Analog Devices Research Articles

Engineering negative differential resistance in negative capacitance Quad-FinFET

In this work, a systematically analysis of the Negative Capacitance (NC) Quad-FinFET structure is carried out where we determine the optimal FE layer thickness that enables hysteresis-free transfer characteristics. However, negative differential resistance (NDR) is introduced along with the increased FE-layer thickness, which is not desirable for application in analogcircuits. Through the implementation of an asymmetric drain length extension and a high-k Si3N4 spacer, negative differential resistance (NDR) can be mitigated. In addition, the relatively poor analog performance generally seen in conventional FinFET structures are overcome in the drain engineered NC Quad-FinFET structure with gate spacer resulting in significant improvement in performance parameters such as transconductance, output conductance and intrinsic gain. The integration of NC Quad-FinFET as a digital inverter is carried out where the circuit propagation delay is decreased by 27.65% with drain length extension and inclusion of Si3N4 spacer. Thus, through these device optimization techniques, the NC Quad-FinFET structure shows significant improvement in both analog and digital device performance parameters.

Design and Implementation of Single-Phase Boost PFC Converter

In this paper, a single-phase boost type ac-dc converter with power factor correction (PFC) technique is designed and implemented. A current mode control at a constant switching frequency is used as a control strategy for PFC converter. The PFC converter is a single-stage singleswitch boost converter that uses a current shaping technique to reshape the non-sinusoidal input current drawn by the bulky capacitor in the conventional rectifier. This technique should provide an input current with almost free-harmonics, comply with the IEC61000-3-2 limits, and a system operates with near unity power factor. The other function of the boost converter that should beaccomplished is to provide a regulated DC output voltage. The complete designed system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and a hardware prototype has been built using analog devices. Simulation results and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed system.

Skin Detection System Using Infrared Optoelectronic Technology and Its Application in Facial Recognition

Facial recognition technology has made significant progress. However, variable lighting conditions can affect its performance. Considering the need to scan facial skin for recognition purposes, this study proposes a miniature optoelectronic acquisition system for skin in the near-infrared range. The system utilizes the C11708MA photodetector from Hamamatsu Photonics’ MS series as the probe for spectral data acquisition. Other hardware components are designed accordingly. A three-stage amplification buffer circuit is employed as the front-end acquisition and preprocessing circuit. The AD7671 chip from Analog Devices Inc. is selected as the AD converter, and the communication module utilizes the CY7C68013 chip from Cypress’ EZ-USB FX2 series. The control and transmission module employs the EP2C5T144C8N FPGA chip from ALTERA’s Cyclone II generation. In order to address the power supply requirements of the CY7C68013 USB chip (3.3 V), the FPGA core (1.2 V), and the AD7671 and front-end preprocessing circuit (5 V), AMS1117 voltage regulator chips are designed for stable 5 V–1.2 V and 5 V–3.3 V power supplies. In the experiments, wavelength calibration and spectral preprocessing are performed on the system prior to data processing. Near-infrared reflectance spectra of different skin conditions (melanoma, vitiligo) are compared with normal skin. The results demonstrate the accurate assessment capability of the designed infrared optoelectronic skin detection system. Facial skin data obtained from the system are used to generate facial images, and the recognition performance of different detection systems is compared in an algorithmic environment, thereby demonstrating the promising application prospects of the infrared optoelectronic skin detection system in the field of facial recognition.

Green Joint Communications and Sensing Employing Analog Multi-Beam Antenna Arrays

Joint communications and sensing (JCAS) is potentially a hallmark technology for the sixth generation mobile network (6G). Most existing JCAS designs are based on digital arrays, analog arrays with tunable phase shifters, or hybrid arrays, which are effective but are generally complicated to design and power inefficient. This article introduces the energyefficient and easy-to-design multi-beam antenna arrays (MBAAs) for JCAS. Using pre-designed and fixed analog devices, such as lens or Butler matrix, MBAA can simultaneously steer multiple beams yet with negligible power consumption compared with other techniques. Moreover, MBAAs enable flexible beam synthesis, accurate angle-of-arrival estimation, and easy handling/ utilization of the beam squint effect. All these features have not been well captured by the JACS community yet. To promote the awareness of them, we intuitively illustrate them and also exploit them for constructing a multi-beam JCAS framework. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are discussed to foster the development of green JCAS systems.

Implementation of a Wide Band and Low Noise Signal Generator Based on Phase Locked Loop

A signal generator, an essential electronic test instrument with versatile applications, finds its utility in various fields such as cellular communications, radar systems, microstrip antennas, and electronics labs. This research focuses on the simulation and design of a low-phase noise signal generatoroperating in frequency range of 35 MHz to 3 GHz . To accomplish this, an Atmega 328P microcontroller on an Arduino board was employed to control the synthesizer based on the Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) concept. The signal generator’s performance was assessed, with particular emphasis on predicting and analyzing the phase noise generated by the PLL components. To ensure a robust system, a third-order loop filter was devised to effectively suppress spurs. Through simulation using the ADIsimPLLsimulation tool, optimal values for loop bandwidth (10 kHz) and phase margin (45°) were obtained. The chosen Phase-Locked-Loop chip for this implementation was the ADF4351, manufactured by Analog Devices. By conducting transient analysis, the time required for the PLL system to transition from the minimum to the maximum output frequency was determined. Furthermore, the characteristics of the generator’s signal were investigated in the frequency range of 35-100 MHz using a cathode ray oscilloscope, and for 101-3000 MHz using a spectrum analyzer. The phase noise levels were calculated at different frequencies (35 MHz, 387 MHz, 1 GHz, 2 GHz, and 2.9 GHz) and analyzed at varying offsets (1 kHz, 10 kHz,100 kHz, and 1 MHz). Comparatively, the experimental results indicated a higher level of phase noise than what was obtained through simulation. Notably, as the output frequency increased, there was a corresponding increase in the amount of phase noise. The maximum spur observedoccurred at the third harmonic, measuring -18.6 dBc, while the minimum spur appeared at the fourth harmonic, measuring -44.5 dBc.

Dual-Link Synchronous Acquisition and Transmission System for Cabled Seafloor Earthquake Observatory

Seafloor observatories play a crucial role in acquiring continuous and precise submarine monitoring data, thereby holding significant implications for advancing major scientific advancements in marine science, particularly in the field of seafloor earthquake observation. This work mainly builds a dual-link observation system designed for observing seismic information on the seafloor based on a Zynq7000 system-on-chip and time synchronization module. The system is based on Zynq7000 SoC(MILIANKE; Changzhou, China) and AD7768(Analog Devices, Inc.; Norwood, MA, USA) to achieve eight-channel data (24 bit) synchronous acquisition, and the robustness of the system is improved by upgrading the link to full-duplex transmission and adding node data self-storage function. The P88 1588 PTP time synchronization single board(CoolShark; Beijing, China) is used to provide PPS (Pulse per second) signals for the system to realize microsecond timestamps to support subsequent seismic data inversion. An upper computer system based on the Qt framework is also developed to monitor the network condition in real time while visualizing the data transmission. For the acquisition of seismic signals, we employed triaxial seismic sensors. Additionally, a temperature and humidity monitoring module, along with an attitude detection module, was designed to enable real-time monitoring of the nodes. These modules not only facilitate the real-time monitoring of the nodes but also contribute to seismic data inversion. The experimental results indicate that the system provides a good synchronization of data acquisition, high accuracy, and reliability of inter-node transmission, which has good application prospects.

Three-Dimensional Integration of InAs Nanowires by Template-Assisted Selective Epitaxy on Tungsten.

3D integration of III-V semiconductors with Si CMOS is highly attractive since it allows combining new functions such as photonic and analog devices with digital signal processing circuitry. Thus far, most 3D integration approaches have used epitaxial growth on Si, layer transfer by wafer bonding, or die-to-die packaging. Here we present low-temperature integration of InAs on W using Si3N4 template assisted selective area metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Despite growth nucleation on polycrystalline W, we can obtain a high yield of single-crystalline InAs nanowires, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The nanowires exhibit a mobility of 690 cm2/(V s), a low-resistive, Ohmic electrical contact to the W film, and a resistivity which increases with diameter attributed to increased grain boundary scattering. These results demonstrate the feasibility for single-crystalline III-V back-end-of-line integration with a low thermal budget compatible with Si CMOS.

The use of metaphor in Georgian and American political discourse

The twenty-first century turned out to be quite difficult in many ways. Accordingly, the role of television political talk shows has greatly increased. Interest in political discourse is growing. Speaking on this issue, it is important to define speech behavior. The study of speech strategies and tactics is currently quite relevant, as they allow to identify the speech behavior of a person. However, it should be noted here that despite the common features, the political discourse of all countries is different. A similar type of discourse is characterized by the ability to express culture. The difference between media discourses in different languages is due to the difference in histories, socio-cultural contexts and journalistic activities. It is in this kind of discourse that politicians use various metaphors in order to influence the voters or degrade the opponent. Metaphor is a tool that is heavily used in politics. It is considered a powerful tool that politicians often use in their speeches to manipulate the feelings and opinions of listeners, and even to control the values of others. Metaphor has persuasive power because it combines pragmatic, cognitive, and linguistic knowledge with culture, ideology, and history (Charteris-Black 2004). According to Levinson, the interpretation of metaphor must derived from our general ability to think in analogies. According to Friedrich, "metaphor is only one type of analogy and part of a much larger context of analogical devices and associational thinking".There are also local metaphors common in the Georgian political society, which are understandable only to our society. For example, "Political Kiku". Everyone knows that Kiku is the hero of Chabua Amirejibi's novel “Data Tutashkhia”, who sells her body for money.

MICROPROCESSOR DEVICE FOR OBTAINING BIOELECTRIC INFORMATION

The purpose of the study is to develop a microprocessor device for receiving, displaying, recording the electrocardiogram and its further processing. Physical methods of biopotentials studying generated by human tissues and organs make it possible to obtain information about the state of physiological processes and reflect the functional state of the human body. Scientific studies of the cardiovascular system, which directly affects the average life expectancy are of particular importance today. There is still great interest in the methods of analysis of electrocardiograms in modern medical research aimed at solving diagnostic problems. The solution of this problem is implemented on the concept of a virtual device, which is possible due to the use of software environment LabVIEW which is widely used in industry and research laboratories as a standard tool for data collection and device management.
 The main aspects of development are considered, key nodes of the device are described and the radio element base is offered, the algorithm of operation of the device software is described. The module for recording bioelectric potentials (ECG) uses a specialized chip from Analog Devices AD8232. The chip is an interface module for monitoring heart rate with one leading and is designed to receive, amplify and filter weak biosignals in conditions of strong interference.
 The hardware basis of the device in this work is the hardware and software complex Arduino Nano based on the microcontroller ATmega168, which is used only for collecting input data, their conversion and transmission to a PC. The control of the device and the logic of its operation of the device is determined by VP LabVIEW. The hardware and software features of the device allow the processing of diagnostic information by the method of phasography, in which the standard cardiogram is replaced by a phase portrait of the cardio signal. This significantly expands the diagnostic capabilities, increases the sensitivity and specificity of ECG diagnostics. The developed experimental sample of the virtual single-channel cardiograph combines modern technologies of instrument making industry and software processing of the received diagnostic information and can be applied as a laboratory board in educational process of special disciplines mastering on the educational and professional program "Micro- and nanosystem engineering".

Neural Network Compression for Noisy Storage Devices

Compression and efficient storage of neural network (NN) parameters is critical for applications that run on resource-constrained devices. Despite the significant progress in NN model compression, there has been considerably less investigation in the actual physical storage of NN parameters. Conventionally, model compression and physical storage are decoupled, as digital storage media with error-correcting codes (ECCs) provide robust error-free storage. However, this decoupled approach is inefficient as it ignores the overparameterization present in most NNs and forces the memory device to allocate the same amount of resources to every bit of information regardless of its importance. In this work, we investigate analog memory devices as an alternative to digital media – one that naturally provides a way to add more protection for significant bits unlike its counterpart, but is noisy and may compromise the stored model’s performance if used naively. We develop a variety of robust coding strategies for NN weight storage on analog devices, and propose an approach to jointly optimize model compression and memory resource allocation. We then demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on models trained on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet datasets for existing compression techniques. Compared to conventional error-free digital storage, our method reduces the memory footprint by up to one order of magnitude, without significantly compromising the stored model’s accuracy.

Thermal environment impact on HfOx RRAM operation: A nanoscale thermometry and modeling study

As the demand for computing applications capable of processing large datasets increases, there is a growing need for new in-memory computing technologies. Oxide-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices are promising candidates for such applications because of their industry readiness, endurance, and switching ratio. These analog devices, however, suffer from poor linearity and asymmetry in their analog resistance change. Various reports have found that the temperature in RRAM devices increases locally by more than 1000 K during operation. Therefore, temperature control is of paramount importance for controlling their resistance. In this study, scanning thermal microscopy is used to map the temperature of Au/Ti/HfOx/Au devices at a steady power state and to measure temperature dynamics of the top electrode above the filament location during both resistive switching loops and voltage pulsing. These measurements are used to verify the thermal parameters of a multiphysics finite elements model. The model is then used to understand the impact of thermal conductivities and boundary conductances of constituent materials on resistance change during the first reset pulse in RRAM devices. It is found that the resistance change can be reduced significantly when the temperature in the titanium capping layer is reduced. We find that the greatest temperature reduction and, therefore, the lowest resistance change in the device are afforded by capping layers with increased thermal conductivities. This work links thermal properties to the resistance change in RRAM devices, providing critical insights into engineering devices with improved switching dynamics.

High-resolution eye-tracking via digital imaging of Purkinje reflections.

Reliably measuring eye movements and determining where the observer looks are fundamental needs in vision science. A classical approach to achieve high-resolution oculomotor measurements is the so-called dual Purkinje image (DPI) method, a technique that relies on the relative motion of the reflections generated by two distinct surfaces in the eye, the cornea and the back of the lens. This technique has been traditionally implemented in fragile and difficult to operate analog devices, which have remained exclusive use of specialized oculomotor laboratories. Here we describe progress on the development of a digital DPI, a system that builds on recent advances in digital imaging to enable fast, highly precise eye-tracking without the complications of previous analog devices. This system integrates an optical setup with no moving components with a digital imaging module and dedicated software on a fast processing unit. Data from both artificial and human eyes demonstrate subarcminute resolution at 1kHz. Furthermore, when coupled with previously developed gaze-contingent calibration methods, this system enables localization of the line of sight within a few arcminutes.

Testing protocols to optimize DNA extraction from tough leaf tissue: A case study in Encephalartos.

Plants with stiff, leathery leaves pose a challenge for standard DNA extraction protocols. These tissues are recalcitrant to mechanical disruption via TissueLyser (or analogous devices) and are often high in secondary metabolites. These compounding factors result in low yields, which may be sufficient for PCR amplification but are generally inadequate for genomic applications that require large quantities of high-quality DNA. Cycads in the genus Encephalartos exemplify these challenges, as this group of plants is fortified for life in harsh, dry habitats with notoriously thick and rigid leaves. Using a DNA extraction kit, we tested three methods of mechanical disruption and examined the differences between stored vs. freshly collected samples and mature vs. senescing leaflets. We found that the manual method of pulverizing tissue yields the highest concentrations of DNA, and that both senescing leaflets and leaflet tissue that has been stored for extended periods yield sufficient DNA for genomic analyses. These findings shed light on the feasibility of using senescing leaves and/or tissue that has been stored on silica for long periods of time when attempting to extract large amounts of DNA. We provide here an optimized DNA extraction protocol that can be applied to cycads and other plant groups with tough or rigid leaves.

A Study of the Low Voltage Supply and High Order ΔΣA/D Conversion Circuit Using the SMASH Structure and the Swing-suppression A/D Conversion Circuit

In recent years, the lowing supply voltage and the A/D conversion accuracy are required for ΔΣA/D Conversion Circuits. We proposed MASH structure using the 2nd order swing-suppression A/D conversion circuit at previous research. We showed that this circuit is high accuracy and suitable at low supply voltage. However, the accuracy of this circuit is degraded by the analog device value deviation and the OP-AMP DC gain degradation. In this paper, we proposed the low voltage ADC using Sturdy-MASH (SMASH) constructure and the swing-suppression A/D conversion circuit. We realized the SNR of 86 dB with ±1% device value deviation and the OP-AMP DC gain of 40 dB.

Development and Synthesis of Analog Devices on Elementary Units

Development and Synthesis of Analog Devices on Elementary Units

Development and Synthesis of Analog Devices on Elementary Units

The technique for synthesis of analog devices with the use of elementary units of electronics, such as integrating, differentiating, adding (subtracting), multiplying (dividing), and multiplexing (demultiplexing) elements, is described. The proposed technique of synthesis is justified theoretically and the elementary units used are called the proposed element base of analog electronics. The description of the theory, as well as an example of developing a model of an analog low-pass filter with the use of the proposed technique, arepresented.

DETECTION OF HANDWRITTEN SIGNATURE FORGERY USING CNN

Hand verification and phony discovery is the process of vindicating autographs automatically and incontinently to determine whether the hand is real or not. There are two main kinds of hand verification static and dynamic. stationary, or offline verification is the process of vindicating a document hand after it has been made, while dynamic or online verification takes place as a person creates his/ her hand on a digital tablet or an analogous device. The hand in question is also compared to former samples of that person's hand, which set up the database. In the case of a handwritten hand on a document, the computer needs the samples to be scrutinized for disquisition, whereas a digital hand which is formerly stored in a data format can be used for hand verification. The handwritten hand is one of the most generally accepted particular attributes for verification of identity, whether it may for banking or business. The sub-sphere of machine literacy that's deep literacy allows us to train a model with the help of deep literacy algorithms. This is enforced in a complicated neural network model trained to classify and descry the forged hand from a collection of image samples which consists of two different sets of images, say real and forged image sets. We constructed a complicated neural network model from scrape to prize features from a given dataset. The image is given as input, and it tells whether a hand is forged or not. This will help descry the fraud. KEYWORDS: CNN, Forgery, Signature

The black box aesthetics: performative dynamics between artificial intelligence and human interactive staging

ABSTRACT The present paper addresses a theoretical model for human-machine interaction in intermedia performance taking as reference the author’s perspective. It is discussed the role of artificial intelligence as an autonomous, pervasive, and real-time evolving entity in dialectical relation with the performer and/or audience. The convergence of physical and virtual elements suggests the emergence of hybrid systems, insofar as digital instances manifest their own agency and humans show mechanical actions linked to information processing. Three typologies of human-machine interaction are inferred: 1) the algorithm elaborates the output through self-referential data, as in Δnfang; 2) the algorithm gathers information from performed actions, as in Convergence; 3) the algorithm processes data from the audience’s reaction, as in DoPPioGioco. As digital and analogue devices are employed, programming environments are hidden from human agents and filtered through the author’s gaze. Comparing the underlying black box rules with stage setting, it is observed to what extent algorithms are mediated and enacted. The article considers the information bias commonly attributed to artificial intelligence as rooted in the aesthetic domain, with significant dramaturgical implications.

A simple sinusoidal quadrature oscillator using a single active element

This study describes a simple design for a single active element sinusoidal oscillator with a quadrature signal. A current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCTA), a single resistor, and two grounded capacitors are used in the first circuit. The second circuit is improved by using a current-controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCCCTA) and two grounded capacitors without a passive resistor, which means the grounded capacitor is suitably implemented for the IC fabrication. The oscillation condition and frequency of both circuits can be controlled using the same method that concurrently adjusts the DC bias current and the resistance as well as the oscillation frequency can be independently adjusted by capacitances. The CCTA is achieved by cascading the integrated circuits (IC) AD844 and LM13700, made by Analog Devices Corporation and Texas Instruments, respectively, which are available for commercial purchase. The sinusoidal quadrature signals in the time-domain and frequency-domain can be shown with computer simulations and the results of experiments. The Monte Carlo Analysis is also utilized to examine the oscillation frequency with the influence of passive element tolerance errors. The predicted oscillation frequency has a standard variation of about 20.04 kHz, with a maximum frequency of approximately 346.89 kHz and a minimum frequency of approximately 259.09 kHz. In addition, the mean and median frequencies are 296.10 and 293.98 kHz, respectively. The results of this study indicate that computer simulation and experiment are similar to a theoretical analysis, making them suiTable for use in the teaching of electrical and electronic engineering

Extreme Radiation Resistance of Self‐Powered High‐Performance Cs0.04Rb0.04(FA0.65MA0.35)0.92Pb(I0.85Br0.14Cl0.01)3 Perovskite Photodiodes

AbstractThis work reports, for the first time, on radiation resistance of state‐of‐the‐art multicomponent Cs0.04Rb0.04(FA0.65MA0.35)0.92Pb(I0.85Br0.14Cl0.01)3 perovskite photodiodes, tested under high‐intensity pulsed 170 keV proton irradiation with fluence up to 1013 protons cm−2. The studied photodiodes demonstrate record radiation resistance among reported analogous optoelectronic devices. Specifically, it is shown that the proton irradiation with the fluence of 2 × 1012 protons cm−2 even leads to a slight improvement in the photodiode parameters. Nonetheless, a large fluence of 1013 protons cm−2 deteriorates photodiode parameters on average by only 25% with respect to that of the as‐prepared devices. The revealed high‐performance and advanced radiation hardness demonstrate the huge application potential of lightweight and low‐cost solution‐processed perovskite optoelectronic devices in sensing and communication networks operating under harsh space conditions.