Analog Components Research Articles

Argumentasi Analogis Siswa SMP Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Jenis Kelamin

Analogical argumentation is a part of analogical reasoning which has an important role in mathematics. Analogical argumentation can help one to demonstrate that a statement is reasonable. Someone's argument can be seen when solving a problem because argumentation functions to generate and support a solution to a problem. In solving problems, gender influences the process. This qualitative research aims to describe students' analogical argumentation in solving math problems in terms of gender differences. The subjects of this study were two students from class VIII-K SMP Negeri 2 Surabaya, one male and one female with the same math ability. The research was conducted online via googleform for the analogical argumentation test and whatsapp as a platform for interviews. The research instruments were the analogical argumentation test and the latest interviews. The data obtained were then analyzed using analogical argumentation components, namely classification and conclusions. The results showed that there were complaints on the classification component, namely that the two students were able to identify the characteristics or structure of the source problem and the target problem so that the comments component was able to make a statement of the solution. The difference is in the classification component, namely students who are able to identify the problem between the problem and the target problem, not quite right in the understanding of the structure. Both female students were able to use analogical argumentation to conclude both problems logically, while male students were less logical.

Agostino Di Scipio and Dario Sanfilippo: Machine Milieu

Agostino Di Scipio and Dario Sanfilippo: Machine Milieu

Indirect Analogical Reasoning Components

If using different instruments obtained a different analogical reasoning component. With use people-piece analogies, verbal analogies, and geometric analogies, have analogical reasoning component consists of encoding, inferring, mapping, and application. Meanwhile, with use analogical problems (algebra, source problem and target problem is equal), have analogical reasoning components consist of structuring, mapping, applying, and verifying. The instrument used was analogical problems consisting of two problems where the source problem was symbolic quadratic equation problem and the target problems were trigonometric equation problem and a word problem. This study aims to provide information analogical reasoning process in solving indirect analogical problems. in addition, to identify the analogical reasoning components in solving indirect analogical problems. Using a qualitative design approach, the study was conducted at two schools in Mataram city of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. The results of the study provide an overview of analogical reasoning of the students in solving indirect analogical problems and there is a component the representation and mathematical model in solving indirect analogical problems. So the analogical reasoning component in solving indirect analogical problems is the representation and mathematical modeling, structuring, mapping, applying, and verifying. This means that there are additional components of analogical reasoning developed by Ruppert. Analogical reasoning components in problem-solving depend on the analogical problem is given.

Towards a highly adaptive software-defined radio transmitter for small satellite platforms

The Institute of Space Systems (IRS) of the University of Stuttgart is currently analysing a mission to explore the inner Van Allen radiation belt using a small satellite of about 60 kg. The satellite shall be launched to an orbit of approximately 600 km and then use its orbital control system to reach an elliptical orbit of 330 km × 2500 km. In addition to the scientific mission goals, the mission shall demonstrate new components in the harsh radiation environment; these include an orbit control system using water-based propulsion, a highly integrated core avionic system and a ham radio X-Band data downlink system.The data downlink system for this mission is currently being developed at the IRS. Due to the highly elliptic final orbit, the need for an adaptive data downlink transmitter platform arises, that is capable of adapting its waveform to the current link conditions. Moreover, this transmitter shall be fully compliant with the Consultative Committee for Space Data System (CCSDS) recommendations for the physical and the data link layers while implementing the adaptive coding and modulation of the Digital Video Broadcast – Second Generation (DVB-S2) standard.Furthermore, this development focusses on low-power consumption, use of commercial-off-the-shelf components, re-configurability and miniaturisation. The transmitter platform is based on a System on a Chip which implements the CCSDS as well as the DVB-S2 protocol stacks. The analog components are chosen to provide possible scaling of the platform to commercial X-Band, Ku and Ka-Band. The transmitter is able to support data rates up to 200 Mbps and delivers up to 2 Watts RF power. The use of the DVB-S2 standard allows to increase the downlink capacity by 66% using variable coding and modulation. An increase by 130% or even more is possible using adaptive coding and modulation.This adaptive platform is crucial for the mission success in order to transmit the high data volume, which could not be downlinked with a platform using a fixed waveform only. The increase in downlink capacity by adapting to the link conditions can also be useful for other missions, e.g. where ground terminals are located in regions with high rain loss or for satellite constellations where each satellite has limited ground station contact. The development of this transmitter platform that can be adapted in nearly-real time to the existing link conditions is presented in this paper.

An overview of safety for laboratory testing of lithium-ion batteries

Secondary Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in a variety of sizes from single cells in personal electronics, to large packs in Electric Vehicles (EVs), and very large packs in grid-scale storage. With the number of applications increasing, this brings more laboratory testing of such batteries. A number of papers discuss the safety intrinsic to cells, however, excluding EVs there is little discussion of cycling larger, multi-cell packs. This paper considers safe laboratory testing of commercial high capacity single cells and multi-cell battery packs. Using the hazards and failure modes that can occur, appropriate control measures are proposed, including fuses, contactors and good practice in system design. Suitable enclosures and fire suppression are also recommended should these measures fail. For single cells without a BMS, a separate protection circuit is presented utilizing analogue components for reliability.

Heteroditopic Macrobicyclic Molecular Vessels for Single Step Aerial Oxidative Transformation of Primary Alcohol Appended Cross Azobenzenes.

A series of oxy-ether tris-amino heteroditopic macrobicycles (L1-L4) with various cavity dimensions have been synthesized and explored for their Cu(II) catalyzed selective single step aerial oxidative cross-coupling of primary alcohol based anilines with several aromatic amines toward the formation of primary alcohol appended cross azobenzenes (POCABs). The beauty of this transformation is that the easily oxidizable benzyl/primary alcohol group remains unhampered during the course of this oxidation due to the protective oxy-ether pocket of this series of macrobicyclic vessels. Various dimensionalities of the molecular vessels have shown specific size complementary selection for substrates toward efficient syntheses of regioselective POCAB products. To establish the requirement of the three-dimensional cavity based additives, a particular catalytic reaction has been examined in the presence of macrobicycles (L2 and L3) versus macrocycles (MC1 and MC2) and tripodal acyclic (AC1 and AC2) analogous components, respectively. Subsequently, L1-L4 have been extensively utilized toward the syntheses of as many as 44 POCABs and are characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

Methodology for Evaluation of WIAMan Injury Assessment Reference Curves Using Whole Body Match-Paired Data.

Development of the Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan) capability has included the creation of injury assessment reference curves (IARCs) specific to under-body blast (UBB) loading mechanisms and injuries. The WIAMan IARCs were created from high-rate vertical loading tests of component post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) and analogous components of the WIAMan anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Validation of the WIAMan IARCs is required prior to the WIAMan ATD being utilized for injury assessment in live-fire vehicle test events. A portion of the validation process involves evaluating the ability of the IARCs to predict injury at the system level (whole body). This study evaluates a methodology to assess the performance of the WIAMan IARCs using match-paired tests of whole body PMHS and the WIAMan ATD. The methodology includes a qualitative analysis designed to identify false-positive and false-negative ATD predictions, as well as a quantitative analysis that utilizes area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AROC) and Brier score indices to grade IARC performance. Three WIAMan IARCs were used to exemplify the proposed methodology and results are provided. Attributes of the false-prediction, AROC, and Brier score portions of the methodology are presented, with results indicating the new methodology is thorough and robust in evaluation of IARCs.

Graceful extensibility in asset management: extending the capacity to adapt in managing cyber-physical railway systems

Graceful extensibility has been recently introduced and can be defined as the ability of a system to extend its capacity to adapt when surprise events challenge its boundaries. It provides basic rules that govern adaptive systems. Railway transportation systems can be considered cyber-physical systems that comprise interacting digital, analog, physical, and human components engineered for safe and reliable railway transport. This enables autonomous driving, new functionalities to achieve higher capacity, greater safety, and real-time health monitoring. New rolling stock introductions require continuous adaptations to meet the challenges of these complex railway systems as an introduction takes several years to complete and deals with changing stakeholder demands, new technologies, and technical constraints which cannot be fully predicted in advance. To sustain adaptability when introducing new rolling stock, the theory of graceful extensibility might be valuable but needs further empirical testing to be useful in the field. This study contributes by assessing the proto-theorems of graceful extensibility in a case study in the railway industry by means of adopting pattern-matching analysis. The results of this study indicate that the majority of theoretical patterns postulated by the theory are corroborated by the data. Guidelines are proposed for further operationalization of the theory in the field. Furthermore, case results indicate the need to adopt management approaches that accept indeterminism as a complement to the prevailing deterministic perspective, to sustain adaptability and deal effectively with surprise events. As such, this study may serve other critical asset introductions dealing with cyber-physical systems in their push for sustained adaptability.

Monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor using Verilog-A

Monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor modeling is presented in this paper. The transport model incorporated, works well for both drift diffusive and ballistic conditions. The validity of the model was checked for various device dimensions and bias voltages. Performance parameters affecting operation of graphene field effect transistor in various region of operation are optimized. Model was developed to verify transfer characteristics for monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor. Results obtained prove the ambipolar property in Graphene. MATLAB is used for numerical modeling for systematic performance evaluation of parameters in graphene. The tool used to simulate the characteristics is cadence Verilog-A which describe analog component structure.

Analog Considerations for Designing a Potentiostat in a PSoC: Sources of Errors and Compensation Techniques

Designing with a Programmable System on a Chip (PSoC) allows for entire circuit designs to be implemented with a single commercially available chip and eliminates the need to physically assemble electronic components. This is possible as the PSoC incorporates a microcontroller with digital and analog components into a single package. While this design allows for much easier implementation of circuits, there are some drawbacks. In this paper we will demonstrate one of those drawbacks, high routing resistance in parts of the analog mesh that connects the analog parts and external pins. We show how this resistance can cause measurement errors when the PSoC is implemented as a single chip potentiostat. As the internal analog routing resistance is in the kΩ range, measuring currents in the Kॅ range can cause mV errors, leading to lose of voltage control during electrochemical experiments. We also demonstrate a calibration routine to compensate for this voltage error that reduced the error by over 90%.

Analog Least Mean Square Adaptive Filtering for Self-Interference Cancellation in Full Duplex Radios

In-band full duplex (IBFD) radio represents one of the key technologies for future wireless communication and radar applications. A major challenge of this technology is to mitigate the strong self-interfer-ence (SI) so that the residual SI level falls below the receiver's noise floor. Radio frequency (RF) self-inter-ference cancellation (SIC) is essential for preventing an IBFD receiver from becoming saturated by the SI. We commence with an in-depth review of the promising analog least mean square (ALMS) adaptive filtering architecture, conceived for RF SIC in the IBFD radio RF front-end. The cancellation circuits employing this architecture can be implemented purely by analog components without any involvement of more power-thirsty digital signal processing. The behaviors, performance, and implementation of the ALMS loop are presented. Finally, their applications in various IBFD radios are discussed, and future research directions are provided.

Development and Analysis of Electronic and Electrical Experiment Simulation Technology

The development of electronic and electrical technology is based on the tedious experiment of electronic and electrical engineering, which is operated by electronic working platform. EWB (electronic workbench) is a kind of electronic circuit simulation software developed by Canadian interactive image technology company in 1988. The software design function is perfect, the operation interface is friendly, the image is very easy to master. The software core of EWB is Spice3f5, which enhances its simulation ability in digital and analog mixed signals. The development of EWB not only solves the problem of time-consuming, laborious and expensive in electronic circuit design, but also brings great convenience and benefits to electronic product designers. They can use computer-aided design to carry out circuit simulation, which can effectively save development time and cost. Only through continuous experiments can we verify the reliability of the circuit and improve the circuit design, but in the specific experimental operation, some factors often lead to the failure of the experiment, which not only increases the cost of the electronic and electrical experiment, but also destroys the original equipment, and also has certain risks. Therefore, to solve this problem, the simulation technology has been widely used in the electronic and electrical experiment. Moreover, the convenient operation mode of EWB, the intuitive circuit diagram and the display form of simulation analysis results are also very suitable for the auxiliary teaching of electronic course, which is conducive to improving students' understanding and mastery of theoretical knowledge and cultivating students' innovation ability. Therefore, many universities in the world have brought EWB into the teaching of electronic courses. This paper mainly describes the application value and specific application mode of simulation technology in electronic and electrical experiment, in order to further expand the application scope of simulation technology in electronic and electrical experiment. The component library of EWB provides thousands of circuit components, including passive components and active components, analog components and digital components, discrete components and integrated components, as well as new or expanded existing component libraries. EWB also provides a complete set of virtual instruments, such as oscilloscope, signal generator, multimeter, baud chart instrument, spectrum analyzer and logic analyzer. Using these components and instruments to simulate electronic circuits is just like doing experiments in a laboratory. It is very real. Moreover, it is not necessary to worry about damaging the instruments and components, or to be at a loss for outdated instruments and insufficient measurement accuracy. This paper first analyzes the advantages of simulation technology in the application of electronic and electrical experiment teaching, and then analyzes the experimental means and application practice of simulation technology in detail[1].

Preliminary Development of the FPGA based Reactor Protection Systems for Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE)

The reactor protection system is a very vital and essential system to ensure the safe operation of the Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE). The current reactor protection system mostly uses a lot of analog components. The analog system is more sensitive to the noise, and more expensive compared with the digital system. Therefore, this study aims to design and model the reactor protection system based on a digital platform using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The FPGA platform is selected because of the high reliability, easy for reprogrammed and having high loop rate execution. This research method covers the preliminary design of the reactor protection system using FPGA CompactRIO. The verification and validation are then employed to ensure the reliability of RPS. Furthermore, this system is tested with various postulated initiating event of the RDE’s design basic accident. The result of this research is that FPGA has excellent reliability and has a fast response. It can be concluded that the simulation of the reactor protection system using FPGA can be used in the reactor protection system after being verified and validated.

Creation of special technical means on the basis of SDR devices

The article is devoted to the review of possibilities of creation of special technical means on the basis of SDR devices and principles of construction of transceiver devices which have a possibility of use at performance of various tasks and the purposes. The principles of construction of SDR devices and their features are considered in the article. When creating special hardware, the basic principle is a flexible architecture that can be changed with the help of software. This allows to organize communication between two or more different types of devices, for example, to switch between communication channels and change the type of modulation. When using SDR devices, it is possible to significantly simplify the technical part. The hardware platform can be quickly reprogrammed to support new communication and data exchange standards. Digital signal processing provides greater speed and it is easier to maintain than other analog systems. It is noted that the SDR receiver is a universal device that can combine the functions of various radio devices. Following the concept of SDR, the author concludes that the ideal SDR receiver should contain as few elements as possible, while an important factor in the use of SDR devices is the replacement of most analog components. It is emphasized that devices that are built on an analog element base have a much higher complexity of design than SDR devices and do not have the flexibility required in today’s conditions of rapid change in communication standards.

AbstractSDRs: Bring Down the Two-Language Barrier With Julia Language for Efficient SDR Prototyping

This letter proposes a new methodology based on the recently proposed Julia language for efficient software-defined radio (SDR) prototyping. SDRs are immensely popular as they allow to have a flexible approach for sounding, monitoring, or processing radio signals through the use of generic analog components and lot of digital signal processing. As, in this paradigm, most of the processing is done at software levels (i.e., on a CPU), an efficient software methodology has to be envisioned. Right now, most of the existing methods focus on low-level languages (C or C++) for good runtime performance (at the cost of easy prototyping) or high-level languages (such as Python) for flexibility (at the price of runtime performance). In this article, we propose a new methodology based on Julia language that addresses this <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">two-language</i> problem and paves the way for efficient prototyping without giving up runtime performance. To prove the benefits of the proposed approach, a performance benchmark with several optimization levels compares the Julia approach with C++ and Python.

Photovoltaic system optimization by new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) models based on analog components under harsh condition

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) energy has become a promising energy source because the demand for electrical energy from renewable energy sources is increasing worldwide in recent decades. Due to efficiency issues, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) has been developed to optimize the solar panel’s performance. This paper presents an MPPT model, made up of the analog component, which overcomes traditional MPPT methods’ weakness via the Perturb and observes (P&amp;O) technique. In this case, the PV system includes a PV array, a DC/DC boost converter, a battery, and a load. The proposed method was precisely built and simulated using the Powersim, MATLAB Simulink, and SimCoupler Module. The components of the analog MPPT system were designed practically in detail. The experiment was carried out by using European Efficiency Test 50530, and the results showed the proposed model has higher efficiency over the digital MPPT technique, about 99.99% as maximum. Moreover, MPPT methods were tested under steady-state, irradiation variation, and space conditions to verify the system’s potential capability with PV module Solbian 52L.

Merging the Analogue and the Digital: Combining Opposite Activities in a Mixed Media Game

While much of the games research field for the last two decades has focused on digital games, this article draws attention to the benefits of combining analogue and digital game components to cater for a serious but fun game experience. In this case, the game design provides a set of game rules for players, where the goal is to win by finding another player’s hidden treasure. But, the game also includes deceptive characters, initially unknown to the players, whose goal is to lure the players to reveal information, which will make a player lose the game. Hence, the players and the unknown characters are involved in opposite but intertwined activities. To describe the differing activities we use the activity system model found in Activity Theory. The theoretical conceptualisation, the game design and the play situation create what we term a &lt;em&gt;zone of experience&lt;/em&gt; where young players can experience the consequences of sharing too much information. The game design mimics real world online interactions, but under safe off-line conditions. The zone of experience also creates the foundation for an ensuing activity that fits well within the concept of the zone of proximal development: A follow-up conversation under adult guidance of game experiences aimed at raising children’s online risk awareness.

RF Impairments in Wireless Transceivers: Phase Noise, CFO, and IQ Imbalance – A Survey

Wireless transceivers for mass-market applications must be cost effective. We may achieve this goal by deploying non-ideal low-cost radio frequency (RF) analog components. However, their imperfections may result in RF impairments, including phase noise (PN), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) imbalance. These impairments introduce in-band and out-of-band interference terms and degrade the performance of wireless systems. In this survey, we present RF-impairment signal models and discuss their impacts. Moreover, we review RF-impairment estimation and compensation in single-carrier (SC) and multicarrier systems, especially orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Furthermore, we discuss the effects of the RF impairments in already-established wireless technologies, e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive MIMO, full-duplex, and millimeter-wave communications and review existing estimation and compensation algorithms. Finally, future research directions investigate the RF impairments in emerging technologies, including cell-free massive MIMO communications, non-orthogonal multicarrier systems, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), ambient backscatter communications, and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted communications. Furthermore, we discuss artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for developing estimation and compensation algorithms for RF impairments.

Rank Constrained Precoding for the Downlink of mmWave Massive MIMO Hybrid Systems

The hybrid design of precoding schemes for millimeter-wave communications allows exploiting the gains by using large antenna array with an affordable hardware cost and power consumption. In this work, we present a novel design strategy based on limiting the rank of the fully digital solutions before their decomposition into the analog and digital baseband components. This rank constraint on the digital formulation leads to a joint precoding and scheduling scheme where the number of allocated streams is limited according to the hardware constraints. In this way, the proposed approach can significantly reduce the performance losses caused by the direct decomposition of the unconstrained digital precoders. The resulting rank-constrained problems for the considered scenario are not convex and difficult to sort out. However, we propose several algorithms to compute the rank-constrained digital solutions with the help of the uplink-downlink duality for the achievable sum-rate. The obtained results show that this strategy achieves considerably higher sum-rates regardless of the channel conditions or available hardware resources.

Cyber-Physical Energy Systems Security: Threat Modeling, Risk Assessment, Resources, Metrics, and Case Studies

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are interconnected architectures that employ analog and digital components as well as communication and computational resources for their operation and interaction with the physical environment. CPS constitute the backbone of enterprise (e.g., smart cities), industrial (e.g., smart manufacturing), and critical infrastructure (e.g., energy systems). Thus, their vital importance, interoperability, and plurality of computing devices make them prominent targets for malicious attacks aiming to disrupt their operations. Attacks targeting cyber-physical energy systems (CPES), given their mission-critical nature within the power grid infrastructure, can lead to disastrous consequences. The security of CPES can be enhanced by leveraging testbed capabilities in order to replicate and understand power systems operating conditions, discover vulnerabilities, develop security countermeasures, and evaluate grid operation under fault-induced or maliciously constructed scenarios. Adequately modeling and reproducing the behavior of CPS could be a challenging task. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the CPS security landscape with an emphasis on CPES. Specifically, we demonstrate a threat modeling methodology to accurately represent the CPS elements, their interdependencies, as well as the possible attack entry points and system vulnerabilities. Leveraging the threat model formulation, we present a CPS framework designed to delineate the hardware, software, and modeling resources required to simulate the CPS and construct high-fidelity models that can be used to evaluate the system's performance under adverse scenarios. The system performance is assessed using scenario-specific metrics, while risk assessment enables the system vulnerability prioritization factoring the impact on the system operation. The overarching framework for modeling, simulating, assessing, and mitigating attacks in a CPS is illustrated using four representative attack scenarios targeting CPES. The key objective of this paper is to demonstrate a step-by-step process that can be used to enact in-depth cybersecurity analyses, thus leading to more resilient and secure CPS.