Analog Electronics Research Articles

Teaching Reform of Theory and Practice Course of Analog Electronic Technology under the New Engineering Background

In order to cultivate electronic information professionals with lifelong learning ability and independent innovation ability, and to meet the needs of fresh engineering construction, the paper reformed the teaching of Analog Electronic Technology from all aspects, such as teaching content, teaching methods, experimental teaching and assessment mechanism. The teaching content is project-oriented, the teaching methods are mixed, the innovative EDA and pocket laboratory are introduced, the comprehensive design experiment projects are added, and the outstanding ability cultivation and process-oriented evaluation mechanism are established.

SIMULASI GERBANG DASAR LOGIKA DALAM APLIKASI

It is no longer a secret that all science is currently developing and has technological advances that cannot be denied, especially in digital technology which is currently popular, one of which is a digital electronic system that is composed of logic gates so that it becomes a digital system formed from logic elements. the smallest is the logic gate (Logic Gate): OR, AND and NOT where the circuit work process on this logic gate uses Boolean algebra principles. In its implementation it is rather difficult to provide an understanding of logic gates manually or in theory to the public and the general public in understanding gate circuits electronics to understand the functions and uses of logic gates in electronic circuits with EWB (Electronic WorkBanch) as an electronic computer software that can be used to simulate the workings of an electronic circuit, both analog and digital. The EWB application is very helpful in providing an indirect understanding of understanding basic logic gate circuits as simulations in applications to reduce possible dangerous risks, with this application it makes it easy to know the conditions you want to design and create before implementing them in real form..

Kekulé-induced valley birefringence and skew scattering in graphene

In graphene, a Kekul\'e-Y bond texture modifies the electronic band structure generating two concentric Dirac cones with different Fermi velocities lying in the {\Gamma}-point in reciprocal space. The energy dispersion results in different group velocities for each isospin component at a given energy. This energy spectrum combined with the negative refraction index in p-n junctions, allows the emergence of an electronic analog of optical birefringence in graphene. We characterize the valley birefringence produced by a circularly symmetric Kekul\'e patterned and gated region using the scattering approach. We found caustics with two cusps separated in space by a distance dependent on the Kekul\'e interaction and that provides a measure of its strength. Then, at low carrier concentration we find a non-vanishing skew cross section, showing the asymmetry in the scattering of electrons around the axis of the incoming flux. This effect is associated with the appearance of the valley Hall effect as electrons with opposite valley polarization are deflected towards opposite directions.

Tuning Quantum Phase Transitions at Half Filling in 3L−MoTe2/WSe2 Moiré Superlattices

Many sought-after exotic states of matter are known to emerge close to quantum phase transitions, such as quantum spin liquids and unconventional superconductivity. It is, thus, desirable to experimentally explore systems that can be continuously tuned across these transitions. Here, we demonstrate such tunability and the electronic correlation effects in triangular moiré superlattices formed between trilayer MoTe2 and monolayer WSe2 (3L−MoTe2/WSe2). Through transport measurements, we observe an electronic analog of the Pomeranchuk effect at half filling of the first moiré subband, where increasing temperature paradoxically enhances charge localization. At low temperatures the system exhibits the characteristic of a Fermi liquid with strongly renormalized effective mass, suggesting a correlated metal state. The state is highly susceptible to out-of-plane electric and magnetic fields, which induce a Lifshitz transition and a metal-insulator transition (MIT), respectively. It enables identification of a tricritical point in the quantum phase diagram at the base temperature. We explain the Lifshitz transition in terms of interlayer charge transfer under the vertical electric field, which leads to the emergence of a new Fermi surface and immediate suppression of the Pomeranchuk effect. The existence of quantum criticality in the magnetic-field-induced MIT is supported by scaling behaviors of the resistance. Our work shows the 3L−MoTe2/WSe2 lies in the vicinity to the MIT point of the triangular lattice Hubbard model, rendering it a unique system to manifest the rich correlation effects at an intermediate interaction strength.Received 27 February 2022Revised 10 August 2022Accepted 14 September 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.041015Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCritical phenomenaDensity of statesElectrical conductivityFermi surfaceHall effectLandau levelsMagnetotransportPhase diagramsQuantum phase transitionsQuantum transportTransport phenomenaCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Predicting the Emergence of Multistability in a Monoparametric PWL System

One of the main problems in the study of dynamical systems is to explore the asymptotic behavior of the model when a parameter varies continuously. When these variations lead to the appearance of coexisting states, the study of the global properties of the system becomes an even more complex task, since it is almost impossible to predict the stability change. In this paper, we present a simple method for characterizing qualitative changes in the dynamics of a family of Piece-Wise Linear (PWL) chaotic systems, that transit from monostable to multistable behavior by a single bifurcation parameter. By characterizing the magnitude of the stable and unstable manifolds associated with the eigendirections, it is possible to analytically find tipping points in the linear model that are consistent with the occurrence of coexisting states in the dynamics. The results show agreement between the bifurcation diagrams of the linear operator, the bifurcation diagrams of the PWL system, and the multistability phenomenon validation in analog electronics. The presented work makes it possible to know the mechanism by which the system exhibits the break of its stability and the corresponding basin of attraction. This introduces a new methodology for the analysis of dynamical systems in search of dynamical changes such as coexisting attractors.

Towards the construction of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter at Fermilab

Mu2e will search for the Charge Lepton Flavor Violating (CLFV) conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of a nucleus. A clean discovery signature is provided by the mono-energetic conversion electron (Ee = 104.96 MeV). If no events are observed, Mu2e will set a limit on the ratio between the conversion and the nuclear capture rate below 3 × 10−17 (at 90% C.L.). In order to confirm that the observed candidate is an electron, the calorimeter resolution requirements are to provide Eres < 10%, Tres < 500 ps for 100 MeV electrons while working in vacuum and in a high radiation environment and high magnetic field. The calorimeter is made of two annular aluminum disks, each one filled with 674 pure CsI crystals read out by SiPMs. A sophisticated mechanics and cooling system has been developed to support the crystals and cool the sensors. Radiation hard analog and fast digital electronics have been developed. In this paper the QC tests performed on the produced components and the construction status are reported, as well as the results obtained on the large size prototype with test beam data and at a cosmic ray test stand.

A TRIZ-Adopted Development of a Compact Experimental Board for the Teaching and Learning of Operational Amplifier with Multiple Circuit Configurations

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are generally used for actualizing simple and complex electronic circuits in the subject of analogue electronics. In an effort to improve the teaching of op-amps in electronics engineering curricula, op-amp circuits in various configurations are often used for experiments in laboratory sessions so that students can acquire certain psychomotor and cognitive skills by constructing circuit connections and analyzing input–output waveforms. As a result, multiple configurations of operational amplifier circuits are often needed, requiring multiple sets of experimental boards or circuits for each experiment. This is usually not cost effective, requires more consumable electronic components, requires more maintenance and storage space in facilities, and is less user friendly for the students. Therefore, the aim of this research is to design a single, compact, and easy-to-replicate experimental board that can be converted into multiple configurations of the LM741 operational amplifier, comprising an inverting amplifier, a noninverting amplifier, a voltage follower, a summing amplifier, a differential amplifier, a differentiator, and an integrator, with minimal electronic components at a cost lower than EUR 10. The experimental board was tested with a constant input voltage of 1.0 V AC and a switching frequency of 1.0 kHz. It is capable of producing an output voltage corresponding to the individual operational amplifier configurations and can thus be used as a facilitating module for teaching and learning activities in the field of analogue electronics.

Structural and electrophysical perturbations in Y3+ doped BaCeO3 proton conducting electrolyte: A first principles approach

Structural and electrophysical diversity in doped proton conductors (PCs) pacifies the operational efficiency of energy conversion devices. Inflexions in M—O and O–H bond distance within a BO6 octahedra inflects the charge kinetics. Electrochemical characteristics and hybridizations of individual compositional constituents determine the material's electrical attributes (proton conductivity and customized charge transfer pathways). Fluctuations in proton diffusion and hence the proton trapping effect are all a consequence of perturbed chemical bonding and different electrostatic interactions between dopant-host neighbourhood. The current work thus emphasizes the impact of structural phase transition over electrical properties (bandstructure and density of states) and addresses the proton trapping effect. Phase transitions from single phase Pbnm to I12/m1 monoclinic symmetry progresses via multiphase coexistence at intermediate doping concentrations (x = 0.125 and 0.375). On the electronic analogue, the synergy imposes an equivalent impact upon discrete high symmetry pathways in DFT-VASP simulated band structures. The distant overlapping between Y – 4d with O – 2p orbitals establishes a weak binding energy between Y3+ and O2− and favours large oxygen vacancies with non-linear behaviour. A considerable shift of Y – 4f orbitals towards Fermi level at higher doping concentrations (x > 0.25) illustrates the early instance of proton trapping phenomenon.

Validation of an Electronic Visual Analog Scale App for Pain Evaluation in Children and Adolescents With Symptomatic Hypermobility: Cross-sectional Study.

Rapid advances in mobile apps for clinical data collection for pain evaluation have resulted in more efficient data handling and analysis than traditional paper-based approaches. As paper-based visual analogue scale (p-VAS) scores are commonly used to assess pain levels, new emerging apps need to be validated prior to clinical application with symptomatic children and adolescents. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of an electronic visual analogue scale (e-VAS) method via a mobile health (mHealth) App in children and adolescents diagnosed with hypermobility spectrum disorder/hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (HSD/HEDS) in comparison with the traditional p-VAS. Children diagnosed with HSD/HEDS aged 5-18 years were recruited from a sports medicine center in Sydney (New South Wales, Australia). Consenting participants assigned in random order to the e-VAS and p-VAS platforms were asked to indicate their current lower limb pain level and completed pain assessment e-VAS or p-VAS at one time point. Instrument agreement between the 2 methods was determined from the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and through Bland-Altman analysis. In total, 43 children with HSD/HEDS aged 11 (SD 3.8) years were recruited and completed this study. The difference between the 2 VAS platforms of median values was 0.20. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a difference of 0.19 (SD 0.95) with limits of agreement ranging -1.67 to 2.04. An ICC of 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.93) indicated good reliability. These findings suggest that the e-VAS mHealth App is a validated tool and a feasible method of collecting pain recording scores when compared with the traditional paper format in children and adolescents with HSD/HEDS. The e-VAS App can be reliably used for pediatric pain evaluation, and it could potentially be introduced into daily clinical practice to improve real-time symptom monitoring. Further research is warranted to investigate the usage of the app for remote support in real clinical settings.

Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm Applied in Electronic Engineering: A Survey

This paper presents a survey of the articles published in the period 2013–2021 related to the application of the teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), which reproduces the dynamics that occur in a classroom with the teacher and the student. This paper uses the algorithm to optimize some objective functions related to the design in the electronics field. A total of 62 papers were reviewed and some graphs were generated to summarize the most relevant of these articles. These have been classified into five categories based on the areas of electronic engineering, such as power electronics, control, electromagnetism, digital electronics, and analogue electronics. Electronic engineering has been becoming increasingly relevant in world technological development, for example, in electric vehicles or generating electricity from renewable energy sources to counteract the environmental impact that non-renewable sources generate. The TLBO algorithm has attracted the interest of a large number of researchers due to its efficiency, speed, and low initialization parameter requirements. This article is composed of two stages, the first is a summary of the information on electronics, in general, encompassing all its areas, and the second focuses on the algorithm applied to multilevel inverters; for each stage, graphs and tables are shown.

Quantum interference of electrons through electric-field-induced edge states in stacked graphene nanoribbons

In this work, we investigate, by means of numerical simulations, the quantum interference of electrons in stacked graphene structures consisting of two unequal width, armchair-edged graphene nanoribbons. Electronic states residing near the edges of the system are induced when an external electric field is applied normal to the ribbons. By reversing the direction of electric field in the central region, one can create an electronic analogue of the optical Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer. Electronic junctions formed at the boundaries between the central region and the left and right ones in the former play the role of the partially reflected mirrors in the latter. The observed conductance oscillations demonstrate that electrons in the edge states transporting through the system experience quantum interference similar to that of light waves passing through an optical FP interferometer. Moreover, electronic states formed at the junctions enhance inter-edge scattering which affects electron transmission significantly. The possibility to control electron transport via electric gates is also considered.

Detection of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus DNA using U-bent optical fiber-based LSPR probes

The detection of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) DNA has been presented using U-bent fiber optic sensor (FOS) by an evanescent wave absorption method in the visible region. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based FOS was developed by immobilizing gold nanoparticles on the amine-functionalized surface and the receptor probe was prepared by attaching a short segment of the complementary DNA (cDNA) on this surface. Further, the cDNA attachment was confirmed by monitoring the real-time change in LSPR absorption spectra. The conjugation protocol of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) from the viral genome of ToLCNDV was established like antibody-antigen-based assays by observing the real-time change in absorption kinetics. Consequently, a linear correlation between ssDNA concentration and the conjugation-dependent change in refractive index (RI) has been observed. The limit of detection (LOD) using two different cDNA immobilized FOS probes was determined to be 50±10 ng/μL and the change in RI was found 12.5±1.3×10−4 RIU/Abs. From this systematic binding study, a straightforward target-specific sensor has been constructed using a digital electronic logic gate analogy. This device has significant commercial potential for the development of a portable LSPR sensor for real-time detection of plant pathogens in addition to the possibility of multi-target environments.

Study of digitizer properties in nuclear spectroscopy experiments

In the present work a new CAEN 725S digitizer was implemented and compared to standard analog electronics in simple detector circuits, widely used in experimental nuclear physics. The first obtained results demonstrated that low-cost digital signal processing can offer a faster, improved performance regarding dead time corrections, without any significant effect in the obtained detector resolution values.

The Mu2e Crystal Calorimeter: An Overview

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the standard model-forbidden, charged lepton flavour-violating conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminium nucleus. The distinctive signal signature is represented by a mono-energetic electron with an energy near the muon’s rest mass. The experiment aims to improve the current single-event sensitivity by four orders of magnitude by means of a high-intensity pulsed muon beam and a high-precision tracking system. The electromagnetic calorimeter complements the tracker by providing high rejection power in muon to electron identification and a seed for track reconstruction while working in vacuum in presence of a 1 T axial magnetic field and in a harsh radiation environment. For 100 MeV electrons, the calorimeter should achieve: (a) a time resolution better than 0.5 ns, (b) an energy resolution &lt;10%, and (c) a position resolution of 1 cm. The calorimeter design consists of two disks, each loaded with 674 undoped CsI crystals read out by two large-area arrays of UV-extended SiPMs and custom analogue and digital electronics. We describe here the status of construction for all calorimeter components and the performance measurements conducted on the large-sized prototype with electron beams and minimum ionizing particles at a cosmic ray test stand. A discussion of the calorimeter’s engineering aspects and the on-going assembly is also reported.

Half-life measurement of 44Sc and 44mSc

The half-lives of 44Sc and 44mSc were measured by following their decay rate using several measurement systems: two ionization chambers and three γ-spectrometry detectors with digital and/or analogue electronics. For 44Sc, the result was the combination of seven half-life values giving a result of 4.042(7) h, which agrees with the last reported value of 4.042(3) h and confirms the near to 2% deviation from the recommended half-life of 3.97(4) h. Scandium-44 is present as an impurity in the production of 44Sc by cyclotron proton irradiation. Its half-life was determined by measurements performed a few days after End of Bomardment (EoB), so that the 44Sc decayed down to a negligible level. Seven measurements were combined to obtain an average of 58.7(3) h, which is in agreement with the recommended value of 58.6(1) h.

A Codesigned Integrated Photonic Electronic Neuron

In the modern era of artificial intelligence, increasingly sophisticated artificial neural networks (ANNs) are implemented, which pose challenges in terms of execution speed and power consumption. To tackle this problem, recent research on reduced-precision ANNs opened the possibility to exploit analog hardware for neuromorphic acceleration. In this scenario, photonic-electronic engines are emerging as a short-medium term solution to exploit the high speed and inherent parallelism of optics for linear computations needed in ANN, while resorting to electronic circuitry for signal conditioning and memory storage. In this paper we introduce a precision-scalable integrated Photonic-Electronic Multiply-Accumulate Neuron (PEMAN). The proposed device relies on (i) an analog photonic engine to perform reduced-precision multiplications at high speed and low power, and (ii) an electronic front-end for accumulation and application of the nonlinear activation function by means of a nonlinear encoding in the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The device has been numerically validated through cosimulations to perform multiply-accumulate operations (MAC). Simulations are based on the iSiPP50G SOI process for the photonic engine and a commercial 28 nm CMOS process for the electronic front-end. The PEMAN exhibits a multiplication accuracy of 6.1 ENOB up to 10 GMAC/s, while it can perform computations up to 56 GMAC/s with a reduced accuracy down to 2.1 ENOB. The device can trade off speed and power consumption with resolution, significantly outperforming its analog electronics counterparts both in terms of speed and energy consumption. With respect to other photonic ANNs, the PEMAN has comparable speed and energy consumption with a higher resolution, while outperforming them by a hundredfold in the fan-in, which opens the possibility to accelerate more complex networks.

Research on the Teaching Reform of "Analog Electronic Technology"

Analog electronic technology is a professional compulsory course of electronic information, automation, electrical engineering and automation in our school, and it is also one of the core courses, with its own system and strong practice. A large number of engineering cases are introduced into the teaching content, an innovative practical training mode is adopted, the integration of theory and practice is emphasized, and the practical characteristics of the teaching content are fully reflected through the teaching mode of "learning by doing" and "learning to do".

Synchronization of frequency combs by optical injection.

Optical frequency combs based on semiconductor lasers are a promising technology for monolithic integration of dual-comb spectrometers. However, the stabilization of offset frequency fceo remains a challenging feat due the lack of octave-spanning spectra. In a dual-comb configuration, the uncorrelated jitter of the offset frequencies leads to a non-periodic signal resulting in broadened beatnotes with a limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Hence, expensive data acquisition schemes and complex signal processing are currently required. Here, we show that the offset frequencies of two frequency combs can be synchronized by optical injection locking, which allows full phase-stabilization when combined with electrical injection locking of both repetition frequencies frep. A single comb line isolated via an optical Vernier filter serves as Master oscillator for injection locking. The resulting dual-comb signal is periodic and stable over thousands of periods. This enables coherent averaging using analog electronics, which increases the SNR and reduces the data size by one and three orders of magnitude, respectively. The presented method will enable fully phase-stabilized dual-comb spectrometers by leveraging on integrated optical filters and provides access for comparing and stabilizing fceo to narrow-linewidth optical references.

High-precision large-area muon tracking and triggering with drift-tube chambers at future colliders

Experiments like the ATLAS detector at the HL-LHC or detectors at future hadron colliders need muon detectors with excellent momentum resolution at the percent level up to the TeV scale both at the trigger and the offline reconstruction level. This requires muon tracking chambers with high spatial resolution even at the highest background fluxes. Drift-tube chambers are the most cost effective technology for the instrumentation of large-area muon systems providing the required high rate capability and three-dimensional spatial resolution. Thanks to the advances in analog and digital electronics, modern drift-tube chambers can be used in stand-alone mode up to the highest background rates providing event times and second coordinates without the necessity of additional trigger chambers. New key developments in the integrated front-end electronics are fast baseline restoration of the shaped signal and picosecond time-to-digital converters for second coordinate measurement with double-sided read-out of the tubes. Self-triggered operation has become possible using modern high-performance FPGAs allowing for real-time pattern recognition and track reconstruction.

Digital Laboratory Framework (DLF): A Tool for Effective Practical Delivery in Federal Polytechnic Offa, Nigeria

The research provides vital insights into technical and engineering education and practice as a key to effective teaching of practical for Computer Engineering Students in an efficient and applied manner which is an indispensable factor. Since the introduction of Computer Engineering in 1997 at Federal Polytechnic Offa, applying the theories has allowed the students to develop their commercial literacy and ambition in the Polytechnics. Using laboratories for routine practical has been traditional, and the technology trend has gone beyond conventional methods. Digital Laboratory Framework (DLF) is a tool for technical education, where practical teaching will take the form of virtual learning. The team intends to develop a digital laboratory to complement the traditional method for National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) in Computer Engineering to cover core digital and analogue electronics pre-requisite courses. The teaching and practice of Engineering serve as the essential entrepreneurship skills with a keynote to address the fundamental requirements needed to establish a successful career using student cognitive learning, student performance and evaluation concerning technical skills acquisition. The result prepares undergraduates ahead for industrial skills. It enables them to specialize in any computer engineering options and help produce competent Nigerian graduates as engineers with a total capacity to develop the nation through innovative technologies.