Analogous Examples Research Articles

The Campanian quartz ‘claystone’ conundrum of the African Transform Margin

Abstract An unusual deep-water lithofacies has been penetrated by numerous wells along the equatorial margin of West Africa by Anadarko Petroleum and other operators. An exploration well drilled in 2009 was initially thought to contain very thick, high-quality sands in the Lower Campanian section. Wireline log interpretations calculated the section to be a quartz-rich reservoir rock with 67–83% quartz based on X-ray diffraction analysis and effective porosity values as high as 25%. This petrophysical analysis appeared to differ from the well site geological description of 200 m of ‘claystone’. The conflict between field observations and the interpreted wireline data led to the re-evaluation of earlier wells and interest in gathering data from this unusual lithofacies from subsequent wells. Field observations (from wellsite geologists) derived from this Lower Campanian section have been consistent in describing this lithofacies as ‘claystone’. Sidewall cores from several of the deep-water wells that penetrated this lithofacies were also consistently described as claystones. These descriptions were from visual inspection and conclusions from laboratory analysis utilizing scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, laser particle size analysis and thin section point counts as evaluation tools. The sidewall cores typically contain >90% silt- and clay-sized particles with extremely low measured permeability as a result of highly reduced pore throat diameters. With the presence of such small grain sizes, these samples have high measured seal capacities. It is important to recognize that this unusual lithofacies exists and can easily be mistaken for a high-quality, quartz-rich sand when, in fact, it is a very low permeability ‘claystone’ with a high percentage of quartz. Wireline data over this lithofacies alone can be very misleading and rock samples must be analysed to validate or invalidate the log interpretations. Misidentifying this lithofacies as an exploration target could have obvious financial ramifications. The challenge of this regional study was to formulate a model that could explain the presence of this deep-water lithofacies over an extensive area encompassing several basins with different sediment source provenances. Based on well sample analysis, palaeoclimatic research and the use of modern day analogue examples, the deposition of aeolian-derived clay-sized quartz particles is proposed as the most likely source of this lithofacies.

Using Analogies in Teaching Physics: A Study on Latvian Teachers' Views and Experience

Abstract The role of analogies as tools for teaching difficult science concepts has been widely discussed in science education. The application of analogies in the context of sustainable education involves richer potential. The purposeful use of appropriate analogies can facilitate analogical thinking and transfer skills, as well as develop abilities which are required for life and lifelong learning, including successful integration into modern society and facility within our technology saturated world. Analogical thinking supports development of students’ higher order thinking skills. The aim of this study was to identify Latvian physics teachers’ views on the importance of analogies and the methodology of their usage in physics education, as well as to discover innovative examples of analogies. The study involves both quantitative and qualitative methodology: survey of 35 secondary school physics teachers and group interviews with 18 experienced physics teachers. The findings reveal that, in general, now and then Latvian physics teachers use analogies in their pedagogical practice, although they are mostly simplistic and with illustrative character. Some teachers use analogies in order to help students build new knowledge through activating, transferring, and applying existing knowledge and skills in unfamiliar situations.

Bulk invariants and topological response in insulators and superconductors with nonsymmorphic symmetries

In this work we consider whether nonsymmorphic symmetries such as a glide plane can protect the existence of topological crystalline insulators and superconductors in three dimensions. In analogy to time-reversal symmetric insulators, we show that the presence of a glide gives rise to a quantized magnetoelectric polarizability, which we compute explicitly through the Chern-Simons 3-form of the bulk wave functions for a glide symmetric model. Our approach provides a measurable property for this insulator and naturally explains the connection with mirror symmetry protected insulators and the recently proposed $Z_2$ index for this phase. More generally, we prove that the magnetoelectric polarizability becomes quantized with any orientation-reversing space group symmetry. We also construct analogous examples of glide protected topological crystalline superconductors in classes D and C and discuss how bulk invariants are related to quantized surface thermal-Hall and spin-Hall responses.

Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis and the Unified Airway: the Role of Antifungal Therapy in AFRS

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) or rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a form of polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis that is believed to be due to hypersensitivity to fungal antigens. The disease is characterized by type 1 hypersensitivity to fungal allergens, dramatically elevated total serum IgE, accumulation of thick eosinophil-laden mucin with non-invasive fungal hyphae within the paranasal sinuses, nasal polyposis, and sinus bony remodeling. Because of many clinicopathologic similarities to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), these conditions can be considered analogous examples of disease in the unified airway. However, these conditions rarely occur together and their treatment differs. The treatment of AFRS relies upon surgical removal of fungal hyphae in eosinophilic mucin, while antifungal therapy is used to clear fungi from the airways in ABPA. Several uncontrolled studies suggest there may be some benefit to antifungal agents in AFRS, but randomized trials of topical and systemic antifungal therapies have not shown beneficial results in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antifungal treatment within the sinonasal cavities does not appear to be an effective approach for most chronic sinusitis, and antifungal therapy for AFRS is unproven.

Analogy and Some Case Studies in the Historical Study of Iranian Languages: With Emphasis on Persian

Generally, the historical changes of human languages depend on linguistic and metalinguistic factors. The linguistic changes are, themselves, divided into two subgroups: 1. the changes which are the outcomes of the phonological, grammatical, and semantic rules of a given language; 2. the changes which are the results of analogy . This article concentrates on the analogical changes which are, themselves, some kinds of imitation with varying degrees happening based on the principle of economy of language. The article investigates the issue in the two separate sections as follows: a. the theoretical discussion on analogy, which is mostly in accordance with Chapter 10 of Introduction to Historical Linguistics (Arlotto, 1981); b. examples of analogy in the historical changes of Iranian languages (with emphasis on Persian). The results for these two sections show that analogy stresses on such phenomena as regularity and irregularity, majority and minority, productivity and sterility, centrality and marginality, and generalization in world languages, including Iranian languages.

Térhasználat és szimbolikus szuverenitás

A tanulmány politikai antropológus szerzője elméleti kutatásnak veti alá a hazai térbeli identitások elméleti fogalmait, szimbolizációs és narratív viszonyrendszerét. A politikai cselekvések, projektek és önreprezentációs törekvések térbeliségének leképezése számos utat kínál az egyes szubkultúrák, értelmező közösségek politikai megjelenése számára. A szervezett politikai közélet és ennek kommunikációs univerzuma Magyarországon több időszakra bontható kapcsolatot mutat a diktatorikus, demokratikus, illetve a haladó és jelképekbe öltöztetett periódusokban, hasonlóképpen a tér antropológiáját politikai kontextusban vizsgálók tapasztalataihoz. A hatalom (hatalmi rendszer) megannyi térbeli megjelenítődése, az állam mindenhatóságának új nemzeti víziója ugyanakkor napjainkban is magába foglalja a haladásfogalom politikusok formálta térkiterjesztési eszközének szimbolikus politikai használatát

The Platelet Function Analyser (PFA)-100 and von Willebrand disease: a story well over 16 years in the making.

The Platelet Function Analyser (PFA)-100 and von Willebrand disease: a story well over 16 years in the making.

A Short Review on the Synthetic Strategies of Duocarmycin Analogs that are Powerful DNA Alkylating Agents.

The duocarmycins and CC-1065 are members of a class of DNA minor groove, AT-sequence selective, and adenine-N3 alkylating agents, isolated from Streptomyces sp. that exhibit extremely potent cytotoxicity against the growth of cancer cells grown in culture. Initial synthesis and structural modification of the cyclopropa[c] pyrrolo[3,2-e]indole (CPI) DNA-alkylating motif as well as the indole non-covalent binding region in the 1980s have led to several compounds that entered clinical trials as potential anticancer drugs. However, due to significant systemic toxicity none of the analogs have passed clinical evaluation. As a result, the intensity in the design, synthesis, and development of novel analogs of the duocarmycins has continued. Accordingly, in this review, which covers a period from the 1990s through the present time, the design and synthesis of duocarmycin SA are described along with the synthesis of novel and highly cytotoxic analogs that lack the chiral center. Examples of achiral analogs of duocarmycin SA described in this review include seco-DUMSA (39 and 40), seco-amino-CBI-TMI (13, Centanamycin), and seco-hydroxy-CBI-TMI (14). In addition, another novel class of biologically active duocarmycin SA analogs that contained the seco-iso-cyclopropylfurano[2,3-e]indoline (seco-iso-CFI) and seco-cyclopropyltetrahydrofurano[2,3-f]quinoline (seco-CFQ) DNA alkylating submit was also designed and synthesized. The synthesis of seco-iso-CFI-TMI (10, Tafuramycin A) and seco-CFQ-TMI (11, Tafuramycin B) is included in this review.

The Fundamentals of Electric Wares [Book\/Software Reviews

This book was first published in 1942. It was republished by Krieger in 1974, and Amazon has Ane Books listed as the current publisher (2009). The author starts with first principle experiments, like what happens to an amount of charge in an electric field, and derives equations. This book is only about 250 pages, but it takes the reader from electrostatics through magnetic fields from currents, radiation, waveguides, and, finally, wave propagation in the ionosphere. Along the way, the reader is given intuitive explanations of gradients, divergence, and curl. The author's examples of mechanical analogs for understanding gradients, curl, and divergence give students a foundation that goes beyond memorization and on to understanding. This book should be consider on a top ten list for students of microwave theory and techniques.

On the Validity of the Definition of Angular Momentum in General Relativity

We exam the validity of the definition of the ADM angular momentum without the parity assumption. Explicit examples of asymptotically flat hypersurfaces in the Minkowski spacetime with zero ADM energy–momentum vector and finite non-zero angular momentum vector are presented. We also discuss the Beig–Ó Murchadha–Regge–Teitelboim center of mass and study analogous examples in the Schwarzschild spacetime.

Feコンクリーションに学ぶ地下環境中のFe(水)酸化物の長期挙動アナログ

Feコンクリーションに学ぶ地下環境中のFe(水)酸化物の長期挙動アナログ

Learning About Ethics: Analogical Encoding Increases Moral Awareness

Making ethical decisions presumably requires knowledge about ethics. If so, then one reason that people might make unethical decisions is that they have limited understandings of ethical principles. Deepening people’s understanding of ethical principles then might enable them to make more ethical decisions. As drawing analogies can foster deeper understandings of principles, the current study tested whether comparing two analogous examples of an ethical principle, the conflict of interest principle, improves people’s understanding of that principle, and found that it did. The study also showed that, as a result, drawing analogies promoted higher levels of moral awareness for a new situation in which the principle was at stake. Finally, the study found that drawing analogies also promoted making an ethical choice. Thus, the study supports the possibility that one reason people make poor ethical choices might be that they have limited understanding of ethical principles, which decreases moral awareness.

Chain of point-like potentials in ℛ3 and infiniteness of the number of bound states

Infinite chain of point-like potentials having the Hamiltonian with infinite number of eigenvalues below the continuous spectrum is constructed. The background of the model is the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators in the Hilbert space. The analogous example of the Hamiltonian is obtained for the system of three-dimensional waveguides coupled through point-like windows.

Spatial gradients of protein-level time delays set the pace of the traveling segmentation clock waves.

The vertebrate segmentation clock is a gene expression oscillator controlling rhythmic segmentation of the vertebral column during embryonic development. The period of oscillations becomes longer as cells are displaced along the posterior to anterior axis, which results in traveling waves of clock gene expression sweeping in the unsegmented tissue. Although various hypotheses necessitating the inclusion of additional regulatory genes into the core clock network at different spatial locations have been proposed, the mechanism underlying traveling waves has remained elusive. Here, we combined molecular-level computational modeling and quantitative experimentation to solve this puzzle. Our model predicts the existence of an increasing gradient of gene expression time delays along the posterior to anterior direction to recapitulate spatiotemporal profiles of the traveling segmentation clock waves in different genetic backgrounds in zebrafish. We validated this prediction by measuring an increased time delay of oscillatory Her1 protein production along the unsegmented tissue. Our results refuted the need for spatial expansion of the core feedback loop to explain the occurrence of traveling waves. Spatial regulation of gene expression time delays is a novel way of creating dynamic patterns; this is the first report demonstrating such a control mechanism in any tissue and future investigations will explore the presence of analogous examples in other biological systems.

Light Symbolism in Gentile da Fabriano’s Vatican Annunciation

Gentile da Fabriano’s Annunciation in the Vatican Pinacoteca is one of the clearest and most interesting visualizations of a famous metaphor from Medieval hymn literature that compares Mary’s hymen to the glass of a window. The painting uniquely combines three elements: rays of light, a Gothic tracery window, and the shape of the window impressed on the Virgin’s body. Gentile’s painting is the culmination of a development in Tuscan art that can be traced back at least until about 1370. This makes it part of an Italian tradition of visualizing the so-called ut vitrum metaphor that must antedate analogous examples from Flemish art.

Metapragmatics in Archaeological Analysis: Interpreting Classic Maya Patron Deity Veneration

AbstractAnthropological archaeology has long had an interest in understanding the semiotic properties of material objects, since it is through such objects that most archaeological analysis takes place. In recent decades, a new emphasis on materiality has focused attention on the links between material objects and social relationships in the past. In this article I argue that, just as in modern societies, the indexical meaning of material objects, and their role in social relations, were shaped by metapragmatic discourses in the past. Thus, in order to understand the role of material objects within ancient societies, it is necessary to analyze these discourses by means of historical records, their archaeological context, and analogical examples. I give an example of this method by analyzing Classic Maya inscriptions and the ways that the discourses recorded in them characterize material objects such as temples, cult objects, and tribute payments.

Explicit Riemannian Manifolds with Unexpectedly Behaving Center of Mass

The (relativistic) center of mass of an asymptotically flat Rie- mannian manifold is often defined by certain surface integral expressions eval- uated along a foliation of the manifold near infinity, e. g. by Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner (ADM). There are also what we call abstract definitions of the center of mass in terms of a foliation near infinity itself, going back to the constant mean curvature (CMC-) foliation studied by Huisken and Yau; these give rise to surface integral expressions when equipped with suitable systems of coordinates. We discuss subtle asymptotic convergence issues regarding the ADM- and the coordinate expressions related to the CMC-center of mass. In particular, we give explicit examples demonstrating that both can diverge - in a setting where Einstein's equation is satisfied. We also give explicit exam- ples of the same asymptotic order of decay with prescribed mass and center of mass. We illustrate both phenomena by providing analogous examples in Newtonian gravity. Our examples conflict with some results in the literature.

Analogy and the Dimensional Menagerie

The development and presentation of the ideas of n-dimensional geometry in the English language in the second half of the nineteenth century is explored. Reading arguments made by J. J. Sylvester, Herman von Helmholtz, W. K. Clifford, G. F. Rodwell and Karl Pearson, a series of examples of the dimensional analogy, the mode in which expansion beyond three dimensions was repeatedly explained to a general audience is examined in order to demonstrate the persistence of this rhetorical model and to study in detail its structure. The frequent recourse to examples of biological lifeforms presented as experiencing the world two-dimensionally, such as flatfish, worms and ‘tidal ascidians’ is highlighted, and how the perceptual experiences of such creatures were used to extrapolate a model of higher-dimensional perception is discussed. The resulting hybridization of the dimensional analogy with the structures of Darwinian argument is demonstrated along with the concomitant profligacy of the conclusions drawn from this bastardized rhetoric. Drawing closely on Gillian Beer’s reading of analogy with reference to Darwin, the argument is presented that this construction, which in its germinal, geometric form was so appropriate for the demonstration of dimensional expansion, becomes semantically catalytic as a rhetorical tool.

Comments on “Analogies of Ocean/Atmosphere Rotating Fluid Dynamics with Gyroscopes: Teaching Opportunities”

W e welcome the interesting recent paper by Haine and Cherian (2013, hereafter HC13), which introduced a physical analogy between the motion of a mechanical gyroscope and two geophysical flow phenomena that occur in the rotating shallow-water (RSW) equations: namely, geostrophic f low and inertial oscillations. HC13 found, for instance, that geostrophy corresponds to gyroscope precession and that inertial oscillations correspond to gyroscope nutation. They also pointed to other examples of physical analogies, including those between the celebrated Lorenz (1963) low-order model (LOM) of thermal convection and phenomena occurring in lasers, the dynamics of a thermohaline loop oscillator, and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (HC13, p. 682). HC13 did not mention, however, that an earlier LOM of barotropic flow (Lorenz 1960) established an analogy between atmospheric dynamics and gyroscopes (Obukhov and Dolzhansky 1975). Besides, the formal correspondence between the theories of fluid mechanics and of rigid-body mechanics, based on Lie algebras, was revealed by Arnol’d (1989). Finally, systems of equations having the form of several coupled such gyroscopes, as models for fluid flow, had been discussed even earlier by A. N. Kolmogorov during a 1958 seminar in Moscow (see Arnol’d 1991) and by A. M. Obukhov and collaborators in a series of papers beginning with Obukhov (1969). In this Comment we wish to expand the discussion of HC13. Note first that the Lorenz (1963) model was shown (Gluhovsky 1982) to be equivalent to the simplest Volterra gyrostat in a forced, dissipative regime. A gyrostat is a system of bodies whose relative motion does not alter the mass distribution of the system: for example, a gyroscope attached to an axisymmetric rotor; in a Volterra (1899) gyrostat, the rotor spins at a constant angular velocity relative to its “carrier” body (Wittenburg 2008). Second, the Euler gyroscope in the presence of gravity is described by the Euler–Poisson equations (Leimanis 1965). Geostrophic models thereof were considered by Gluhovsky and Dolzhansky (1980) in a study of convection within a rotating ellipsoid under horizontally nonuniform heating. When the gravity acts along the axis of rotation, the ordinary gyroscope (Euler) equations result. When there is an angle between the axis of rotation and the direction of gravity, a three-model chaotic system with three nonlinear terms was obtained, which in the case of a symmetric ellipsoid proved equivalent to the Lorenz (1963) model. Third, the use of LOMs has an established tradition in the study of fluid dynamics and atmospheric flows. Extending the analogy between hydrodynamic LOMs and gyroscopes to include LOMs in the form of coupled gyrostats ensures that energy is conserved in the limit of no dissipation and forcing (Gluhovsky and Tong 1999). This fundamental property of the original partial differential equations is not necessarily retained in general LOMs, which may lead to unphysical behaviors (e.g., Thiffeault and Horton 1996; Gluhovsky and Tong 1999). LOMs for RSW systems (Lorenz 1986; Bokhove and Shepherd 1996) can also be presented as coupled gyrostats, as well as LOMs found in other applications, including shell models of turbulence and Hamiltonian LOMs in geophysical f luid dynamics (Gluhovsky and Tong 1999; Gluhovsky et al. 2002; Gluhovsky 2006; Tong and Gluhovsky 2002, 2008).

A Comparative Handbook to the Gospel of Mark: Comparisons with Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran Scrolls, and Rabbinic Literature. Edited by BRUCE CHILTON, DARRELL BOCK, DANIEL M. GURTNER, JACOB NEUSNER, LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN, and DANIEL ODEN.

This first in a series of ‘handbooks’ on the context of the New Testament gospels is written to accompany Mark, now generally agreed to have been the first of the gospels to be composed. This is the first major difference to the series which it surely seeks to succeed, the hefty Strack–Billerbeck Kommentar zum neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, which took the gospels in canonical order. What the editors also now seek to add are elements from pseudepigrapha and, of course, the Qumran scrolls. These three categories together constitute the Judaic context of Mark, that is, ‘resources from the Judaic environment that appear useful for understanding the text’ (p. xii). They hope to avoid the ‘parallelomania’ of commentators such as Strack–Billerbeck (p. viii), and to provide ‘comparison’ (p. xi), indeed ‘not a commentary’ (p. xi), rather an aid for commentators (p. xii). Analogies may be ‘simple’, ‘topical’, ‘interpretative’, or ‘close’ (pp. viii–xi). It is, however, perhaps unfortunate that the first two examples of such analogies they provide are taken from Q, and only the latter two from Mark). This programme will allow them to place (singular) Christianity within the matrix of contemporary (plural) Judaisms (p. viii; p. 36, however, allows for the idea of plural Christianities). The final elements which the handbook seeks to add are ‘a fresh translation’ (p. vii) of Mark and an Aramaic retroversion where appropriate.