Analog Matching Research Articles

Structural identification of in vitro metabolites for 23-nordeoxycholic acid by structural analogue matching.

The homeostasis of bile acid (BA)-submetabolome that is composed by correlating hundreds of BA species contributes a lot to maintaining physiological status. However, it is challenging to understand the transformational rules amongst endogenous BAs, but it is viable to profile the in vitro metabolism of BA analogues, as a compromise approach to isotopic labeling of BAs, to deduce the metabolism of BAs. An attempt is made here to characterize the metabolites of 23-nordeoxycholic acid (norDCA), a deoxycholic acid analogue with a C23-CH2 defect, after in vitro incubation with enzyme-enriched liver subcellular fractions of mouse, rat or human. A predictive multiple-reaction monitoring mode was deployed for sensitive metabolite detection, leading to the capture of twelve metabolites (M1-M12). After putative structural annotation by analyzing MS/MS spectra, special attention was paid to isomeric identification. Dozens of authentic BAs were collected and measured for modeling of the quantitative structure-retention time relationships. Because modifications in LC-MS/MS behaviors in response to C23-CH2 difference were characterized by comparing several pairs, the rules of 14.02 Da shift and 2.4-4.2 min distance were applied to improve identification confidence by matching with several authentic BAs bearing C23-CH2 additions compared to the metabolites. Consequently, confirmative structural identification was achieved for all metabolites. Metabolic pathways in response to M1-M12 were proposed, and hydroxylation, oxidation, epimerization, sulfation, and glucuronidation served as the primary metabolism channels for norDCA. Together, the findings provide meaningful information about the correlations between different endogenous BAs and the structural identification strategy offers a promising idea when facing an isomeric discrimination challenge.

A modern analogue matching approach to characterize fire temperatures and plant species from charcoal

Charcoal identification and the quantification of its abundance in sedimentary archives is commonly used to reconstruct fire frequency and the amounts of biomass burning. There are, however, limited metrics to measure past fire temperature and fuel type (i.e. the types of plants that comprise the fuel load), which are important for fully understanding the impact of past fire regimes. Here, we expand the modern reference dataset of charcoal spectra derived from micro-Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and apply an analogue matching model to estimate the maximum pyrolysis temperature and the type of plant material burned. We generated laboratory-created reference charcoal from nine plant species that were heated to six temperature categories (100 °C increments between 200 °C–700 °C). The analogue matching approach used on the FTIR spectra of charcoal estimated the maximum pyrolysis temperatures with an accuracy of 57%, which improved to 93% when accuracy was considered ±100 °C. Model accuracy for the type of plant material burned was 38% at the species level, which increased to 67% when species were grouped into trait-based categories. Our results show that analogue matching is an effective approach for estimating pyrolysis temperature and the type of plant material burned, and we suggest that it can also be applied to charcoal found in palaeoecological records, improving our understanding of past fire regimes and fuel dynamics.

A modern analogue matching approach to characterize fire temperatures and plant species from charcoal

A modern analogue matching approach to characterize fire temperatures and plant species from charcoal

Neural Analogical Matching

Analogy is core to human cognition. It allows us to solve problems based on prior experience, it governs the way we conceptualize new information, and it even influences our visual perception. The importance of analogy to humans has made it an active area of research in the broader field of artificial intelligence, resulting in data-efficient models that learn and reason in human-like ways. While cognitive perspectives of analogy and deep learning have generally been studied independently of one another, the integration of the two lines of research is a promising step towards more robust and efficient learning techniques. As part of a growing body of research on such an integration, we introduce the Analogical Matching Network: a neural architecture that learns to produce analogies between structured, symbolic representations that are largely consistent with the principles of Structure-Mapping Theory.

The Novel CPW 2.4 GHz Antenna with Parallel Hybrid Electromagnetic Solar for IoT Energy Harvesting and Wireless Sensors

The design and implementation's novelty simultaneously utilizes the antenna's frequency, polarization, and feed structure to maximize the harvested RF energy and become a microstrip communication circuit for wireless sensor or communication systems in IoT devices. In addition, the optimization of the parallel circuit configuration has a voltage doubler model with an integrated parallel system and thin-film solar cells. Implementation of the antenna structure has two-line feeds in one antenna. Usage both feeds have the same function as CPW circular polarization. Another advantage is that there is no miss-configuration when installing the port exchanges when using both output ports simultaneously. The 2-port antenna has an area of 1/2 per port (where accessible wavelengths work well at the 2.4 GHz frequency). It has been shown to achieve a relatively narrow bandwidth of 86.5 percent covering WiFi frequency band networks and IoT communications. It does not require additional filters and analog matching circuits that cause power loss in the transmission process in parallel voltage doubler circuits. Integrating a reflector on the CPW antenna with two ports for placement of thin-film solar cells provides antenna gain of up to 8.2 dB. It provides a wide beam range with directional radiation. Using a multi-stage parallel to increase voltage output and integrated with a thin-film solar cell converter proves efficient in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. When the transmission power density is -16.15 dBm with a tolerance of 0.023, the novel energy harvester configuration circuit can produce an output voltage of 54 mV dc without adding solar cell energy. And Integrated thin-film solar cell a light beam of 300 lux in the radiation beam area of -16.15 dBm, the energy obtained has a value of 1,74467V. It also shows that the implementation of this configuration can produce an optimal dc output voltage in the actual indoor and outdoor ambient settings. The optimization of antenna implementation and the communication process with Multiple signal classifications improves the configuration of antennas that are close to each other and have identical phase outputs. It is instrumental and efficient when applied to IoT devices.

MAGIC library – A tool to assess surface water acidification

• MAGIC library provides an acidification assessment for any lake or stream in Sweden. • The assessment is based on analogue matching technique and a library of model runs. • The matching is based on position, lake size, discharge and water chemistry. • In >90% of the cases the library is consistent with a site-specific MAGIC run. We have developed a tool, the MAGIC library, which provides an acidification assessment for any given lake or stream in Sweden based on ten parameters describing lake geographical position, surface area, annual discharge and observed lake water chemistry. The MAGIC library consists of two key components: a library of the existing MAGIC model simulations for 2438 lakes and an analogue matching routine that selects the library lake which is most similar to the evaluation lake described by the ten parameters. The acidification assessment modelled by MAGIC for the library lake is then assumed valid for the evaluation lake. For more than 90% of the library lakes tested, the MAGIC library provided the same acidification assessment as the site-specific MAGIC model simulation. Labour and data requirements for assessment by the MAGIC library are very modest relative to the needs of site-specific MAGIC (or other similar) model simulations. The relative ease of use is essential for a country like Sweden, with a population of 100 000 lakes. The MAGIC library has a web interface ( http://magicbiblioteket.ivl.se ) to provide single assessments interactively or multiple assessments by uploading the ten required parameters for multiple sites. Conceptually the library has built-in flexibility and could be adapted for other types of ecosystems or assessments. In this paper we describe the MAGIC library concept and evaluate the performance of the MAGIC library in comparison to site-specific MAGIC modelling.

Development and Analysis of Algorithmically-Controlled Adaptive Analog Filters as Components in Information and Measurement Systems

This paper describes a measurement-circuit design approach based on switched-capacitor filters, and an analog vibroacoustic signal-matching-and-conversion device. We also develop an adaptive control algorithm for measurement-circuit parameters, and find that analog matching devices can be used advantageously for and monitoring and diagnostics of process status in industrial equipment.

Transforming functional models to critical chain models via expert knowledge and automatic parsing rules for design analogy identification

AbstractCritical chains composed of critical flows and functions have been demonstrated as an effective qualitative analogy retrieval approach based on performance metrics. In prior work, engineers used expert knowledge to transform functional models into critical chain models, which are abstractions of the functional model. Automating this transformation process is highly desirable so as to provide for a robust transformation method. Within this paper, two paradigms for functional modeling abstraction are compared. A series of pruning rules provide an automated transformation approach, and this is compared to the results generated previously through an expert knowledge approach. These two approaches are evaluated against a set of published functional models. The similarity of the resulting transformation of the functional models into critical chain models is evaluated using a functional chain similarity metric, developed in previous work. Once critical chain models are identified, additional model evaluation criteria are used to evaluate the utility of the critical chain models for design analogy identification. Since the functional vocabulary acts as a common language among designers and engineers to abstract and represent critical design artifact information, analogous matching can be made about the functional vocabulary. Thus, the transformation of functional models into critical chain models enables engineers to use functional abstraction as a mechanism to identify design analogies. The critical flow rule is the most effective first step when automatically transforming a functional model to a critical chain model. Further research into more complex critical chain model architectures and the interactions between criteria is merited.

Ferrichrome Has Found Its Match: Biomimetic Analogues with Diversified Activity Map Discrete Microbial Targets.

Siderophores provide an established platform for studying molecular recognition principles in biological systems. Herein, the preparation of ferrichrome (FC) biomimetic analogues varying in length and polarity of the amino acid chain separating between the tripodal scaffold and the pendent FeIII chelating hydroxamic acid groups was reported. Spectroscopic and potentiometric titrations determined their iron affinity to be within the range of efficient chelators. Microbial growth promotion and iron uptake studies were conducted on E. coli, P. putida and U. maydis. A wide range of siderophore activity was observed in the current series: from a rare case of a species-specific growth promotor in P. putida to an analogue matching FC in cross-phylum activity and uptake pathway. A fluorescent conjugate of the broad-range analogue visualized siderophore destination in bacteria (periplasmic space) vs. fungi (cytosol) mapping new therapeutic targets. Quantum dots (QDs) decorated with the most potent FC analogue provided a tool for immobilization of FC-recognizing bacteria. Bacterial clusters formed around QDs may provide a platform for their selection and concentration.

Late Pleniglacial vegetation in eastern-central Europe: are there modern analogues in Siberia?

To characterize Late Pleniglacial (LPG: 26.5–15 ka cal BP) and particularly Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 21 ± 2 ka cal BP) vegetation and climate, fossil pollen assemblages are often compared with modern pollen assemblages. Given the non-analogue climate of the LPG, a key question is how glacial pollen assemblages and thereby vegetation compare with modern vegetation. In this paper we present three LPG pollen records from the Carpathian Basin and the adjoining Carpathian Mountains to address this question and provide a concise compositional characterization of the LPG vegetation. Fossil pollen assemblages were compared with surface pollen spectra from the Altai-Sayan Mountains in southern Siberia. This area shows many similarities with the LPG vegetation of eastern-central Europe, and has long been considered as its best modern analogue. Ordination and analogue matching were used to characterize vegetation composition and find the best analogues. Our results show that few LPG pollen assemblages have statistically significant analogues in southern Siberia. When analogue pairings occur they suggest the predominance of wet and mesic grasslands and dry steppe in the studied region. Wooded vegetation types (continental and suboceanic hemiboreal forest, continental taiga) appear as significant analogues only in a few cases during the LGM and more frequently after 16 ka cal BP. These results suggest that the LPG landscape of the Carpathian Basin was dominated by dry steppe that occurred outside the river floodplains, while wet and mesic grasslands occurred in the floodplains and on other sites influenced by ground water. Woody vegetation mainly occurred in river valleys, on wet north-facing hillsides, and scattered trees were likely also present on the loess plateaus. The dominant woody species were Larix, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo, Pinus cembra, Picea abies, Betula pendula/pubescens, Betula nana, Juniperus, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Populus, Salix and Alnus. The pollen records suggest uninterrupted presence of mesophilous temperate trees (Quercus, Ulmus, Corylus, Fagus and Fraxinus excelsior) in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains throughout the LPG. We demonstrate that the LPG vegetation in this area was characterized by increasing grass cover and high frequency of wildfires. We conclude that pollen spectra over represent trees in the forest-steppe landscape of the LPG, furthermore pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions for the LPG are challenging in this area due to the scarcity of modern analogues.

SIAR: Customized real-time interactive router for analog circuits

As analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuitry gains increasing portions in modern SoCs, automatic analog routing is becoming more and more important. However, routing for analog circuits has always been an extremely challenging task due to complicated electrical and geometrical constraints. Due to these constraints, current analog routers often fail to obtain a routing solution that the designer wants. To incorporate the designer׳s expertise during routing, a customized real-time interactive analog router is attracting increasing concerns in industry.This paper presents a fast customized real-time interactive analog router called SIAR. A key feature of SIAR is that it allows for real-time interactions between the router and the designer. The designer can try different guiding points by moving the cursor in the user window and SIAR will return and display the corresponding routing solution in real-time, such that the designer could choose the most satisfactory one. The guiding points are very important for the designer to obtain satisfactory routing solutions, even for routing solutions with analog matching constraints by setting symmetric guiding points. A new splitting graph based routing model is presented to efficiently search the routing path and record the number of turns/vias during searching by efficient tile splitting operations. SIAR supports different routing modes such as point-to-point, point-to-module and module-to-module. An efficient connecting point selection method is presented such that an optimal routing solution is preserved when connecting to a module. Different design rules such as variable wire and via width/spacing rules, along with the same-net spacing rules, are supported in SIAR. Moreover, a global routing stage is presented to speedup the routing process for large designs. Experimental results are promising.

Stress assessment for device performance in three-dimensional IC: linked package-scale/die-scale/feature-scale simulation flow

Potential challenges with managing mechanical stress and the consequent effects on device performance for advanced three-dimensional (3-D) IC technologies are outlined. The growing need in a simulation-based design verification flow capable of analyzing a design of 3-D IC stacks and detecting across-die out-of-spec variations in MOSFET electrical characteristics caused by the die thinning and stacking-induced mechanical stress is addressed. The development of a multiscale simulation methodology for managing mechanical stresses during a sequence of designs of 3-D IC dies, stacks, and packages is focused. A set of physics-based compact models for a multiscale simulation is proposed to assess the mechanical stress across the device layers in silicon chips stacked and packaged with the 2.5D interposer-based, and true 3-D through silicon via-based technology. A simulation flow is developed for the hot-spot checking in different types of devices/circuits such as digital, analog, analog matching, memory, IO, characterized by different sensitivities to the stress-induced mobility variations. A calibration technique based on fitting to measured electrical characteristics of the test-chip devices is presented. The limited characterization or measurement capabilities for 3-D IC stacks and a strict “good die” requirement make this type of analysis critical in order to achieve an acceptable level of functional and parametric yield.

A Downscaled Wind Climatology on the Outer Continental Shelf

AbstractA 31-yr time series of boundary layer winds has been developed for a region on the outer continental shelf. This simulated time series was designed to be suitable to study the wind resources for a potential offshore wind farm. Reanalysis data were used to initialize a series of high-resolution numerical simulations. The limited number of high-resolution numerical simulations was repeatedly sampled using an analog matching criterion that is based on the reanalysis data to create a 31-yr time series with 500-m spatial resolution and 10-min temporal resolution. Validation against buoy data indicates that combining the reanalysis and resampled high-resolution numerical simulations produces a much more accurate wind speed distribution than does the reanalysis alone. Both the model physics and downscaled resolution may be contributing to the observed performance gains.

O-014 Modelling Unstable Brain Aneurysms: MR Molecular Imaging of Myeloperoxidase in the Aneurysm Wall and Correlation with Human Pathology

IntroductionAn imaging approach identifying patients who benefit from treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) is desired. We investigate a potential biomarker of UIA instability, myeloperoxidase (MPO), in human aneurysm tissue...

Baboons, like humans, solve analogy by categorical abstraction of relations

Reasoning by analogy is one of the most complex and highly adaptive cognitive processes in abstract thinking. For humans, analogical reasoning entails the judgment and conceptual mapping of relations-between-relations and is facilitated by language (Gentner in Cogn Sci 7:155-170, 1983; Premack in Thought without language, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986). Recent evidence, however, shows that monkeys like "language-trained" apes exhibit similar capacity to match relations-between-relations (Fagot and Thompson in Psychol Sci 22:1304-1309, 2011; Flemming et al. in J Exp Psychol: Anim Behav Process 37:353-360, 2011; Truppa et al. in Plos One 6(8):e23809, 2011). Whether this behavior is driven by the abstraction of categorical relations or alternatively by direct perception of variability (entropy) is crucial to the debate as to whether nonhuman animals are capable of analogical reasoning. In the current study, we presented baboons (Papio papio) and humans (Homo sapiens) with a computerized same/different relational-matching task that in principle could be solved by either strategy. Both baboons and humans produced markedly similar patterns of responding. Both species responded different when the perceptual variability of a stimulus array fell exactly between or even closer to that of a same display. Overall, these results demonstrate that categorical abstraction trumped perceptual properties and, like humans, Old World monkeys can solve the analogical matching task by judging the categorical abstract equivalence of same/different relations-between-relations.

Analog Matching of Colored Sources to Colored Channels

Analog (uncoded) transmission provides a simple and robust scheme for communicating a Gaussian source over a Gaussian channel under the mean-squared-error (MSE) distortion measure. Unfortunately, its performance is usually inferior to the all-digital, separation-based source-channel coding solution, which requires exact knowledge of the channel at the encoder. The loss comes from the fact that except for very special cases, e.g., white source and channel of matching bandwidth (BW), it is impossible to achieve perfect matching of source to channel and channel to source by linear means. We show that by combining prediction and modulo-lattice operations, it is possible to match any colored Gaussian source to any colored Gaussian noise channel (of possibly different BW), hence achieve Shannon's optimum attainable performance R(D)=C. Furthermore, when the source and channel BWs are equal (but otherwise their spectra are arbitrary), this scheme is asymptotically robust in the sense that for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) a single encoder (independent of the noise variance) achieves the optimum performance. The derivation is based upon a recent modulo-lattice modulation scheme for transmitting a Wyner-Ziv source over a dirty-paper channel.

Defining ecological and chemical reference conditions and restoration targets for nine European lakes

This paper aims to determine the ecological and chemical reference conditions (~1800–1850 AD) and degree of floristic change at nine enriched lakes, covering a range of types across Europe, using fossil diatom assemblages in dated sediment cores and application of total phosphorus (TP) transfer functions. Additionally the study assesses the potential of analogue matching as a technique for identifying reference sites and for estimating reference TP concentrations for the study lakes using a training set of 347 European lakes and 719 diatom taxa. Oligotrophic, acidophilous to circumneutral taxa were predominant in the reference samples of several of the deep lakes, and benthic Fragilaria spp. dominated the reference samples of two high alkalinity shallow lakes. The degree of floristic change from the reference sample, assessed using the squared chord distance (SCD) dissimilarity coefficient, revealed that two sites had experienced slight change (Lago Maggiore, Felbrigg Lake), five experienced moderate change (Mjoesa, Loch Davan, Loch Leven, White Lough, Esthwaite Water), and two showed evidence of major change (Groby Pool, Piburger See). For three lakes, there were no analogues in the diatom dataset owing to the uniqueness and diversity of the diatom reference assemblages. For the remaining six sites the number of analogues ranged from 2 to 44. For two deep lakes most of the analogues seemed appropriate as they were of the same type and had low TP concentrations. However, for two other deep lakes and two shallow lakes some of the analogues differed markedly in their depth and alkalinity from the lake in question or had TP concentrations seemingly too high to represent reference conditions suggesting that the analogues may not be suitable as reference sites. For the deep lakes, similar reference TP values were calculated using the EDDI Combined TP transfer function and the analogue matching technique with concentrations typically <20 μg L−1. However, for the shallow lakes, the analogue matching method produced inferred values considerably higher than those of the transfer function. The wide ecological tolerances of many of the diatom taxa found in the reference samples most likely explain the selection of inappropriate analogue sites. In summary, the study demonstrates that palaeoecological techniques can play a valuable role in determining reference conditions and indicates that the analogue matching technique has the potential to be a useful tool for identifying appropriate reference sites for lakes impacted by eutrophication.

The present is the key to the past, but what does the future hold for the recovery of surface waters from acidification?

Analogue matching was used to identify close modern water quality analogues for a set of 59 acid-sensitive lakes in the Galloway region of south-west Scotland. Modern analogues were identified that closely matched the pre-disturbance conditions of these lakes using simulated water quality parameters from the MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments) model for key years from 1860 to 2100. The lakes were matched with hydrochemical samples from a large spatial data set in the UK. For the majority of the 59 lakes, several close modern analogues were identified from the training set for specified years. The close modern analogues for the reference year (1860) were predominantly located in north-west Scotland, an area of low acid deposition and high-status water quality. A clear recovery in the regional surface water acid neutralising capacity (ANC) was simulated by MAGIC in 2015 compared to the situation in 1970 at the height of acid emissions. Predicted trends in surface water chemistry from present day to 2015 indicate some improvement in water quality with c. 23 ± 0.97% recovery towards pre-acidification (1860) ANC for the region. Output from the MAGIC model was used with the analogue technique to investigate the combined influence of future changes in deposition and climate on biogeochemical processes and water quality at the Round Loch of Glenhead (RLGH). Our results demonstrate that pre-acidification restoration targets will not be achieved by simply reducing acid deposition, and climate change will further confound the beneficial effects of deposition reductions. Results for 2015 and beyond show that modern analogues for these periods were predominantly concentrated in North Wales, with some in north-west Scotland, Galloway and the Lake District. Evidence from model simulations and modern analogues indicate that more stringent measures to further reduce acid deposition and combat climate change in the future are necessary if the majority of lakes in the Galloway region are to be restored to their pre-acidification target chemistry. The identified analogues for selected periods may be used to study wider ecological conditions to better define reference conditions and future recovery trajectories. That modern analogues were identified for the simulated chemistry in 2100 at RLGH suggests that unprecedented chemical conditions are unlikely to be observed as a result of future climate change.

Comparing pre-industrial and post-limed diatom communities in Swedish lakes, with implications for defining realistic management targets

In the 1960s and 1970s, acidification was identified as a major environmental problem in Scandinavia, Great Britain and North America. In Sweden, a liming program was launched in order to counteract the effects of acidification on surface waters. More than 30 years after large-scale liming began, there is still debate about whether liming actually achieves its goals, i.e., to prevent acidification in acid-sensitive surface waters and to restore natural conditions in acidified waters. We used Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and analogue matching of diatom assemblages in surface sediment samples (recent conditions) from 31 limed lakes and pre-industrial samples from 291 reference lakes to help answer the question as to whether the Swedish liming program achieves its goals. Diatoms are important primary producers in lakes and established indicator organisms for lake-water quality. First we compared pre-industrial with post-limed diatom communities to address the question whether liming causes unnatural conditions, i.e., diatom communities that have not previously occurred in Swedish lakes. Second, we addressed the issue of what is a realistic condition to use as a reference (natural condition) or a target in management programs. We found that the diatom communities in limed lakes were not different from the communities in the reference lakes. Most of the limed lakes had one or more analogues within the reference data set and many of them had at least one within-lake analogue. Hence, liming does not create unique diatom communities in lakes. Based on this and previous paleolimnological studies in Swedish lakes we suggest a conceptual model integrating the natural lake condition, the historical human impact, and the recent and contemporary human impact, when defining realistic targets in management programs.

From forest to open pastures and fields: cultural landscape development in western Norway inferred from two pollen records representing different spatial scales of vegetation

The cultural landscape development of a farming community in western Norway was investigated through pollen analyses from a lake and a peat/soil profile. The pollen record from the lake indicates that there was a decrease in arboreal pollen (AP) by the end of the Mesolithic period (ca. 4200 cal b.c.), and that a substantial forest clearance occurred during the Bronze Age (ca. 1500 cal b.c.). The latter, together with grazing indicators and cereals, suggests a widespread establishment of farming. At the beginning of the Roman Iron Age there is an increase in heath communities. The pollen diagram from the peat/soil profile shows the forest clearance in the Bronze Age more clearly than the lake profile. This local pollen diagram is compared with modern pollen samples from mown and grazed localities in western Norway. Both analogue matching and ordination (PCA) indicate that the site was characterised by pastures and cereal fields from the Late Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age. An expansion of cereal cultivation took place during the Pre-Roman Iron Age, and an arable field was established at the site after ca. a.d. 800. This investigation illustrates the potential of selecting pollen sites reflecting different spatial scales, and complements the cultural history of the area as inferred from archaeological and historical records.