Analgetic Effect Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect from Decoction of Itchy Leaves (Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd.)

Itchy leaves have the ability as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, asthma, antimalaria and antihypertension. Empirically in Maluku and Papua, itchy leaves are used topically to treat pain and inflammation. This study aims to examine the antiinflammatory and analgetic effects orally of an Itchy leaves decoction. Anti-inflammatory testing using the Winter method, rats were divided 5 groups negative control given aquadest, positive control given sodium diclofenac 1.8 mg/200 g BW rats, the test group given an infusion of itchy leaves dose 0.3 g/Kg BW (I), 0.6 g/Kg BW (I) and 1.2 g/Kg BW (III). Analgesics testing using Siegmund method, mice were divided 5 groups, negative control given aquadest, positive control given sodium diclofenac 0.26 mg/20 g BW mice, the test group given decoction of itchy leaves dose 0.4 g/Kg BW (I), 0.8 g/Kg BW (II) and 1.6 g/Kg BW (III). Results of Mann-whitney test, infusion of itchy leaves had a significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect on the negative control group, p value <0.05. Precentage of positive control edema inhibition and the test group dosage I, II, III was obtained by 27.94%; 15.97%; 25.89%; and 26.86%, percentage inhibition of positive control and the test group dosage I, II, III was obtained by 59.42%; 43.93%; 45.70% and 80.22%. Itchy leaves decoction has a lower anti-inflammatory effect than diclofenac sodium. The analgesics effect of decoction of Itchy leaves at doses of 0.4 g/Kg BW and 0.8 g/Kg BW was lower, dose of 1.6 g/Kg BW was higher than diclofenac sodium.

The Influence of Analgesic Wound Infiltration on Postoperative Pain and Inflammatory Cytokines in Open Colorectal Surgery: A Randomized Comparative Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: Surgical wound analgesia has been analyzed in many studies, but few have focused on its relationship with inflammatory markers. As such, we aimed to determine the influence of analgesic surgical wound infiltration in open colorectal surgery on the seric levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and the associated efficacy in postoperative pain control. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent open colorectal surgery were prospectively randomized: group 0, epidural analgesia; group 1, intravenous analgesia (control), group 2, preincision and prelaparoraphy infiltration; and, group 3, prelaparoraphy infiltration. Wound infiltration was performed with ropivacaine. We analyzed the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines before and 6 h after surgery and their correlation with pain scores. Results: The postoperative Il-6 levels were significantly lower in group 0 than in the control (p = 0.041). The postoperative Il-10 levels were significantly higher in group 3 (p = 0.029) than in the control. Six hours after the operation, the pain scores were significantly lower in all groups than in the control (p = 0.005, p = 0.022, and p = 0.017 for groups 0, 2, and 3, respectively). Pain scores were significantly correlated with Il-10 levels in group 2 (p = 0.047); in group 3, IL-10 levels directly correlated with those of Il-6 (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The analgetic effect of preincisional and prelaparoraphy analgetic infiltration was efficient. The analgetic infiltration of the surgical wound prior to closure stimulates both the inflammatory activator and regulator interleukins.

Comparing Different Multimodal Analgesia Protocols for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty-A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

Background: Several local regional anesthesia regimes have been described in the literature to reduce post-surgical pain following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but it is unclear which regime has the best analgetic effect combined with the best motor function. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with infiltration between the popliteal artery and capsule of the posterior knee (IPACK) combined with an adductor canal block (SACB) had less pain, better motor function, and less opioid consumption after TKA than patients with a femoral nerve block (FNB) combined with a popliteal sciatic nerve block (PSB). Methods: In a retrospective cohort analysis, 342 patients following primary TKA were examined; 175 patients were treated with an IPACK combined with a SACB, and 167 patients with a femoral FNB combined with a PSB. The outcome parameters postoperative pain (visual analogue scale (VAS) for mobilization and at rest, functional recovery, opioid consumption, hospital discharge, and complications were analyzed and compared between both groups. Results: The IPACK/SACB group had a higher postoperative need for opioids despite higher doses of ropivacaine compared to the FNB/PSB group, accompanied by higher VAS scores. Patients' satisfaction was equal between the groups. Both groups showed comparable mobilization rates and walking distances following TKA. Conclusions: IPACK/SACB showed equal results compared to FNB/PSB for mobilization rates and patients' satisfaction following TKA without a reduction in opioid consumption.

Kinetic biopharmaceutical studies of a new paracetamol–glucosamine analgetic drug

Background: Intercomponent drug interactions could play important role for drug release, membrane permeability and membranotropic action. Therefore, newly developed drugs need for checking their biopharmaceutical characteristics. A new analgetic drug based on paracetamol (Actimask® Acetaminoprofen) and a hepatoprotector N-acetyl-D-glucosamine has been developed, with increased safety and potentiation of the analgesic effect (Ruban O., 2022). Multibilayer lipid membranes were chosen as promising testing medium due to their proved appropriation and sensitivity for study multi-compound drug-membrane interactions. It is the basis for a kinetic approach allowing elucidation of biopharmaceutical interactions in model membrane medium. Objectives: Revealing changes of paracetamol release and membrane penetration in the new paracetamol-glucosamine analgetic drug as well as estimation the rationale of the approach developed to trace biopharmaceutical interactions in model membrane medium. Materials and Methods: L-a-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multibilayer membrane was used as a model biomimetic testing medium. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applicated to trace kinetics of drug-membrane interactions. Results: Gelatin as a part of Actimask® increased the characteristic time of paracetamol diffusion about threefold, but it had no pronounced effect on the equilibrium paracetamol penetration into the membrane. Sole glucosamine manifested no membranotropic effect under the experimental conditions, however, in combination with gelatin, it sufficiently reduced equilibrium paracetamol penetration while paracetamol diffusion remained within the experimental error. The full drug formulation increased membrantoropic effect by 34 % in compared with sole paracetamol. Conclusions: Glucosamine and gelatin can affect both kinetic and equilibrium parameters of paracetamol-membrane interactions, while the full set of the drug components is able to increase the effect which correlates well with the previously established enhancement of analgetic effect of the drugs. The approach developed allows accurate tracing of drug release and membrane penetration depending on a set of drug components. Generally, the results obtained prove the rationale of applying the approach to pre-clinical drug examination.

Pharmacological profiles and anti-inflammatory activity of pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP, new alpha9alpha10 nicotinic receptor ligands

Pain due to inflammation can be reduced by targeting the noncanonical nicotinic receptors (NCNR) in cells of the immune system that regulate the synthesis and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although NCNR do not generate ion channel currents, the pharmacology of ion-channel forms of the receptors can predict drugs which may be effective regulators of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory system (CAS). Agonists of α7 type receptors have been definitively associated with CAS. Receptors containing α9 and α10 subunits have also been implicated. We have recently characterized two small molecules, pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP, as selective α9α10 agonists and antagonists, respectively. We used these drugs, along with nicotine, an α7 agonist and α9α10 antagonist, to probe the mixed populations of receptors that are formed when α7, α9, and α10 are all expressed together in Xenopus oocytes. We also evaluated the effects of the CN-diEPP compounds on regulating the ATP-induced release of interleukin-1β from monocytic THP-1 cells, which express NCNR. The compounds successfully identified separate populations of receptors when all three subunits were co-expressed, including a potential population of homomeric α10 receptors. The α9α10 agonist pCN-diEPP was the more effective regulator of interleukin-1β release in THP-1 cells. pCN-diEPP was also fully effective in a mouse model of inflammatory pain, while mCN-diEPP had only partial effects, requiring a higher dosage. The analgetic effects of pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP were retained in α7 knockout mice. Taken together, our results suggest that drugs that selectively activate α9α10 receptors may useful to reduce inflammatory pain through the CAS.

Impact of antidepressant medication on the analgetic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of neuropathic pain. Preliminary findings from a registry study.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been found to be effective in chronic neuropathic pain conditions. However, information about the combined effects of rTMS and antidepressant treatment is scarce. We studied the outcome of rTMS and concurrent antidepressant treatment in patients with neuropathic pain. In this retrospective, real-world study, 34 patients with neuropathic pain, who were considered resistant or not benefitting from conventional treatment, received rTMS treatment between 2017 and 2020. Pain-related factors were measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Global Impression of Change (GIC), and Beck Depression Inventory. A decrease in pain intensity and pain interference assessed with NRS was observed after 10 treatment sessions in 16 patients. The impression of change was positive in 20 patients. Half of the patients (n=17) used antidepressant medication, while half (n=17) did not. A concurrent use of antidepressants with therapeutic rTMS was significantly linked with less pain intensity relief when compared with the nonuse of antidepressants (p=0.019). The impression of change was significantly in favor of the antidepressant nonuser group (p=0.002). No group differences in pain interference were found between the groups. Therapeutic rTMS for neuropathic pain is plausibly sensitive to interference with antidepressant medication. The exact mechanism of our findings remains to be elucidated; confirmatory studies are warranted.

Cancer pain relief with drugs and neurolytic nerve blocks

<p>Drug therapy with non-opioid, opioid and adjuvant drugs is the mainstay of cancer pain relief. The three step analgesic ladder, published by WHO in 1986 Geneva, is useful for oncologists and general practitioners.<br>The first step is giving minor analgesics and adjuvant drugs; the second is giving minor analgesics, weak opioid and adjuvant drugs; the third step is giving minor analgesics, strong opioids and adjuvant drugs. For those patients who have severe pain it is a waste of time to prescribe the drugs of the first and second step, we suggest to start immediately with strong opioids!<br>Analgetic drugs should be given by the clock: the next dose is given before the effect of previous one has fully worn off. In this way it is possible to relieve pain continuously.<br>In selected cases the analgetic effect of nerve blockade is much better than that of the drug treatment. With successful blockades the patient can stop taking analgetic drugs for a long period of time and the blockades can be performed repeatedly. We briefly summarise the three most effective neuroblockades.</p>.

Effects of a single transdermal administration of flunixin meglumine in early postpartum Holstein Friesian dairy cows: Part 1. Inflammatory and metabolic markers, uterine health, and indicators of pain.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of a single transdermal administration of flunixin meglumine (FM) in early postpartum Holstein Friesian dairy cows on serum concentrations of inflammatory and metabolic markers, uterine health, and indicators of pain. The hypothesis was that the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgetic effects of the pharmaceutic agent would reduce systemic inflammation, resulting in improved metabolic and inflammatory profile, diminished incidence of metritis, and reduced expression of pain. A total of 500 cows (153 primiparous, 347 multiparous) from 3 different commercial dairy farms in the northeast of Germany were included in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Farms were preselected based on high haptoglobin concentrations in their fresh lactating cows. Cows were excluded if they had experienced dystocia, stillbirth, or twin birth, or if they showed any signs of milk fever, retained fetal membranes, or fever (>40°C). The cows were treated once with either FM (3.33 mg/kg) or a placebo as control (CON) through transdermal administration between 24 to 36 h postpartum (d 2). General health examinations were performed (daily from d 2-8 and additionally on d 15 postpartum), vaginal discharge was assessed using the Metricheck device (d 8 and 15 postpartum) and serum samples were analyzed for inflammatory and metabolic markers (d 2, 4, and 6 postpartum). Effects of treatment, parity, sampling day, and their interactions were evaluated using mixed effects models. Primiparous cows treated with FM showed lower serum haptoglobin concentrations (0.90 ± 0.08 vs. 1.17 ± 0.07 g/L; ± standard error of the mean) and higher serum albumin concentrations (35.5 ± 0.31 vs. 34.8 ± 0.31 g/L) on d 6 postpartum. They also had a lower risk for purulent vaginal discharge with or without a fever compared with CON cows on d 15 postpartum (odds ratio for CON vs. FM: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.26-2.00), and body temperature was lower throughout the first 15 d in milk (39.1 ± 0.11 vs. 39.2 ± 0.11°C). Multiparous cows treated with FM had lower serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations on d 4 postpartum (0.71 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.05 mmol/L) and d 6 postpartum (0.74 ± 0.05 vs. 0.80 ± 0.05 mmol/L). Regardless of parity, FM-treated cows were significantly less likely to abduct their tail from their body (14.3 vs. 23.6%) and show an arched back (27.9 vs. 39.7%) on the day after treatment compared with CON cows. It can be concluded that FM treatment slightly reduced inflammation and diminished the risk for metritis in primiparous cows, improved metabolic profile in multiparous cows, and reduced expressions of pain in all cows.

Calcium-Dependent Interplay of Lithium and Tricyclic Antidepressants, Amitriptyline and Desipramine, on N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors.

The facilitated activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems promotes neuropathic pain. Amitriptyline (ATL) and desipramine (DES) are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) whose anti-NMDAR properties contribute to their analgetic effects. At therapeutic concentrations <1 µM, these medicines inhibit NMDARs by enhancing their calcium-dependent desensitization (CDD). Li+, which suppresses the sodium−calcium exchanger (NCX) and enhances NMDAR CDD, also exhibits analgesia. Here, the effects of different [Li+]s on TCA inhibition of currents through native NMDARs in rat cortical neurons recorded by the patch-clamp technique were investigated. We demonstrated that the therapeutic [Li+]s of 0.5−1 mM cause an increase in ATL and DES IC50s of ~10 folds and ~4 folds, respectively, for the Ca2+-dependent NMDAR inhibition. The Ca2+-resistant component of NMDAR inhibition by TCAs, the open-channel block, was not affected by Li+. In agreement, clomipramine providing exclusively the NMDAR open-channel block is not sensitive to Li+. This Ca2+-dependent interplay between Li+, ATL, and DES could be determined by their competition for the same molecular target. Thus, submillimolar [Li+]s may weaken ATL and DES effects during combined therapy. The data suggest that Li+, ATL, and DES can enhance NMDAR CDD through NCX inhibition. This ability implies a drug−drug or ion−drug interaction when these medicines are used together therapeutically.

Salvianolic acid B alleviates comorbid pain in depression induced by chronic restraint stress through inhibiting GABAergic neuron excitation via an ERK-CREB-BDNF axis-dependent mechanism

Pain comorbid with depression occurred frequently in clinical settings. This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism underlying antidepressant and analgetic effect of salvianolic acid B (SalB) in comorbid pain in depression induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS), which associates with GABAergic neuron activation in the amygdala and the ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. The differentially expressed genes related to comorbid pain in CRS-induced depression were screened through bioinformatics analysis. After CRS treatment for 3 weeks, depression-like behaviors were developed in GAD2-tdT mice. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit combined with retrograde tracer CTB-488 was injected into the parafascicular nucleus of thalamus to project GABAergic neurons to observe the labeling of neurons in the whole brain. After treatment with SalB and ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway inhibitor, CRS mice showed a variety of depression-like behaviors, accompanied by enhanced activity of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala projecting to parafascicular nucleus of thalamus. BDNF underexpression occurred in the CRS mice. Overexpressed BDNF activated ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway to alleviate comorbid pain in CRS-induced depression. After intraperitoneal injection of SalB, the depression-like behaviors and pain threshold in CRS mice were alleviated, the effects of which could be eliminated by ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway antagonist. Collectively, SalB inhibits the excitation of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala and activates the ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway through the parafascicular nucleus of thalamus, whereby alleviating comorbid pain in CRS-induced depression in mice.

ANALGESIC EFFECT OF BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM L AND CURCUMA XANTHORRIZA COMBINATION ON MICE'S INDUCED BY FORMALDEHYDE AS ARTHRALGIA AGENT

Arthralgia is pain in arthritis. Its prevalence is widespread and increasing every year and greatly affect quality of life. Bryophyllum pinnatum L (BP) leaves and Curcuma xanthorriza (CX) rhizomes potensially as antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory.In this study we examined the analgetic effects of both ethanolic BP and CX extract's combination on the analgetic score using formaldehyde induced.Male mice strain balb/c were divided into 7 groups (n=7), consists of control group (aquadest),aspirin group at a dose of 100mg/ mL,ethanolic extract group with various doses at 200mg/kg BB, p.o. Each group was induced by 0.05 ml Formaldehyde (2.5%) on day. Early phase nociceptive responses were measured in the first 5 minutes and late phase was measured at 15-30 minutes after formaldehyde induced.The analgetic score were determined on early phase and late phase,and then analyzed using ANOVA test.The results showed that the combination of BP and CX extract have analgesic activity in male mice's were induced by formaldehyde. Dose combination of BP and CX with a dose of 100:0 significantly showed optimum analgetic score.The results suggest that BP extract had analgetic activities that should be further examined and potentially candidate as exploited for arthralgia therapies

Assessment of xenon effect on postoperative pain syndrome severity in oncological patients: a randomized study

Introduction. The present study was designed to evaluate analgetic effect of xenon-oxygen mixture inhalations in oncological patients with abdominal tumors in postoperative period. Materials and methods. It was randomized blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, which was performed in 60 patients: 31 of them were in the main group and received xenon-oxygen mixture containing 25 ± 5 % xenon and other 29 were in the placebo group and received oxygen-air mixture. Results. According to the visual-analogical scale of pain, significant decreasing of the pain level was found in the main group after the inhalation and 30 minutes later in 90.3 % (p &lt; 0.01) and 80.6 % of patients (p &lt; 0.05) accordingly. The same result was found in the placebo group in 37.9 % of patients after oxygen-air mixture inhalation and 30 minutes later in 27.4 % of patients. The pain threshold measured with transcutaneal electroneurostimulation significantly increased in the xenon group after the inhalation (p &lt; 0.01) and 30 minutes later (p &lt; 0.05). In the placebo group no difference between the measurements was found. Conclusions. Xenon-oxygen mixture inhalation leads to the postoperative pain level reduction and increases the pain threshold in oncological patients.

Механизмы действия нимесулида: фокус на гистамин

Objective of the Review: To analyse available information on the nimesulide mechanism of action, namely of recent studies of COXindependent effects of nimesulide, affecting primarily histamine-mediated reactions. Key Points. Fast and lasting anti-inflammatory and analgetic effects of nimesulide are a result of a number of actions not associated with cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition. Of utmost interest are effects associated with suppression of immune and non-immune histamine secretion. Conclusion. An interesting effect of nimesulide is an impact on histamine secretion; it explains more pronounced analgetic and anti-inflammatory effect of nimesulide and a low risk of respiratory and GIT side effects. Keywords: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase, histamine, nimesulide.

Modern anesthesia in obstetrics as a component of the concept of safe anesthesia

Background. Anesthesia should be selected individually for each labor. Systemic analgesia of labor includes suggestive analgesia, narcotic analgesics, local infiltration and regional blockade, inhalation analgesia. It should be noted that there is no analgesic, sedative or local anesthetic that does not penetrate the placenta, affecting the fetus in any way.&#x0D; Objective. To describe modern anesthesia in obstetrics.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this issue.&#x0D; Results and discussion. Three groups of antispasmodics are used for analgesia: neurotropic (atropine, scopolamine), myotropic (papaverine, drotaverine) and neuromyotropic (baralgin). The main non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for this purpose include metamizole sodium, ketorolac tromethamine, diclofenac sodium. Inhalation autoanalgesia with nitrous oxide (N2O) is effective only in 30-50 % of women. When the concentration of N2O exceeds 50 %, the sedative effect increases and oxygenation decreases, which leads to the loss of consciousness and protective laryngeal reflexes. Such analgesia is indicated for low-risk patients who have refused from regional anesthesia. Epidural anesthesia (EDA) is the gold standard of labor anesthesia. The advantages of EDA include the option to change the degree of analgesia, the ability to continue pain relief until the end of labor and the minimal impact on the condition of both child and mother. Before manipulation, be sure to determine the platelet count and heart rate of the fetus. It is recommended to start EDA in the latent stage of labor. In patients with uterine scarring, early EDA is a mandatory component of medical care. The woman’s wish is the main indication for EDA. Indications for early catheterization of the epidural space include the presence of twins, preeclampsia, obesity, respiratory tract with special features. Headache is the most common complication of EDA. The use of pencil-point spinal needles minimizes the frequency of this complication. Adequate analgesia for uncomplicated labor should be performed with minimal concentrations of anesthetics with the least possible motor block. Local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine (Longocaine, “Yuria-Pharm”), ropivacaine) are used for EDA). Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia provides a rapid effect and long-term analgesia. For this purpose, 0.25 % Longocaine heavy (“Yuria-Pharm”) 2 mg and fentanyl 20 μg are administered intrathecally, followed by 0.225 % Longocaine 10 mg and fentanyl 20 μg epidurally. The technique of epidural dural puncture is a modification of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. This technique improves the caudal spread of analgesia compared to the epidural technique without the side effects seen with spinal-epidural anesthesia. The ideal local anesthetic should be safe for both mother and fetus, provide sufficient analgesia with minimal motor block, and not affect labor process. A single spinal injection of opioids may be effective, but it should be limited in time. The use of systemic opioids during labor increases the need for resuscitation of newborns and worsens the condition of their acid-base balance compared to basic regional anesthesia. Catheter techniques can be used in case of the increased labor duration. Nalbuphine (“Yuria-Pharm”), which eliminates the side effects of regional anesthesia, can also be successfully used. Analgesic effect of paracetamol (Infulgan, “Yuria-Pharm”) in case of intravenous administration exceeds the analgetic effect of tramadol, and the effect on the newborn condition according to the Apgar scale does not differ (Meenakshi et al., 2015). Paracetamol (Infulgan) is moderately effective for perineal pain on the first day after delivery. The possibility of use during lactation is an another advantage of paracetamol.&#x0D; Conclusions. 1. Pain during labor is an extremely stressful factor, so women should have access to quality analgesia and anesthesia. 2. There is no analgesic, sedative or local anesthetic that does not penetrate the placenta, affecting the fetus. 3. EDA is the gold standard of labor anesthesia. 4. Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia provides rapid effect and long-term analgesia. 5. The use of systemic opioids during labor increases the need for resuscitation of newborns and worsens the condition of their acid-base balance. 6. Nalbuphine and Infulgan have been used successfully for labor pain relief.

Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of the Normal Rabbit Joint

To determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on the rabbit joint, we studied skin and intraarticular temperatures and pressure both before and following the stimulation in nine rabbits. An elevation in skin temperature by a mean of 0.6 degrees C (p less than 0.05) and increase in intraarticular temperature by a mean of 0.8 degrees C (p less than 0.01) was noted following the electrical stimulation. Intraarticular pressure in the stimulated joints has only a trend to increase, but not significantly. In four other rabbits, synovial tissue of the stimulated joint showed blood vessels congestion and interstitial edema. These results suggest that the analgetic effect produced by electrical stimulation on joints may partially involve intraarticular temperature and pressure alterations.

Complex topical treatment of patients with infectious and inflammatory pharyngeal pathology

Pharyngalgia is one of the most common complaints in both children and adults seeking medical advice. The causes of throat discomfort and pain vary and are explained by anatomo-physiological characteristics of pharynx. The lesion of pharyngeal mucosa and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue develops in 80% of acute respiratory disease cases. Detailed history taking and additional tests are required to confirm the etiology of pharyngalgia that is not related to respiratory infection and to provide appropriate treatment for the patient. Fixed topical combination with complex effectiveness established itself as a leading choice of inflammatory pharynx diseases treatment. Such treatment has the following advantages: the precise point of drug effect, minimal amount of side effects or its complete absence and risk reduction of general micro biome affection. The treatment should also be able to reach hard-to-reach areas and have good sensory properties. The purpose of topical treatment in patients with pharyngeal pathology is to relieve pain quickly, to reduce the inflammation and to prevent secondary infection of mucosa. The drug containing tyrothricin as antibiotic, benzocaine as antiseptic provides antibacterial and benzalkonium chloride as antiseptic, antiviral and analgetic effects. Not only do the early diagnosis and treatment meet the need of the patient to relieve the symptoms quickly but also have a positive impact on disease course and prevent the development of complications.

EFEKTIVITAS ANALGETIK EKSTRAK ETANOL AKAR ALANG-ALANG (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv ) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to tissue damage, either actual or potential or described in the form of damage. Provision of therapeutic doses of analgesics relieve pain or suppress. Plants Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv empirically used as traditional medicine. The purpose of this study to know the analgetic effect of root ethanol extract of alang-alangImperata cylindrica L. Beauv.&#x0D; This study was done by infra red (IR) plantar test method with a wavelength of 96 nm. Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were given ethanol extract of Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv branches at a doses of 15 mg/kg bb, 30 mg/kg bb 60 mg/kg bb and one group was given 0,5% CMC Na (control) orally. After that, the time (second) hold infra red induction of pain every 10 minutes to 60 minutes. The data obtained were processed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed test the level of 95%.&#x0D; The results of phytochemical screening Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv is alkaloid, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid. Ethanol extract Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv dose of 15 mg/kg bb average induction able to withstand pain of 12,86; 14,34; 15,44; 19,2; 17,52; 15,42 second, the dose of 30 mg/kg bb 13,6; 17,08; 19,82; 18,44; 16,9; 16,48 second, and a dose of 60 mg/kg bb 16,96; 18,9; 18,94; 22,14; 18,0; 17,26 second.&#x0D; Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to tissue damage, either actual or potential or described in the form of damage. Provision of therapeutic doses of analgesics relieve pain or suppress. Plants Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv empirically used as traditional medicine. The purpose of this study to know the analgetic effect of root ethanol extract of alang-alangImperata cylindrica L. Beauv.&#x0D; This study was done by infra red (IR) plantar test method with a wavelength of 96 nm. Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were given ethanol extract of Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv branches at a doses of 15 mg/kg bb, 30 mg/kg bb 60 mg/kg bb and one group was given 0,5% CMC Na (control) orally. After that, the time (second) hold infra red induction of pain every 10 minutes to 60 minutes. The data obtained were processed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed test the level of 95%.&#x0D; The results of phytochemical screening Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv is alkaloid, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid. Ethanol extract Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv dose of 15 mg/kg bb average induction able to withstand pain of 12,86; 14,34; 15,44; 19,2; 17,52; 15,42 second, the dose of 30 mg/kg bb 13,6; 17,08; 19,82; 18,44; 16,9; 16,48 second, and a dose of 60 mg/kg bb 16,96; 18,9; 18,94; 22,14; 18,0; 17,26 second.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGETIC ACTIONS OF 1,3-DIAZINO-4 COMPOUNDS PYATD1 ACYCLIC PRECURSOR AND DAPSON

In the experiment performed on 144 Wistar male rats, the anti-inflammatory activities of a new diazinone derivative under the code of PYATd1 and dapsone, were studied in the model of acute exudative and chronic proliferative inflammation. The analgetic activity was studied by mechanical irritation against the background of formalin sia. The results obtained indicate that the compound PYATd1 has pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgetic effects, superior to dapsone and comparable to ibuprofen, diclofenac and nimesulide.

Analgetic effect of ozone therapy: myths of reality?

Introduction: Administration of an oxygen-ozone mixture is one of the innovative techniques used in single-drug or complex therapeutic schemes for treatment of many degenerative-dystrophic pathologies of the musculoskeletal system and related neurological complications. Aim: The aim was to determine the mechanisms of physiological action of the oxygen-ozone mixture in order to substantiate its efficacy for treatment of chronic pain syndrome with underlying degenerative-dystrophic pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. Material and methods: The article covers biochemical and pathomorphological studies that explain the mechanism of the pain syndrome and the potential effect of the ozone therapy. Results and discussion: The treatment schemes and benefits of different routes of ozone administration (intramuscularly, intravenously, intradiscally and intraarticularly) were analyzed. Diverse research data demonstrated influence on the causes of chronic pain, pathophysiological phases, and possible complications. The prospects of further studies for development of the most effective techniques for treatment of various pain syndromes were assessed. Conclusions: Ozone therapy is one of the alternative rehabilitation methods with a substantial pain relieving effect. As of today, the possibility of using the oxygen-ozone mixture for treatment of chronic back pain related to intervertebral disk hernia and fibromyalgia has been substantially confirmed.

Analgetic Effect of Two Solutions of Intracameral Anesthesia During Cataract Surgery in Patients

Analgetic Effect of Two Solutions of Intracameral Anesthesia During Cataract Surgery in Patients