Analogy Method Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ СКАРМЛИВАНИЯ ВИТАМИННО-МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ ДОБАВОК НА МОЛОЧНУЮ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КОРОВ

The purpose of research is to study the effect of feeding various vitamin and mineral supplements as part of the diet of dry cows on the subsequent milk production of animals. Objectives: to determine the most effective vitamin and mineral supplement used when feeding dry cows, to study the effect of feeding these supplements on the milk productivity of milking cows. Research was carried out on the basis of the PZ Komsomolskoe in the Altai Region in 2022 on black-and-white cows during the dry period. Using the analogue method, three groups of animals of 10 animals each were formed. According to the experimental scheme, the cows of the control group received the main diet of the farm; the cows of the experimental groups were fed 100 g per head per day of Kaufit Dry Extra and Kaufit Dry Complete as part of the diet. It was found that the average daily milk yield of cows of the second experimental group that received the vitamin and mineral supplement Kaufit Dry Complete was 23 % higher than that of animals in the control group (without supplement) (p < 0.05). The cows of the first experimental group (Kaufit Dry Extra) produced 5 kg (4 %) more milk fat than the analogues in the control group. The amount of milk protein in experimental group II, whose animals were fed Kaufit Dry Complete at a dosage of 100 g per head per day, increased by 16 kg (22 %) compared to cows in the control group.

The Reduction of Embodied Carbon in Steel Structures Through the Implementation of Control Systems

The rapid expansion of global infrastructure has amplified the environmental impact of construction, particularly through the carbon footprint of structures. Addressing this challenge, this study examined the potential of vibration control systems to reduce the carbon footprint of steel-frame buildings subject to dynamic wind loads. Utilizing the Force Analogy Method (FAM), which effectively addresses nonlinearity in structural analysis, the research modeled a 10-story steel frame subjected to synthetic downburst wind time history velocities generated through spectral simulation techniques. Both passive and active control systems were implemented, with a focus on tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and active mass dampers (AMDs) to reduce structural displacements and accelerations. The results revealed that these systems not only significantly reduce the peak structural responses but also, when combined with optimized manufacturing methods, lead to a decrease in steel usage. This optimization contributes to a reduction of up to 20% in CO2 emissions during the pre-use stage of a building’s lifecycle. By enhancing the material efficiency and minimizing the environmental impacts, this research highlights the critical role of advanced control systems, supported by new nonlinear analytical methods, in promoting environmentally conscious engineering. This approach aims to guide future generations in developing structural engineering projects that prioritize sustainable practices.

The Passive Control of Nonlinear Dynamic Response Using the Force Analogy Method in a Chimney Located in a Wind- and Seismic-Prone Region in Mexico

This study investigates the control of seismic and wind-induced responses in reinforced concrete chimneys, incorporating material nonlinearity and soil–structure interaction. Using the Force Analogy Method (FAM), an innovative approach for nonlinear dynamic analysis, the performance of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) is evaluated under diverse loading scenarios, including seismic sequences with mainshock–aftershock events and wind-induced loads, due to synoptic and hurricane winds, modeled as stochastic processes. The FAM approach enables computationally efficient analysis, effectively capturing the complex interactions between seismic and wind actions across varying soil foundation conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of TMDs in reducing structural responses across various loading and foundation scenarios, emphasizing their efficiency in enhancing the safety and resilience of slender structures. This research provides valuable insights into the application of vibration control strategies for safeguarding critical infrastructure against extreme environmental loads.

The importance of therapeutic and preventive measures in the elimination of non-communicable diseases of cattle

The purpose of the study is to establish the importance of therapeutic and preventive measures in the elimination of non –communicable diseases of cattle, based on the data of summary reports on their detection and explanatory notes to them for 2022-2023, provided by the State Budgetary Institution "St. Petersburg Mining Station". In the process of conducting research using empirical (internal qualitative and quantitative analyses) and theoretical (classification, specification, analogy, generalization and comparison) methods, an analysis of statistical reporting on form No. 2-vet "Information on non-communicable animal diseases" covering agricultural organizations of St. Petersburg was carried out. It has been established that an increase in the volume of therapeutic and preventive measures carried out by veterinary specialists can significantly reduce the incidence of animal pathologies of non-infectious origin. First of all, this concerns medical examination, which allows timely identification and elimination of etiological factors that cause their occurrence.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ДОЗ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ЭКСТРАКТА НА ПЕРЕВАРИМОСТЬ РАЦИО-НА, УБОЙНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ, КОНВЕРСИЮ ВЕЩЕСТВ В СЪЕДОБНУЮ ЧАСТЬ ТУШКИ ПТИЦЫ

The purpose of research is to study the effect of oak bark extract on the digestibility of essential nutri-ents, slaughter rates, protein and energy conversion into the edible part of the bird carcass. Objectives: to establish the effect of various doses of oak bark extract on intake, digestibility of the main diet and energy balance; to identify changes in the slaughter parameters of poultry when fed with oak bark extract; to assess the transformation of nutrients and energy of the diet into products depending on the amount of the injected extract. The subject of the study were 7-day-old broiler chickens Smena-8 in the amount of 120 heads, which were divided into 4 groups (n = 30) by the method of analogues. The control group received the basal diet (BD); I experimental – BD + extract of oak bark No. 1 (1 g / kg of feed); II experimental – BD + of oak bark extract No. 2 (2 g/kg of feed); III experimental – BD + of oak bark extract No. 3 (3 g/kg of feed). The introduction of the test additives into the main diet contributed to a decrease in the consumption of the starter and growth diet by birds from the experimental groups compared to the control group by 8.36–22.53 and 10, 57–28.13 %. Young poultry that received the main diet during the growth period were inferior to their peers from the experimental groups in terms of digestibility of DM by 3.52–3.77 %, SF by 1.62–7.24 %, SP by 3.58–4.46 and carbohydrates 3 .3–4.1 %. It was established that the young poultry, which received extract No. 1 with the main diet, exceeded the analogs from the control in pre-slaughter weight by 1.99 % and muscle tissue weight by 3.57 % (p≤0.01). Also, poultry from group I were superior to the control group, II and III in slaughter yield by 3.9 %, 2.6 and 3.0 %, respectively. The best conversion of protein and energy was shown by the poultry kept on the main diet with the extract at a dose of 1 g/kg of feed, in this parameter they exceeded the control one by 18.87 and 11.44 %.

Improving the selection of object-analogues of oil and gas fields in designing reservoir engineering

Relevance. The commissioning of a large number of new fields with limited amount of initial geological and physical data. To fill in the missing data, the selection of object-analogs is carried out. From the correct choice the selected development system will depend. But according to the established practice, the choice of analogues is carried out only by the expert method, based on the search for the geographically closest objects being developed. The effectiveness of the chosen development strategy depends on the selected analogues, which in their turn will minimize the risks of oil companies during the operation of assets. Aim. Development of an algorithm for qualitatively selection of the best object-analogue of the project field, taking into account the verification of the selected analogues. Methods. Evaluation and analysis of the necessary data to define the degree of similarity of reservoir development by the methods of mathematical statistics and machine learning. Results. The authors describe the problem in the selection of objecvt-analogues and the existing approaches to its solution. The paper introduces the prospects and possibilities of applying the accumulated experience in the developing of new assets and provides an algorithm for the selection of analogues based on a qualitative assessment of geological parameters and quantitative assessment of the degree of similarity of geological and physical characteristics of the object. The results obtained show that the method allows you to quickly find analogues from massive databases, and has a high degree of correlation with the variants of deposits agreed upon by the state expertise for the development of hydrocarbon fields. The authors proposed a way of applying the analogy method to predict the missing data.

Coordination of ontological and deontological aspects of discretion of law enforcement subjects

The relevance of the study of the discretion of law enforcement agencies is due to the fact that, firstly, there are constant heated discussions around the very concept of discretion - what is discretion itself and where are the limits of its application, and secondly, an analysis of a number of classical sources and modern studies of this issue gives grounds to assert that the views of scholars on this issue are divided into two streams, some of which defend the expediency (even the necessity) of discretion, while others express fears that unlimited discretionary powers may lead to procedural arbitrariness. Without adhering to any of these trends, i.e., professing objectivity as a necessary element of any research, the author made an attempt to study the discretion of law enforcement subjects from a philosophical point of view, in particular, through the prism of ontological and deontological modes of cognition. Using the method of analysis, the author managed to establish that the legal concept of discretion should be studied not only in the ontological dimension, but also in the deontological aspect, combining these modes of knowledge for a more complete understanding of discretionary powers, while to substantiate the results and formulate the conclusions of the proposed study, the author used the methods of deductive-logical analysis, inductive generalisation and analogy, which led to the conclusion that a fundamental condition for optimising discretionary approaches to procedural decision-making is the mutual coordination of the deontological content of the latter with the ontology of natural and social contexts. The author is convinced that the study of the discretion of law enforcement officials is very relevant today and requires wider discussions among scholars and practitioners, and his attempt to address this issue in a philosophical manner is quite original and has a scientific novelty, since so far the issues under consideration have not been studied from this perspective at this level, especially since the idea of the expediency of reconciling these two modes of knowledge in understanding the phenomenon of reason has not yet been the subject of thorough scientific research. At the same time, the author believes that understanding the discretion of law enforcement officials in a philosophical manner is of great practical importance, since it is hardly possible to understand a particular subject or phenomenon without its awareness and cognition.

Event detection via THz generation with flat nonlinear optics [Invited

Event detection is a key feature in many applications and is often achieved digitally by comparing sequential frames and detecting changes or patterns that signify an event. While digital systems dominate most applications, optical analog methods are receiving increasing attention in areas requiring speed or operation in challenging conditions. Here we demonstrate how a simple thin film of AlGaAs can be used to realize ultrafast event detection by exploiting the THz signal generated by the difference-frequency of optical events.

Learning-based legged locomotion: State of the art and future perspectives

Legged locomotion holds the premise of universal mobility, a critical capability for many real-world robotic applications. Both model-based and learning-based approaches have advanced the field of legged locomotion in the past three decades. In recent years, however, a number of factors have dramatically accelerated progress in learning-based methods, including the rise of deep learning, rapid progress in simulating robotic systems, and the availability of high-performance and affordable hardware. This article aims to give a brief history of the field, to summarize recent efforts in learning locomotion skills for quadrupeds, and to provide researchers new to the area with an understanding of the key issues involved. With the recent proliferation of humanoid robots, we further outline the rapid rise of analogous methods for bipedal locomotion. We conclude with a discussion of open problems as well as related societal impact.

Building a digital consulting architecture for small and medium-sized businesses in Russia

The paper deals with the integration of marketing consulting services in small and medium-sized businesses based on the resources of digital economy and digital products. The methodological apparatus of the research includes methods of analysis, classification, analogy and induction. The role and necessity of consulting services in the conditions of digitalization of economic processes are analyzed. The consulting market is analyzed and the importance of marketing consulting services for the modern digital economy is consid ered. The study described peculiarities of small and medium-sized business organizations’ management in the context of integration of digital technologies for the implementation of marketing consulting services. The key factors influencing the role of marketing consult ing services in the digital economy are identified. Popular digital products that consulting companies can use in their work are examined. As part of the research for the effective im plementation of digital consulting architecture as a basis for the development of marketing consulting services aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses, analyzed the market of digital products that meet the needs of the modern market and contribute to the development of companies.

Control (Supervisory) Powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission and the European Commission: Comparative Legal Aspect

Introduction. The article examines the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EEC) and the European Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EC) in the field of control (supervision) over the implementation of integration legal orders by member states and business entities, their scope, limits of competence, and impact on the development of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU), as well as the role of the courts of the relevant integration associations in the implementation of the function under consideration by the Commissions. In addition, the author reviewed and analyzed the relevant law enforcement practice of the EEC and the EC, as well as the legal positions of the courts of the integration associations in question.Materials and methods. This study uses the works of both Russian and foreign experts in the field of European law and the law of the EAEU, as well as analyzes the legal acts of the EU and the EAEU. The research used general scientific methods of cognition – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Special legal methods were also used in the work – formal legal, technical legal, the method of legal analogy, as well as the comparative legal method.Results of the study. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that despite the functioning of the EAEU for more than 10 years, there are certain problems in the activities of the EEC for the control (supervision) of the implementation by member States and economic entities of the EAEU law. In particular: the inability to apply to the EAEU Court with an application to bring to justice a member state that violated the norms of the EAEU law; the absence of a procedure in the law of the EAEU for prior notification of the EEC on acts adopted by the member States; the presence of fragmentation in the legal regulation of the EEC's control (supervisory) function over the implementation of the EAEU law by economic entities. The identified problems make it difficult for the EEC to effectively perform its duties in the part under consideration, and therefore they can be resolved through, inter alia, using the positive experience of the European Commission in exercising control (supervisory) powers over the implementation of European Union law.Discussion and conclusion. The presence of the problems indicated in the article in the field of the EEC's control (supervisory) powers necessitates the introduction of comprehensive amendments to the EAEU Treaty, acts of the EAEU bodies, as well as the issuance of new acts that will regulate issues that have not been regulated by the EAEU law to date. Thus, based on the results of a comparative legal analysis of the powers, the author identified problems and formulated conclusions on the similarities and differences in the legal status of the EEC and the EC in terms of their exercise of control (supervisory) powers. The trends in the development of the law enforcement practice of the Commissions in terms of the fulfillment by member States and business entities of obligations within the framework of relevant integration associations are determined. The ways of improving the implementation of the control (supervisory) function by the Eurasian Economic Commission on the basis of the identified positive experience of the European Union are presented.

Communication and Library Marketing. Literature Review, academic and professional courses in Italy

This paper sets out to sketch a review of the literature, training courses and scientific and professional debate on library marketing and promotion, with a particular focus on the Italian case. Starting from Norman O. Gene's detailed account (1982) of the emergence of library marketing in international literature, the first section describes its origin and development in Italy, tracing the timeline of the main articles and monographs on the topic. In the second section, focus shifts to conferences and seminars, which often resulted in editorial outputs. The third paragraph addresses the librarians' training in communication and library marketing in Italy, both in the form of university classes and workshops for professionals, finding them insufficient for the today’s scenario. Finally, blogs, newsletters and podcasts on library marketing in Italy and abroad as well as international awards for library marketers are discussed. In all cases, the Italian scenario is considered through comparison with the international one. The topic is clearly intertwined with the marketing’s evolution as a discipline not exclusively devoted to profit, and its transition from analogical methods of promotion to the contemporary digital ones provided by ICT and social media. The study highlights the need for further research and commitment on digital marketing for cultural institutions in Italy.

Comparing analog and 3D measurements of vertical dimension in edentulous subjects.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility and reliability of measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion/rest (OVD/RVD) on 3D facial scans of edentulous patients. Nineteen edentulous participants rehabilitated with complete removable dental prostheses (CDs) participated in this study. Analog measurements (control) were obtained directly on the face for each participant with the jaws positioned at the rest position (without CDs, RVD) and at central occlusion (OVD), between the facial landmarks: Glabella (G) and Soft Pogonion (SP), Pronasale (PN) and SP, and Subnasale (SN) and SP. Participants' faces were scanned twice, using a face-scanner (Class 1 LASER, Obiscanner). Scans were imported into a mesh-processing software, and the OVD/RVD were measured digitally. Two investigators performed all the measurements and were blinded. Data analysis included intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and pairwise comparison tests (p<0.05). Digital measurements were higher than analog measurements, and the mean paired difference ranged from -4.86±3.2 to 0.42±2.7 mm. All the differences were statistically significant, expect for SN-SP (p=0.110). Magnitude of the differences for the RVD were large for G-SP and SN-SP (ES>0.80) and moderate for PN-SP (ES>0.50). There was a large effect for G-SP when measuring OVD (ES>0.50), and small effect for PN-SP and SN-SP (ES≤0.20). Considering the limitations associated with the specific type of facial scanner used in this study, it can be concluded that registering the resting vertical dimension in edentulous patients through digital methods may not be recommended. This is due to the potential errors that may arise during the data acquisition process, which could compromise the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. Digital methods for registering the vertical dimension of rest (RVD) in edentulous patients can introduce errors, resulting in occlusal errors and discomfort. Clinicians must, for the moment, still use conventional analog methods to ensure accurate RVD measurement for a successful denture therapy.

Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise of a Traction Induction Motor Using Methods of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Lighthill Acoustic Analogy

Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise of a Traction Induction Motor Using Methods of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Lighthill Acoustic Analogy

The peculiarities of the lexemes representing the concept of "correctional institution" in English and Russian penitentiary discourse

This article is devoted to the study of the complex structure of the concept of correctional institution, which can be represented by both terms and commonly used lexemes in a comparative aspect. The subject of the work is lexico-semantic representation of the concept of correctional institution in English and Russian terminosystems in the field of jurisprudence. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of verbal representation of the concept of correctional institution in English and Russian texts in the field of law. When writing the article the following research methods were used: method of comparative analysis, method of component analysis. The central concept in the functional-semantic field, representing the concept of "correctional institution" in the English language is "prison". However, along with it, the terms "jail" and "penitentiary" are present in the everyday vocabulary of native speakers, which together are part of the official business and artistic styles. This work establishes the frequency and conceptuality of each of the above terms, based on the method of comparative analysis, the external conditions under which the use of a particular concept is semantically conditioned are established. Using the method of analogy, it was revealed which of the synonyms available in the English language most correspond to the Russian-language terms "prison", "pre-trial detention center", "colony". The practical value of the article consists in the possibility of using its materials in the compilation of dictionaries, as well as in the development of classes on comparative terminology of English and Russian languages, comparative lexicology of English and Russian languages, intercultural communication in universities.

The effect of the "Hydro Rex Vital" drug on zootechnical and economic indicators of broiler chickens.

The effectiveness of the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" in the rearing of broiler chickens during the transitional period of the year was studied. The study was conducted on broiler chickens of the "Arbor Acres" crossbreed at the farm of "Altynbek" LLP (Almaty region, Isayev village). Four groups (one control and three experimental) were formed using the analogy method at the age of one day. The chickens of all groups were kept in the same room (identical sections) on deep litter until the age of 42 days. The drug was not used in the control group 1, while in the experimental groups 2, 3, and 4, the dosage of the drug administered with drinking water was 200, 300, and 400 ml per 1 ton of water, respectively. The results of the study showed that the survival rate in groups 1 (control), 2, 3, and 4 was 90.0%; 93.3%; 96.7%; 96.7% respectively; live weight of chickens at the age of 42 days was 2.49; 2.60; 2.65; and 2.57 kg respectively; average daily weight gain was 58.3; 60.8; 62.0; and 60.0 g respectively; feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain was 1.85; 1.74; 1.69; and 1.57 kg respectively; the slaughter yield of eviscerated carcasses was 72.2; 74.9; 76.3; and 74.0% respectively; production profitability was 170; 263; 313; and 308% respectively. It is recommended to give the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" to broiler chickens with water at a dosage of 300 ml per 1 ton of water from the age of one day until the end of the rearing period to improve viability and productivity, reduce feed costs per unit of product, and meat production cost, and increase production profitability. In research, it is advisable to use the Russian production efficiency index instead of the European productivity index to quickly determine the winning group.

The role of scientific and technical achievements in the formation of fire fighting in Russia in the XVIII - early XX centuries.

The subject of the research is the process of development of the national scientific and technical thought of fire fighting in Russia in the XVIII – early XX centuries.The scientific article highlights in detail the issue of the development of both theoretical and scientific and practical aspects of the research activities of Russian and foreign scientists and inventors who aimed to develop fire extinguishing technologies and rescue people in extinguishing fires and eliminating both natural and man-made disasters. The issue of historical experience in the practical application and approbation of the received samples of fire equipment in practical conditions and the introduction of these samples into the activities of fire brigades is considered. The issue of studying the experience of foreign colleagues by domestic inventors in the study, design and production of samples of fire equipment is considered. The research methodology includes a concrete historical approach (M.V. Astakhov, I.D. Kovalchenko, V.F. Kolomiytsev, A.P. Pronstein, etc.), as well as generalization, comparison, synthesis, classification, concretization; analysis of scientific literature; retrospective analysis; method of historical analogies. During the scientific research, the factors that influenced the formation and development of Russian scientific and technical thought were identified and analyzed. The issues of historical and technological evolution in the technologies of fire fighting in Russia in the XVIII – early XX centuries are considered. This aspect entirely became the basis for the formation of technological independence of the young Soviet state, in matters of invention and production of domestic fire equipment, during its formation and development, as well as in later periods of the 1930s – 1940s. The conducted research is of interest to a wide range of readers, since the development of scientific and technical thought of fire fighting in Russia was the basis for the development of not only fire fighting in general, but also was the basis for the development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the modern period.

Sensitivity of an improved method for post-life laboratory diagnosis of chicken eimeriosis

Poultry farming is vital in providing the population with high-quality food products – eggs and poultry meat. Poultry farming is characterized by rapid livestock reproduction rates, the lowest per unit of output compared to other livestock industries. To maintain high economic performance and produce high-quality products, it is necessary to ensure veterinary well-being concerning invasive diseases. The dangerous protozoan disease eimeriosis cause significant financial losses, high mortality of young poultry, decreased chicken productivity, and the quality of products from sick birds. The work aimed to improve and determine the sensitivity of the method of post-life laboratory diagnostics of eimeriosis in chickens. The proposed useful model relates to veterinary medicine, namely, veterinary parasitology, to methods of ovoscopic studies of chicken droppings, particularly a quantitative method for detecting eimeriosis oocysts. It was found that when examining chicken droppings for the presence of Eimeria oocysts, the most effective method was the improved method, which is based on using a combined hypertonic solution with a high specific gravity and well-defined coagulation properties. When using it, it was possible to detect the most significant number of oocysts – 1285.20 oocysts/g of droppings, which was 8.24 % more compared to the analog method (the method of quantitative coproscopic diagnostics of nematodoses of the digestive tract of ruminants) and 33.17 % (P &lt; 0.01) – compared to the known method (Stall's method). Also, the improved method is the most optimal regarding the number of positive samples, the number of detected invasive elements in 1 g of droppings, and the coagulation ability of the flotation solution concerning undigested feed residues detected during microscopy. The obtained research results allow us to recommend implementing the proposed method for quantitative detection of Eimeria sp. oocysts in chicken droppings for effective, sensitive, and timely laboratory diagnostics of Eimeria sp.

The Development of Private Banking &amp; Wealth Management Industry from the Beginning of the 21 Century Till the Covid-19 Pandemic

The scope of study in this paper is the Private Banking &amp; Wealth Management (PWM) business segment. This work aims to illustrate the key trends in the PWM industry financial performance in the period 2000–2021 by focusing on the opportunities and challenges for its development. The relevance of the topic is justified by the constantly increasing wealth on a global scale and the increasing commitment of financial institutions to provide services to high-net-worth individuals (HNWI). The uniqueness of the paper is based on the fact that the problems discussed have been traditionally underestimated in scientific literature due to the lack of sufficiently organized data and the frequent presence of unclarities in the distinction between Retail Banking and Private Banking. Furthermore, this is one of the few scientific publications that try to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the wealth management business. This article uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, and analogy. The study is based on a wide variety of information resources, including specialized scientific literature, results from studies made by reputable consultancy companies, and information from the international PWM practice available in the public domain. The author has concluded that despite the context of the financial, economic, and healthcare crises that have happened over the past two decades, currently, wealth management continues to be among the most profitable businesses for banks. However, despite the good results, certain alarming trends have been demonstrated during the studied period, which raises several questions regarding the long-term financial prosperity of the institutions in this sector. The most prominent of them are the high levels of the Cost/Income ratio, the unfavorable changes in the pricing models, and the increasing levels of client migration.

Task-Driven Computing Offloading and Resource Allocation Scheme for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Under Cloud–Shore–Ship Collaboration Framework

Currently, Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) have become one of the most attractive research areas in shipping and academic communities. Based on the ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication network, they can exploit diversified and distributed resources such as shore-based facilities and cloud computing centers to execute a variety of ship applications. Due to the increasing number of MASS and asymmetrical distribution of traffic flows, the transportation management must design an efficient cloud–shore–ship collaboration framework and smart resource allocation strategy to improve the performance of the traffic network and provide high-quality applications to the ships. Therefore, we design a cloud–shore–ship collaboration framework, which integrates ship networking and cloud/edge computing and design the respective task collaboration process. It can effectively support the collaborative interaction of distributed resources in the cloud, onshore, and onboard. Based on the global information of the framework, we propose an intelligent resource allocation method based on Q-learning by combining the relevance, QoS characteristics, and priority of ship tasks. Simulation experiments show that our proposed approach can effectively reduce task latency and system energy consumption while supporting the concurrency of scale tasks. Compared with other analogy methods, the proposed algorithm can reduce the task processing delay by at least 15.7% and the task processing energy consumption by 15.4%.