Analogous Values Research Articles

The Outermost Edges of the Milky Way Halo from Galaxy Kinematics

Abstract We measure for the first time the outermost edges of the Milky Way (MW) halo in terms of the depletion and turnaround radii. The inner depletion radius, r id, identified at the location of maximum infall velocity, separates a growing halo from the draining environment, while the turnaround radius, r ta, marks the outermost edge of infalling material toward the halo, both of which are located well outside the virial radius. Using the motions of nearby dwarf galaxies within 3 Mpc, we obtain a marginal detection of the infall zone around the MW with a maximum velocity of v inf , max = − 46 − 39 + 24 km s − 1 . This enables us to measure r id = 559 ± 107 kpc and r ta = 839 ± 121 kpc. The measured depletion radius is about 1.5 times the MW virial radius (R 200m) measured from internal dynamics. Compared with halos in the cosmological simulation Illustris TNG100, the factor 1.5 is consistent with that of halos with similar masses and dynamical environments to the MW but slightly smaller than typical values of Local Group analogs, potentially indicating the unique evolution history of the MW. These measurements of halo edges directly quantify the ongoing evolution of the MW outer halo and provide constraints on the current dynamical state of the MW that are independent from internal dynamics.

High cytotoxicity of betulin towards fish and murine fibroblasts: Is betulin safe for nonneoplastic cells?

BackgroundBetulin, a natural pentacyclic triterpene with the lupane structure that is present in significant amounts in the outer bark of birch, is known for its broad array of biological and pharmacological properties. Betulin has attracted attention as a potential, natural-origin antimicrobial substance. The literature describes it as selectively toxic to neoplastic cells but safe for normal cells.The research aim was to evaluate the basal cytotoxicity of betulin towards fish (BF-2) and murine (NIH/3T3) fibroblasts. We used four colorimetric tests that provide a preliminary evaluation of possible mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of a compound to assess the degree of the toxicity of betulin after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation with cells: the MTT assay (mitochondrial activity assessment), the NRU assay (lysosomal membrane integrity assessment), the LDH assay (cellular membrane integrity assessment) and the SRB assay (total cellular protein content determination).ResultsThe results revealed an exceptionally high sensitivity of mitochondria to the effect of betulin, with the other endpoints being less sensitive. Although murine fibroblasts were more vulnerable to the toxic effect of betulin than fish fibroblasts, the betulin CC50 values for both cell lines were comparable with analogous IC50 values determined by other researchers in studies involving cancerous cells.ConclusionsThe results indicate the need to verify the claim about the selective toxicity of betulin towards malignant cells and to conduct safety/toxicity tests before any potential therapeutic use of betulin in veterinary medicine.

Asymptotic first boundary value problem for holomorphic functions of several complex variables

AbstractIn 1955, Lehto showed that, for every measurable function $\psi $ on the unit circle ${\mathbb T}$ , there is a function f holomorphic in the unit disc ${{\mathbb D}}$ , having $\psi $ as radial limit a.e. on ${\mathbb T}$ . We consider an analogous boundary value problem, where the unit disc is replaced by a Stein domain on a complex manifold and radial approach to a boundary point p is replaced by (asymptotically) total approach to p.

LIAF-Net: Leaky Integrate and Analog Fire Network for Lightweight and Efficient Spatiotemporal Information Processing.

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) based on the leaky integrate and fire (LIF) model have been applied to energy-efficient temporal and spatiotemporal processing tasks. Due to the bioplausible neuronal dynamics and simplicity, LIF-SNN benefits from event-driven processing, however, usually face the embarrassment of reduced performance. This may because, in LIF-SNN, the neurons transmit information via spikes. To address this issue, in this work, we propose a leaky integrate and analog fire (LIAF) neuron model so that analog values can be transmitted among neurons, and a deep network termed LIAF-Net is built on it for efficient spatiotemporal processing. In the temporal domain, LIAF follows the traditional LIF dynamics to maintain its temporal processing capability. In the spatial domain, LIAF is able to integrate spatial information through convolutional integration or fully connected integration. As a spatiotemporal layer, LIAF can also be used with traditional artificial neural network (ANN) layers jointly. In addition, the built network can be trained with backpropagation through time (BPTT) directly, which avoids the performance loss caused by ANN to SNN conversion. Experiment results indicate that LIAF-Net achieves comparable performance to the gated recurrent unit (GRU) and long short-term memory (LSTM) on bAbI question answering (QA) tasks and achieves state-of-the-art performance on spatiotemporal dynamic vision sensor (DVS) data sets, including MNIST-DVS, CIFAR10-DVS, and DVS128 Gesture, with much less number of synaptic weights and computational overhead compared with traditional networks built by LSTM, GRU, convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM), or 3-D convolution (Conv3D). Compared with traditional LIF-SNN, LIAF-Net also shows dramatic accuracy gain on all these experiments. In conclusion, LIAF-Net provides a framework combining the advantages of both ANNs and SNNs for lightweight and efficient spatiotemporal information processing.

SRIF: Scalable and Reliable Integrate and Fire Circuit ADC for Memristor-Based CIM Architectures

Emerging computation-in-memory (CIM) paradigm offers processing and storage of data at the same physical location, thus alleviating critical memory-processor communication bottlenecks suffered by conventional von-Neumann architecture. Storage of data in a CIM architecture is analog in nature and therefore computation is performed in analog domain i.e. inputs and outputs are analog values. Since the outside computing environment is digital, analog-to-digital converters (ADC) are utilized to perform the output data conversion. However, ADC designs are bulky, power-hungry circuits that are prone to design variations and therefore, play an important role in determining the computing efficiency of CIM architectures. In this paper, we present a scalable and reliable integrate and fire circuit ADC (SRIF-ADC) design for CIM architectures, suitable for stringent power and area constraints. We devise a technique to stabilize the node receiving analog inputs that allows more rows to be activated at the same time, thereby increasing the operand size of input vectors. This allows better scalability in terms of higher parallelism of operations. We employ a self-timed variation-aware design approach and design measures to drastically reduce read disturb of memristor devices that address reliability issues related to the ADC design. In addition, we present a compact, built-in sample-and-hold circuit to replace the large-sized capacitance and built-in weighting technique to alleviate the need for post-processing. For multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operation, our simulation results show that we can improve the computational parallelism by 3X as well as ADC conversion speed and energy efficiency are improved by 2X and 11.6X, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art design.

PREMIUM CALCULATIONS FOR COMPARTMENTAL MODEL USING DISCRETE ANALOGUES OF CONTINUOUS LOSS DISTRIBUTIONS

In the present paper we consider some discrete analogues of continuous loss distributions to illustrate their actuarial applications using a simple deterministic epidemiological model. We give numerical illustrations using different parameter values of discrete analogues of continuous loss distributions. We also give level premiums for annuity assuming future premium to be paid by the susceptible individual or future claim to be made by the infected individual follow some discrete analogues of continuous loss distributions.

Air quality and health benefits from ultra-low emission control policy indicated by continuous emission monitoring: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta region, China

Abstract. To evaluate the improved emission estimates from online monitoring, we applied the Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) system to simulate the air quality of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region using two emission inventories with and without incorporated data from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMSs) at coal-fired power plants (cases 1 and 2, respectively). The normalized mean biases (NMBs) between the observed and simulated hourly concentrations of SO2, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 in case 2 were −3.1 %, 56.3 %, −19.5 %, and −1.4 %, all smaller in absolute value than those in case 1 at 8.2 %, 68.9 %, −24.6 %, and 7.6 %, respectively. The results indicate that incorporation of CEMS data in the emission inventory reduced the biases between simulation and observation and could better reflect the actual sources of regional air pollution. Based on the CEMS data, the air quality changes and corresponding health impacts were quantified for different implementation levels of China's recent “ultra-low” emission policy. If the coal-fired power sector met the requirement alone (case 3), the differences in the simulated monthly SO2, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations compared to those of case 2, our base case for policy comparisons, would be less than 7 % for all pollutants. The result implies a minor benefit of ultra-low emission control if implemented in the power sector alone, which is attributed to its limited contribution to the total emissions in the YRD after years of pollution control (11 %, 7 %, and 2 % of SO2, NOX, and primary particle matter (PM) in case 2, respectively). If the ultra-low emission policy was enacted at both power plants and selected industrial sources including boilers, cement, and iron and steel factories (case 4), the simulated SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 concentrations compared to the base case would be 33 %–64 %, 16 %–23 %, and 6 %–22 % lower, respectively, depending on the month (January, April, July, and October 2015). Combining CMAQ and the Integrated Exposure Response (IER) model, we further estimated that 305 deaths and 8744 years of life loss (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 exposure could be avoided with the implementation of the ultra-low emission policy in the power sector in the YRD region. The analogous values would be much higher, at 10 651 deaths and 316 562 YLL avoided, if both power and industrial sectors met the ultra-low emission limits. In order to improve regional air quality and to reduce human health risk effectively, coordinated control of multiple sources should be implemented, and the ultra-low emission policy should be substantially expanded to major emission sources in industries other than the power industry.

Comparative study on the intestinal absorption of three gastrodin analogues via the glucose transport pathway

Gastrodin is the main active constituent of Tianma, a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Our previous research has found that gastrodin is absorbed rapidly in the intestine by the sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1). In the current report, gastrodin is the best glycoside compound absorbed via the glucose transport pathway. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the slight difference in chemical structure on the drug intestinal absorption via the glucose transport pathway. Traditional biopharmaceutical and computer-aided molecular docking methods were used to evaluate the intestinal absorption characteristics of three gastrodin analogues, namely, salicin, arbutin and 4-methoxyphenyl-β-D-glucoside (4-MG). The oil–water partition coefficient (logP) experiments showed that the logP values of the gastrodin analogues followed the order: 4-MG > salicin > arbutin. In vitro Caco-2 cell transport experiments demonstrated that the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) value of arbutin was higher than those of salicin and 4-MG. In situ single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments showed that the absorption of arbutin and 4-MG was better than that of salicin and that the absorption of the three compounds in the colon was lower than that in the small intestine. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that the SGLT1 mRNA expression in the small intestine of rats was obviously higher than that in the colon of rats. In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that the oral bioavailability of salicin was lower than those of arbutin and 4-MG. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that glucose or phlorizin (SGLT1 inhibitor) could decrease the intestinal absorption of the three compounds. Contrary to the above biopharmaceutical experiments, the computer-aided molecular docking test showed that the affinity of salicin to the vSGLT receptor was stronger than those of arbutin and 4-MG. In conclusion, the SGLT1 can facilitate the intestinal absorption of salicin, arbutin and 4-MG, and the slight difference in chemical structure can affect absorption.

Ebsulfur and Ebselen as highly potent scaffolds for the development of potential SARS-CoV-2 antivirals

The emerging COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised a global catastrophe. To date, there is no specific antiviral drug available to combat this virus, except the vaccine. In this study, the main protease (Mpro) required for SARS-CoV-2 viral replication was expressed and purified. Thirty-six compounds were tested as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Ebselen and Ebsulfur analogs were obtained to be in the range of 0.074–0.91 μM. Notably, the molecules containing furane substituent displayed higher inhibition against Mpro, followed by Ebselen 1i (IC50 = 0.074 μM) and Ebsulfur 2k (IC50 = 0.11 μM). The action mechanism of 1i and 2k were characterized by enzyme kinetics, pre-incubation and jump dilution assays, as well as fluorescent labeling experiments, which suggested that both compounds covalently and irreversibly bind to Mpro, while molecular docking suggested that 2k formed an SS bond with the Cys145 at the enzymatic active site. This study provides two very potent scaffolds Ebsulfur and Ebselen for the development of covalent inhibitors of Mpro to combat COVID-19.

Structural Performance of Strengthened Steel Girders with Web Openings under Shear Forces

The use of Steel Beams with Web Openings (SBWOs) such as industrial and multistoried buildings has evicted to be wide in recent times. The existing study goals to examine the structural performance of steel beams with web openings in the shear zones and detect the chance of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) epoxy laminates for strengthening process. The purpose was to determine the maximum load behavior, deflection, distribution of stresses and strains along the beams' length. The shapes, numbers of web openings where the openings area is constant for all beams, places and thickness of CFRP for strengthening beams were the main parameters. The behavior of ten steel beams which contain beams with opening, beams without openings and beams strengthened with different forms were specified by a Finite Element Model (FEM). Verifications of FEM with the results of three published researches and an experimental program performed in the current work for four beams; control beam where there is without openings and number of three beams with web openings. The finite element results display a good agreement with the analogical values detected in the experiments and three published researches results. The results displayed that the beam with circular openings is better than those with rectangular openings and opening height is an important parameter. The CFRP is a right strengthening selection in the shear and tension zone. Increased CFRP thickness is comparatively useless, where most of the time, the failure is due to de-bonding (adhesive material) not rupture in CFRP laminates.

THIXOTROPIC FLOCCULATION EFFECTS IN CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED RUBBER: KINETICS AND THERMAL ACTIVATION

ABSTRACT A new rheological methodology is used to quantify the kinetics and thermal activation of thixotropic recovery (flocculation) of uncrosslinked carbon black–reinforced emulsion SBR following high shears and over a range of annealing temperatures. A wide range of carbon black types are examined to determine the influence of aggregate morphology and surface area on compound flocculation. Several kinetic parameters are correlated with the carbon black aggregate structure and surface area, the results of which imply a transition in mechanisms controlling modulus recovery between shorter and longer recovery time scales. Thermal activation of flocculation is found to scale to the surface area and to the mean aggregate diameter of the carbon blacks following power law relationships. The thermal activation data for a subset of compounds with different carbon blacks prepared at different loadings collapses onto a single master line by rescaling the data to a parameter that is proportional to the theoretical interparticle force calculated for the idealized situation of two spherical particles in proximity. Three different van der Waals force models are evaluated, and in each case, an effective superposition of the thermal activation data is achieved. This indicates that the attractive force between aggregates plays a key role in the flocculation of carbon black in rubber, and this force can be traced back to the aggregate and primary particle sizes, interaggregate distances, and effective volume fractions. The activation energy for the viscosity of the unfilled, uncrosslinked SBR is similar to analogous values calculated for the thermal activation of flocculation. This coupling of energetics may be the result of creep/flow of rubber out of gaps between aggregates resulting from interaggregate attractive forces and any potential diffusive motion of the aggregates. Bound rubber data appear to contain information relating to aggregate packing, which could be exploited in future work to further explore the mechanism of flocculation.

Synthesis and evaluation of disulfide-rich cyclic α-conotoxin [S9A]TxID analogues as novel α3β4 nAChR antagonists

Head-to-tail cyclization is an effective strategy to improve the biological stability of peptides. The α-conotoxin [S9A]TxID is a peptide that inhibits α3β4 nAChR with high activity and selectivity. Herein, we established a method for cyclizing and oxidative folding of [S9A]TxID, and six cyclic analogues of [S9A]TxID were chemically synthesized with various linker lengths. We used the electrophysiology assay to measure activity values of these cyclic analogues, and obtained the most potent analogue c[S9A]TxID-6, which was more stable than native [S9A]TxID against proteinase K.

Dynamic 18F-FPCIT PET: Quantification of Parkinson's disease metabolic networks and nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in a single imaging session.

Previous multi-center imaging studies with 18F-FDG PET have established the presence of Parkinson's disease motor- and cognition-related metabolic patterns termed PDRP and PDCP in patients with this disorder. Given that in PD cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism are typically coupled in the absence of medication, we determined whether subject expression of these disease networks can be quantified in early-phase images from dynamic 18F-FPCIT PET scans acquired to assess striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. Methods: We studied a cohort of early-stage PD patients and age-matched healthy control subjects who underwent 18F-FPCIT at baseline; scans were repeated 4 years later in a smaller subset of patients. The early 18F-FPCIT frames, which reflect cerebral perfusion, were used to compute PDRP and PDCP expression (subject scores) in each subject, and compared to analogous measures computed based on 18F-FDG PET scan when additionally available. The late 18F-FPCIT frames were used to measure caudate and putamen DAT binding in the same individuals. Results: PDRP subject scores from early-phase 18F-FPCIT and 18F-FDG scans were elevated and striatal DAT binding reduced in PD versus healthy subjects. The PDRP scores from 18F-FPCIT correlated with clinical motor ratings, disease duration, and with corresponding measures from 18F-FDG PET. In addition to correlating with disease duration and analogous 18F-FDG PET values, PDCP scores correlated with DAT binding in the caudate/anterior putamen. PDRP and PDCP subject scores using either method rose over 4 years whereas striatal DAT binding declined over the same time period. Conclusion: Early-phase images obtained with 18F-FPCIT PET can provide an alternative to 18F-FDG PET for PD network quantification. This technique therefore allows PDRP/PDCP expression and caudate/putamen DAT binding to be evaluated with a single tracer in one scanning session.

Contextualizing the biological relevance of standardized high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in permeabilized human skeletal muscle.

AimThis study sought to provide a statistically robust reference for measures of mitochondrial function from standardized high‐resolution respirometry with permeabilized human skeletal muscle (ex vivo), compare analogous values obtained via indirect calorimetry, arterial‐venous O2 differences and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (in vivo) and attempt to resolve differences across complementary methodologies as necessary.MethodsData derived from 831 study participants across research published throughout March 2009 to November 2019 were amassed to examine the biological relevance of ex vivo assessments under standard conditions, ie physiological temperatures of 37°C and respiratory chamber oxygen concentrations of ~250 to 500 μmol/L.ResultsStandard ex vivo‐derived measures are lower (Z ≥ 3.01, P ≤ .0258) en masse than corresponding in vivo‐derived values. Correcting respiratory values to account for mitochondrial temperatures 10°C higher than skeletal muscle temperatures at maximal exercise (~50°C): (i) transforms data to resemble (Z ≤ 0.8, P > .9999) analogous yet context‐specific in vivo measures, eg data collected during maximal 1‐leg knee extension exercise; and (ii) supports the position that maximal skeletal muscle respiratory rates exceed (Z ≥ 13.2, P < .0001) those achieved during maximal whole‐body exercise, e.g. maximal cycling efforts.ConclusionThis study outlines and demonstrates necessary considerations when actualizing the biological relevance of human skeletal muscle respiratory control, metabolic flexibility and bioenergetics from standard ex vivo‐derived assessments using permeabilized human muscle. These findings detail how cross‐procedural comparisons of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function may be collectively scrutinized in their relationship to human health and lifespan.

Greenhouse Climate Controller by Using of Internet of Things Technology and Fuzzy Logic

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new, ongoing revolution. It often uses wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies because these technologies are among the most important solutions for monitoring and controlling the systems. This article provides a model of a smart greenhouse. In this regard, the main contribution of this paper is an innovative implementation of a micro-climate controlled environment for optimal plant growth, based on loT technology and using a fuzzy logic controller. Using this system, we attempted to optimize the functionality of the system proposed by exploiting an Arduino UNO board for data acquisition and processing. The input variables are analog values captured by ZigBee wireless network sensors that are then processed using fuzzy logic control software with heating and extractor control signals. At the same time, all data were sent to the server through a Wi-Fi internet connection, which permitted remote monitoring and analysis of the data via a web browser with tablets, smartphones, and laptops. Results show that the choice of a fuzzy logic controller could promote a comfortable greenhouse micro-climate. Also, we showed the efficiency of our proposed solution for greenhouse climate remote monitoring anywhere via IoT technology.

Methodological Support for Applying the Method of Majority Reservation in Measuring Channels

Introduction.For hazardous industries, the reliability of information and measuring equipment must ensure an almost complete absence of failure events, with their probability as low as 10-6. This requirement can be satisfied using various approaches, one of which is reservation. Reservation methods are classified into several types depending on such factors, as the operating mode of an object, failure types, frequency rate, etc. Majority redundancy schemes are rarely used in measuring equipment, particularly in measuring channels, largely because this method was initially aimed at improving the reliability of discrete digital devices. Thus far, no mathematical support for applying the method of majority reservation in measuring channels of analogue values has been developed. This gap determined the relevance of this study.Aim.To develop a methodological support for applying the method of majority reservation with the purpose of improving the level of measurement accuracy.Materials and methods.Both Russian and foreign sources published over the past 40 years on the topic of processing small samples when designing measuring channels for information and measuring systems were reviewed. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank test was applied to process small samples. Other research methods included mathematical modelling, as well as the mathematical apparatus of measurement theory andтsystems theory.Results.A measuring module with a redundant structure was simulated. Parametric and nonparametric rank criteria were considered. An algorithm allowing identification of the failure of a channel in a measuring module with a redundant structure was developed. The computational complexity of the developed algorithm is estimated by a polynomial of the second degree.Conclusion.The use of nonparametric rank criteria for processing small samples, as well as diagnostic situations for various combinations of these criteria, supports statistically grounded decision on the state of measuring channels. In the future, this method will be applied for diagnostic control of the serviceability of technological equipment used in fuel combustion, namely in boiler plants and installations for thermal waste destruction.

Tuning Magnetic Relaxation in Square-Pyramidal Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets Using Apical Alkoxide Ligands

Tuning Magnetic Relaxation in Square-Pyramidal Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets Using Apical Alkoxide Ligands

N-doped graphene foam obtained by microwave-assisted exfoliation of graphite

The synthesis of metal-free but electrochemically active electrode materials, which could be an important contributor to environmental protection, is the key motivation for this research approach. The progress of graphene material science in recent decades has contributed to the further development of nanotechnology and material engineering. Due to the unique properties of graphene materials, they have found many practical applications: among others, as catalysts in metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, or fuel cells. In order to create an economical and efficient material for energy production and storage applications, researchers focused on the introduction of additional heteroatoms to the graphene structure. As solutions for functionalizing pristine graphene structures are very difficult to implement, this article presents a facile method of preparing nitrogen-doped graphene foam in a microwave reactor. The influence of solvent type and microwave reactor holding time was investigated. To characterize the elemental content and structural properties of the obtained N-doped graphene materials, methods such as elemental analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used. Electrochemical activity in ORR of the obtained materials was tested using cyclic voltamperometry (CV) and linear sweep voltamperometry (LSV). The tests proved the materials’ high activity towards ORR, with the number of electrons reaching 3.46 for tested non-Pt materials, while the analogous value for the C-Pt (20 wt% loading) reference was 4.

Synaptic Learning With Augmented Spikes.

Traditional neuron models use analog values for information representation and computation, while all-or-nothing spikes are employed in the spiking ones. With a more brain-like processing paradigm, spiking neurons are more promising for improvements in efficiency and computational capability. They extend the computation of traditional neurons with an additional dimension of time carried by all-or-nothing spikes. Could one benefit from both the accuracy of analog values and the time-processing capability of spikes? In this article, we introduce a concept of augmented spikes to carry complementary information with spike coefficients in addition to spike latencies. New augmented spiking neuron model and synaptic learning rules are proposed to process and learn patterns of augmented spikes. We provide systematic insights into the properties and characteristics of our methods, including classification of augmented spike patterns, learning capacity, construction of causality, feature detection, robustness, and applicability to practical tasks, such as acoustic and visual pattern recognition. Our augmented approaches show several advanced learning properties and reliably outperform the baseline ones that use typical all-or-nothing spikes. Our approaches significantly improve the accuracies of a temporal-based approach on sound and MNIST recognition tasks to 99.38% and 97.90%, respectively, highlighting the effectiveness and potential merits of our methods. More importantly, our augmented approaches are versatile and can be easily generalized to other spike-based systems, contributing to a potential development for them, including neuromorphic computing.

Research and application of bypass replacement logic and risk control of stability control device

In order to prevent the power failure of the whole line caused by the maintenance of line switch, bypass switch is set in 220kV Main Wiring of some power plants. When the bypass replaces a line, there are three states in turn: line, bypass and line parallel operation, bypass operation. The bypass replacement logic of stability control device needs to correctly distinguish and switch these three states. This paper deeply studies the variation law of bypass, line analog and switching value in the whole bypass replacement process, puts forward the correct switching judgment method of line outage, trip and overload criteria, as well as the operation risk and prevention and control measures of bypass platen in the bypass replacement process, and then takes a power plant stability control device as an example to verify the results, which shows that the bypass replacement logic proposed in this paper is feasible. Risk prevention and control measures can ensure the correctness of logical discrimination of stability control devices in the process of bypass replacement, and can be extended to other power plant stability control devices.