonesia require strengthening the country's defense strategy. This study focuses on the formation of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Cyber Force as part of efforts to strengthen the country's cyber security in facing increasingly complex threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy and strategy for the formation of the TNI Cyber Force and evaluate the synergy between institutions, especially with the National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN). This study uses a qualitative method with a secondary data analysis approach, including reports from Fortinet, AwanPintar.id, and national policy documents related to cybersecurity. The research findings show that the TNI Cyber Force has a crucial role in protecting Indonesia's critical infrastructure from the threat of botnets, ransomware, and other cyber-attacks. The synergy between the TNI and BSSN is key to building an effective cyber defense system. Although there has been an increase in cyber readiness, this study found that challenges still exist, including in terms of human resources and the technology used. In conclusion, the formation of the TNI Cyber Force is an important step in dealing with cyber threats, but there needs to be further strengthening in cross-sector coordination and adoption of the latest technology.

The Evolution of Cameroonian Cooperation with the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation: A Historical and Geopolitical Analysis

This paper investigates the historical and evolving relationship between Cameroon and the Soviet Union and later, the Russian Federation, focusing on political, military, economic, and cultural dimensions. Positioned strategically at the crossroads of West and Central Africa, Cameroon has balanced longstanding ties with France against a growing partnership with Russia. Since the Soviet Union’s formal recognition of Cameroon's independence in 1964, Soviet support in education, infrastructure, and ideological alignment contributed to a foundational relationship grounded in anti-colonial and socialist values. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, relations were reestablished with the Russian Federation, shifting from ideological alignment to pragmatic cooperation, particularly in defense and economic engagement. Key findings indicate that Russia cooperation with Cameroon cut across education, reciprocal visa exemption agreement for holders of diplomatic and service passports, food trade and military defense. The study uses a qualitative methodology, incorporating primary sources such as government records, treaty documents, and public statements, alongside secondary sources including academic articles and policy analyses. This approach allows for an examination of key historical milestones, the role of security concerns, and economic priorities that have shaped Cameroonian-Russian relations over the years.

The evolution of SNAP-Ed: policy, systems and environment (PSE) interventions to enhance nutrition security and health equity in the United States

Purpose This study uses a comprehensive literature review and analysis of recent research, policy documents and program evaluations related to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) and policy, systems and environmental (PSE) strategies. Key sources include peer-reviewed articles, the 2025 SNAP-Ed Plan Guidance and case studies of successful PSE interventions. The Social-Ecological Model serves as a framework to organize and analyze the multilevel impacts of PSE interventions. The method involves identifying relevant information, synthesizing key themes and patterns and critically examining the potential impact of PSE strategies on nutrition security and health equity. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the evolution of the SNAP-Ed from direct nutrition education to a comprehensive approach integrating PSE change strategies. It aims to analyze the rationale, implementation and potential impact of PSE approaches in SNAP-Ed on nutrition security and health equity in the USA. The study explores how these strategies address social determinants of health, promote sustainable population-level changes in nutrition environments, and their capacity to reduce health disparities in low-income communities. It seeks to identify challenges, opportunities and future research directions in implementing PSE strategies within SNAP-Ed. Findings The review reveals that PSE strategies in SNAP-Ed show promise in creating sustainable, population-level changes in nutrition environments and health outcomes. Successful examples, such as healthy corner store initiatives and workplace wellness programs, demonstrate the potential of PSE approaches to improve access to healthy food options and physical activity opportunities. The integration of PSE strategies has enhanced SNAP-Ed’s capacity to address social determinants of health and promote health equity. However, challenges including resource constraints, political opposition and the need for cross-sector collaboration persist. The effectiveness of PSE interventions relies heavily on community engagement, partnerships and supportive policies. Practical implications The findings underscore the importance of adopting comprehensive, multilevel approaches in nutrition education and obesity prevention programs. For SNAP-Ed implementers, this implies a need to develop expertise in PSE strategies, foster cross-sector partnerships and engage communities in intervention design and implementation. Policymakers should consider increasing support and resources for PSE approaches within SNAP-Ed and similar programs. Public health practitioners can use these insights to design more effective, equitable interventions that address root causes of nutrition insecurity. The study also highlights the need for improved evaluation methods to assess the long-term impact of PSE strategies on population health outcomes. Social implications This study highlights the importance of addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty and access to healthy food options, to promote equitable health outcomes. It underscores the potential of community-driven, multilevel interventions in building a more just and equitable food system accessible to all. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the shift toward PSE strategies in SNAP-Ed, offering valuable insights into the program’s evolution and its potential to address complex public health challenges. By examining both successes and challenges, it contributes to the growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of multilevel interventions in promoting nutrition security and health equity. The study’s emphasis on the role of community engagement and partnerships in PSE implementation offers practical guidance for program planners and policymakers.

The Shadows of Internationalisation

This forum proposes the use of concept of “shadows” in the analysis of internationalisation policies to make visible the decision-making processes and practices appearing at all levels of internationalisation policies. We focus on the problematic effects appeared at the intersect of internationalisation policies implemented by the countries perceived academic values differently on example of Finland as the EU member state and pre-war Russia. We consider these effects as preventing equal access to quality higher education and life-long learning for all (SDG4, target 4.3). The forum conceptualises the lessons of the EU/Finnish-Russian internationalisation for further usage the suggested theoretical lens in policy implementation in other countries developed their own internationalisation policy on different value basis. This study address to what happens when the internationalisation policies promoted European view on fundamental academic values, are implemented with such policies in the countries where these values are perceived in another way. We answer the question of how and why the shadows of internationalisation appear and have an impact at a macro-, meso-, and micro-level, and conceptualize them for future policy improvement. The forum discusses the implications of internationalisation policies from the practice perspective and what might be learnt by the stakeholders previously involved in these cooperation partnerships.

Analysis of Policies in the Field of the Tourism Industry from the Republic of Moldova in Ensuring the Sustainability of Sports Tourism

As diminishing the effect of the pandemic, the tourism industry in the Republic of Moldova is starting to recover after a period in which not only local tourism suffered, but also the international one. The current research aims at the potential of the sports infrastructure in the Republic of Moldova, but also the place of sports tourism in regional policies for the coming years. The subject of the research aims at the effects of the policies implemented in recent years, which contribute to the development of sports tourism. The methods that made it possible to carry out the present research included the analysis of specialized literature and the statistical-mathematical one. The results of the research highlighted the fact that in the Republic of Moldova, among the forms of tourism on the rise are gastronomic, transit and sports tourism, the latter becoming more and more popular. All this is due to central and regional policy instruments, which in recent years have led to the development of the necessary infrastructure, a fact that allowed the organization of large-scale sports events. Moreover, they had the ability to attract athletes, who used various local tourist services during the sports events. The mentioned leads us to conclude that at the regional level, in the development policies for the coming years, most of the authorities have measures to boost sports tourism.

Impact of new regulatory policies on photovoltaic energy projects in Brazil: a case study for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul

This study analyzed the impact of regulatory changes on the implementation of photovoltaic solar energy projects in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, focusing on the amendments introduced by Law 14.300. The research explored solar generation conditions in various regions, highlighting the influence of geographic location on the productivity of photovoltaic systems. Using fuzzy logic, the attractiveness of solar energy was assessed in different scenarios, relating variables such as productivity, tariffs, and consumption. The results indicate that increases in productivity and tariffs are positively correlated with the attractiveness of solar energy. Additionally, an average increase in the payback period was observed in response to the new regulations. However, specific conditions, such as reduced installation costs, were identified that could mitigate this increase in payback. The study highlighted that adapting to the new regulatory policies could open significant opportunities for distributed generation, particularly in the agricultural sector, contributing to the energy and economic sustainability of the Mato Grosso do Sul region. Fuzzy logic was essential for modeling decision support systems, enabling a precise analysis of the regulatory policies' implications for the economic viability of solar energy projects.

Towards value‐based rehabilitation: an analysis of South African policies for people with disabilities

AbstractSouth Africa has progressively established good healthcare policies and actively promotes the rights of people with disabilities. However, as the healthcare sector is moving towards value‐based care to achieve universal health coverage, it remains unclear whether South African rehabilitation policies provide sufficient guidance for delivering value‐based rehabilitation services for people with disabilities. This article attempts to ascertain whether the content of South African rehabilitation policies is aligned with value‐based care. Rehabilitation policies were identified through a literature search (including grey literature) and discussions with stakeholders in the health policy field. A framework for value‐based care was created for deductive policy content analysis. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to describe the content that correlates with the framework's components. The National Rehabilitation Policy and the Framework and Strategy for Disability and Rehabilitation Services were included in this study. Both documents aligned with the value‐based framework, however, various barriers in South Africa challenge value‐based rehabilitation services. We conclude that South Africa's rehabilitation policies can guide value‐based rehabilitation services. However, these policies need to be operationalized and supported by empirical data on disability and rehabilitation services. A concerted effort is required from the government to ensure the allocation of resources for the implementation of policy.

ONTOLOGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Introduction. The ontology of socio-economic research contributes to a deeper understanding of the foundations of social and economic phenomena, which helps in the development of effective policies and strategies for solving problems at different levels of methodological knowledge. The development of modern science requires a detailed study of the ontological aspects of socio-economic processes for the analysis and forecasting of socio-economic phenomena. Research hypothesis: socio-economic processes can be more effectively analysed and predicted through the development of a formalized ontological system that describes the main concepts, methods and principles of ontological research. Purpose. Systematize the latest knowledge about the basic elements of socio-economic phenomena and develop the concept of the ontology of socio-economic research to improve the interpretation of the relationships between the elements of the knowledge system. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on philosophical, sociological and economic concepts. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: historical and logical approaches, systematization, comparative analysis (when studying the genesis of ontological principles), theoretical generalization, abstract-logical (when arguing the research concept), classification, decomposition, modelling (when formation of the conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research). Results. The conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research have been formed. It is defined that ontology investigates the nature of being and reality, including various approaches such as traditional, formal, applied and social ontologies. An algorithm of the ontology of socio-economic research has been formed for the purpose of in-depth understanding and practical implication of theoretical knowledge in economic activity, which contribute to a more efficient organization of the research process and help to determine the most adequate methods and approaches for solving specific problems. The main aspects of the ontology of socio-economic research include: conceptual foundations, research methodology, relationships, empirical research, ontological principles. Based on the study of the genesis of principled approaches to socio-economic processes, the ontological principles of socio-economic research are systematized. Originality. The theoretical framework of social ontology, which studies the structure of social reality, and the framework of economic ontology, which focuses on the systematization of economic knowledge and the structuring of the research concept and interpretation of results, are defined. Taking into account the interdisciplinary approach, we improved and specified the interpretation of the term ontology of socio-economic research, by which we understand the philosophical approach of systematic study of the nature and structure of socio-economic phenomena and processes based on the formation of conceptual foundations, methodology and research principles. The modern ontological principles of socio-economic research (structurality, realism, taking into account the context, multi-level analysis, interdisciplinary, impartiality, interaction and mutual influence, dynamism) were formed and meaningfully revealed, the observance of which contributes to the objectivity and accuracy of research, allows taking into account complex and interdisciplinary approaches. Conclusion. The ontology of socio-economic research is aimed at creating a coherent and comprehensible picture of socio-economic reality, which helps researchers better understand and explain complex processes and phenomena, as well as develop effective strategies for their management and improvement. Ontological approaches to socio-economic research provide a structured and systematic approach to the analysis and development of effective policies and strategies, which contributes to a deeper understanding of complex socio-economic phenomena. The development of ontologies of socio-economic research includes the concept, methodology, principles and practical recommendations regarding the research algorithm.

Policy analysis combining artificial intelligence and text mining technology in the perspective of educational informatization

Policy analysis combining artificial intelligence and text mining technology in the perspective of educational informatization

Comparative Approaches to Energy Transition: Policy Guideline for Enhancing Thailand’s Path to a Low-Carbon Economy

Thailand’s transition to a low-carbon economy faces significant challenges, including a dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuating energy costs, and limited policy clarity. This study conducts a comparative analysis of energy transition policies in Germany, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Singapore to derive actionable lessons that can be adapted to Thailand’s socio-economic and energy contexts. Using the Integrated National Energy Planning (INEP) framework and Network Governance Theory, the research identifies key strategies, such as setting clear and achievable renewable energy targets, establishing robust legal frameworks, fostering multi-stakeholder engagement, and encouraging decentralized governance. The findings highlight the importance of long-term vision, inclusive governance, and targeted investments in renewable technologies to accelerate energy transitions. This paper presents policy guidelines to enhance Thailand’s energy security and contribute to its climate goals by promoting public awareness and strengthening institutional capacities. By adapting these strategies, Thailand can align with global energy trends, reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, and advance toward a resilient and sustainable energy system, aligned with global energy trends while addressing its unique socio-economic context.

Exploring carbon emission effects of national-level industrial park policies on cities in China

Serving as the backbone of economic development, industrial parks have strong implications for reducing carbon emissions in China under the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” background. This study explores the carbon emission reduction effects of three different types of national-level industrial parks on prefectural-level cities in China, including economic and technological development zones (ETDZs), eco-industrial demonstration parks (EIDPs), and low-carbon industrial parks (LCIPs). Data on 204 prefectural-level cities over the period of 1999 to 2019 were examined by using the difference-in-differences method and the mediating effect model. The study revealed that (1) the three types of industrial parks significantly reduced the intensity of city carbon emissions by 1,155, 395, and 450 tons per million CNY, respectively; (2) There existed lag effects of 7 years for the ETDZ and 3 years for the EIDP; (3) Industrial structure exhibited significant mediating effects, with ETDZ and EIDP reducing city carbon emission intensity by 58 and 56 tons per million CNY, respectively; (4) Strong heterogeneity in the effects was found, arising from the differences in geographical location, resources endowment, and amount of industrial parks; and (5) ETDZ and EIDP reduced the carbon emission intensity of neighboring cities by 174 and 144 tons per million CNY, respectively, while LCIP increased that by 686 tons per million CNY. The major contribution of this study is analyzing the city-level impacts of ETDZ, EIDP, and LCIP, three different types of national industrial park policies with different implementation periods, regional distributions, and policy focuses. This not only fills a gap in the analyses of ETDZ and LCIP policies in this area of research, but also draws analogies and contrasts between the effects of the three different policies. This study suggests that the stability and long-term nature of industrial park policies be maintained and further transformation and upgrading of industrial structure be attained. Additionally, intercity coordination could be introduced or enhanced.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BASIC EDUCATION

This article seeks to explore the perspectives and challenges faced by teachers in the context of basic education in relation to professional development. Based on an analysis of training practices and public policies aimed at teacher training, we will discuss the main trends and innovations that have emerged in the field, in addition to offering reflections on how these initiatives directly impact the quality of teaching and student learning. To this end, a bibliographical research was developed to find academic productions, finding authors who research on the subject, expanding the theoretical repertoire. Professional development in basic education faces challenges due to recent transformations in the educational environment. The search for quality, equitable and inclusive education becomes increasingly complex in view of the realities found in schools. In recent years, the profile of children has changed, requiring new didactic and practical approaches from educators. This evolution requires the creation of more dynamic learning environments and the use of innovative resources that can meet the diverse needs of students. Therefore, it is essential that education professionals reflect on their methodologies and seek alternatives that provide new meanings to the contemporary educational system. These changes not only challenge educators to adapt, but also offer opportunities for the implementation of pedagogical practices that promote more collaborative and student-centered teaching. It was concluded, therefore, that continuing teacher training is essential for us to meet the current and future demands of basic education.

Confronting the idealised ‘Nordic model’ in education with contemporary realities of special education in Sweden

ABSTRACT For decades, the Nordic countries have been admired for their inclusive education systems within egalitarian societies, bolstered by PISA studies and global calls to ensure inclusive education as a human right. This paper contrasts idealised perspectives on Nordic education with internal experiences, exploring recent challenges to the relationship between special and inclusive education. Using Sweden as a case study, it highlights internal diversity within the Nordic region, showing differing paths and gaps between research, policy and school realities. The risks of idealising past educational models are discussed, noting that Sweden, once known for its egalitarian education and low special education needs classification rates, now faces higher classification rates and more separate provision due to policy changes. Recent trends have shown a shift towards increased diagnosis and classification, influenced by marketisation and decentralisation policies. The paper focuses on neurodivergence, analysing shifts in government priorities, teacher education, school practices and research agendas. Analysis of recent policies, reports and educational data reveals winners and losers in school participation, providing insights into the implications for educational discourse, the future of the ‘Nordic model’, and Swedish education in a global context.

Healthcare professionals’ preferences for the specialist pharmacy service medicines advice clinical enquiry service: a discrete choice experiment

Abstract Introduction The Specialist Pharmacy Service Medicines Advice (SPS-MA) service answers enquiries from primary care professionals in England. The preferences of service users for the way this service is provided (e.g. opening hours, speed and route of reply, amount of detail in answer etc.) are unknown. Such information would be useful to ensure the service meets the needs of users as well as possible within the constraints of available resources. Aim To determine healthcare professionals’ preferences for the Specialist Pharmacy Service Medicines Advice clinical enquiry service using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Methods International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good research practices were used to conduct a DCE1. Previous literature2, documentary analysis of SPS-MA policies, and interviews with four SPS-MA enquirers and three SPS-MA service providers/managers identified seven key attributes of the clinical enquiry service. Each attribute could be defined using one of 2-3 descriptions (‘levels’). A D-efficient experimental design generated 20 pairs of potential clinical enquiry service variants, each described by one level linked to each of the seven attributes. These 20 pairs were blocked into two online surveys (10 pairs per survey), which asked participants to choose which service from each pair they would prefer to contact. The 1669 SPS-MA clinical enquiry contacts with a recorded email in the year to November 2023 were randomised to receive an email invitation to complete one of the survey variants. Preferences for each attribute level were estimated using conditional logit regression. Using the HRA decision tool, this project was not considered research by the NHS. It was given a favourable opinion by the University of Bath ethics review process on 27th November 2023 (reference 1153-2222). Results 236 participants completed a survey (52% GP pharmacists, 26% other pharmacists, 22% other professional; median 15 years’ experience). Weekend opening and opening hours did not significantly affect preferences (p≥0.226). All other attributes did significantly affect preferences (p≤0.015). An answer within one hour or two days was most valued (preference weightings (95%CI) relative to five days: 0.89 (0.76-1.03) and 0.58 (0.45-0.72), respectively). Communication by email was highly valued (preference weighting: 0.62 (0.47-0.77) relative to telephone only). The availability of a website of frequently asked questions was also valued (preference weighting: 0.48 (0.31-0.64) relative to no website). Answering the telephone within 20 seconds and a detailed response were valued, but to a lesser degree. Sub-group analysis found that participants qualified for <15 years valued email communication and detailed responses more strongly than other participants (p≤0.035). Discussion / Conclusion Where clinically appropriate, the SPS-MA clinical enquiry service should prioritise speed of reply, communication by email and a website of frequently asked questions. Longer opening hours are not required. This is the first study to use of a DCE to investigate professional enquirers’ preferences for a medicines information/advice service. This allowed analysis of the strength of preferences and how they were traded off. Due to the small number of non-pharmacist enquirers to the SPS-MA service, it was not possible to investigate how professional background influences preferences.