Analgesic Test Research Articles

Dexmedetomidine, an α2 agonist, increases the morphine analgesic effect and decreases morphine tolerance development by suppressing oxidative stress and TNF/IL-1 signalling pathway in rats.

The aim of the present study is to examine the possible effect de dexmedetomidine on the development of morphine tolerance in rats including nociception, morphine analgesia, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/ interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathways. In this study, 36 Wistar Albino (225-245 g) rats were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups: saline (S), 20 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine (D), 5 mg/kg morphine (M), M + D, morphine tolerance (MT), and MT + D. The analgesic effect was measured with hot plate and tail-flick analgesia tests. After the analgesia tests, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) tissues were excised. Oxidative stress parameters [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS)], TNF, IL-1 and apoptosis enzymes (Caspase-3, Caspase-9), were measured in DRG tissues. Dexmedetomidine showed an antinociceptive effect when given alone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In addition, dexmedetomidine increased the analgesic effect of morphine (p < 0.001), and also decreased the tolerance to morphine at a significant level (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Moreover, it decreased oxidative stress (p < 0.001) and TNF/IL-1 levels when given as an additional drug of single-dose morphine and morphine tolerance group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dexmedetomidine decreased Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels after tolerance development (p < 0.001). Dexmedetomidine has antinociceptive properties, and it increases the analgesic effect of morphine and also prevents tolerance development. These effects probably occur by the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

Dexmedetomidina, un agonista de α2, incrementa el efecto analgésico de la morfina y reduce el desarrollo de tolerancia a la morfina suprimiendo el estrés oxidativo y la vía de señalización de TNF/IL-1 en ratas

BackgroundThe aim of the present study is to examine the possible effect de dexmedetomidine on the development of morphine tolerance in rats including nociception, morphine analgesia, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/ interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathways. Materials and methodsIn this study, 36 Wistar Albino (225–245 g) rats were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups: saline (S), 20 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine (D), 5 mg/kg morphine (M), M + D, morphine tolerance (MT), and MT + D. The analgesic effect was measured with hot plate and tail-flick analgesia tests. After the analgesia tests, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) tissues were excised. Oxidative stress parameters [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS)], TNF, IL-1 and apoptosis enzymes (Caspase-3, Caspase-9), were measured in DRG tissues. ResultsDexmedetomidine showed an antinociceptive effect when given alone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In addition, dexmedetomidine increased the analgesic effect of morphine (p < 0.001), and also decreased the tolerance to morphine at a significant level (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Moreover, it decreased oxidative stress (p < 0.001) and TNF/IL-1 levels when given as an additional drug of single-dose morphine and morphine tolerance group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dexmedetomidine decreased Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels after tolerance development (p < 0.001). ConclusiónDexmedetomidine has antinociceptive properties, and it increases the analgesic effect of morphine and also prevents tolerance development. These effects probably occur by the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

The Combination of Colocasia esculenta L. and Zingiber officinale Potentially Inhibits Inflammation and Pain

The active metabolites of Colocasia esculenta L. and Zingiber officinale L. have been reported to reduce pain and exert anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a combination of C. esculenta and Z. officinale extract. Thirty rats and mice were each divided into 6 groups (n=5), namely the normal group, negative control, positive control (Nadiclofenac), and 3 test groups were given a extract combination (dose 1.3 mg/20 gBW, 2.6 mg/20 gBW, and 5.2 mg/20 gBW). Winter's method was used for anti-inflammatory tests by inducing carrageenan in rat paws, and Sigmund's method was used for analgesic tests by the intraperitoneal induction of acetic acid in mice. The percentage of inhibition of leg edema in rats was 11.33%, 18.90%, and 19.10% for the three doses of the combined extracts of C. esculenta and Z. officinale, and 22.72% for Na-diclofenac (p&lt;0.05). The percentage inhibition in the analgesic test in the positive control group and the three test groups was 61.17%, 41.19%, 51.79%, and 52.35%, respectively (p&lt;0.05). The combination of the C. esculenta and Z. officinale extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Dose of 2.6 mg/20 gBW and 5.2 mg/20 gBW as effective as Na-diclofenac.

EFFECT OF THİAMİNE ON MORPHİNE ANALGESİA AND TOLERANCE İN RATS

Absract: The latest research have demonstrated that inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis plays a majör role in morphine analgesia and tolerance development. This search goals to examine the possible role of thiamine use on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the development of morphine analgesia and morphine tolerance in rats. &#x0D; Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were severed into six groups: saline, 100 mg/kg thiamine, 5 mg/kg morphine, thiamine + morphine, morphine tolerance and thiamine + morphine tolerance. The resulting analgesic effect was measured by hot plate and tail movement analgesia tests. TAS and TOS, inflammation parameters, and apoptosis protein levels of the dorsal root ganglion tissues sample were measured using an ELISA kit. &#x0D; Results: When thiamine was given alone, it did not show anti-nociceptive effect (p&gt;0.05). In addition, thiamine enhanced the analgesic effect of morphine (p &lt; 0.05) and also significantly reduced tolerance to morphine (p &lt; 0.05). However, it reduced TOS when administered with a single dose of morphine and tolerance induction (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, thiamine reduced apoptosis protein levels after tolerance development (p &lt; 0.05). &#x0D; Conclusion: Consequently, these results may attain by reducing TOS, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Integrating in vivo and in silico approaches to investigate the potential of Zingiber roseum rhizome extract against pyrexia, inflammation and pain

Zingiber roseum is a perennial herb in the Zingiberaceae family. The plant is native to Bangladesh, and rhizomes are frequently used in traditional medicine to cure gastric ulcers, asthma, wounds, and rheumatic disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyse the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of Z. roseum rhizome to confirm its efficacy in traditional applications. After 24 h of treatment, ZrrME (400 mg/kg) showed a considerable drop in rectal temperature (3.42°F) compared to standard paracetamol (5.26°F). At both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), ZrrME showed a substantial dose-dependent decrease in paw oedema. However, after 2, 3 and 4 h of testing, the extract (200 mg/kg) had a lower anti-inflammatory response than standard indomethacin, whereas the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of rhizome extract had a more robust response compared to standard. ZrrME also showed substantial analgesic activity against all in vivo analgesic test models. The in vivo findings were further evaluated by in silico study of our previously identified compounds of ZrrME with the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (3LN1). The substantial binding energy (ranges from-6.2 to-7.7 Kcal/mol) of the polyphenols (excluding catechin hydrate) to the COX-2 enzyme affirm the in vivo test results of the present studies. In addition, the compounds were found effective as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents, according to the biological activity prediction software. Both in vivo and in silico results demonstrated promising antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving effects of Z. roseum rhizome extract, which corroborate the claim of its traditional uses.

Film Forming Systems for Delivery of Active Molecules into and across the Skin

We have investigated delivery systems that can form a structured matrix film on the skin after their application. In a previous work, we have shown that Weblike film forming systems (also called Pouches Drug Delivery Systems, PDDS) enable enhanced skin delivery of the incorporated molecules. These delivery systems are composed of one or more phospholipids, a short-chain alcohol, a polymer and optionally water. In this work, we continue the investigation and characterization of Weblike carriers focusing on some factors affecting the delivery properties such as components concentration and mode of application on the skin. Upon non-occluded application on the skin, the systems dry rapidly, forming a web-like structured film. Lidocaine, Ibuprofen, FITC and Cannabidiol are molecules with various physico-chemical properties that were incorporated in the carrier. The systems were tested in a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results of the in vitro permeation of Ibuprofen through porcine skin indicated two-fold delivery through the skin of Ibuprofen when applied from our Weblike system in comparison with a nanovesicular carrier, the ethosome. We also have investigated weblike systems containing hemp seed oil (HSO). This addition enhanced the film's ability to deliver lipophilic molecules to the deeper skin layers, leading to an improved pharmacodynamic effect. In analgesic tests carried out in a pain mice model following one hour application of CBD in Weblike system with and without HSO, the number of writhing episodes was decreased from 29 in the untreated animals to 9.5 and 18.5 writhes, respectively. The results of our work open the way towards a further investigation of Weblike film forming systems containing drugs for improved dermal and transdermal treatment of various ailments.

Effectiveness of Basil, Lime, Honey, Candlenut, and Tiwai Onion Herbs Combination as Analgesics and Stamina Stimulator

Traditional medicine is generally considered to be safer than modern medicine because it has lower incidence of side effects and also relatively easy to obtain. The purpose of this study was to examine the analgesic effect of herbs made of basil, lime, honey, candlenut, and Tiwai onions as well as to evaluate the potential of these herbs as a stamina stimulator. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Management Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, from January–February 2022. Mice were divided into four groups based on the treatment dose with each group consisted of five mice. An analgesic test was conducted using hot water immersion tail-flick test method and the stamina test was performed with swimming endurance test. Data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and Minitab 19. Significant differences of the average of each group were shown statistically using the one-way ANOVA and confirmed with Tukey test. Results showed that mice given the combination herbal medicine infusion of with a dose of 4 g/kg body weight had the highest average tail lift time compared to the controls (p&lt;0.05). Mice with a treatment dose of 1 g/kg body weight had the highest analgesic power compared to the other treatment doses. The highest swimming duration was observed in group that received a dose of 1 g/kg body weight. It is concluded that this herbal combination can be used as an analgesic and a stamina stimulator.

UJI DAYA ANALGETIK DAN ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOLIK DAUN SINGKONG (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) PADA MENCIT GALUR SWISS

Background: Flavonoids are compounds that can function as analgesics and anti-inflammatory. Cassava leaves are known to contain flavonoids with the main content of rutin. The routine flavonoid content in the ethanolic extract of cassava leaves is 4.987% so that it has the potential to be developed as traditional medicine. Objective: This study aimed to determine the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of cassava leaf ethanolic extract (EEDS) and the effect of varying doses of EEDS on analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: This study was a completely randomized experimental study with a unidirectional pattern in mice aged 2-3 months and weighing 20-30 grams. Analgesic testing method used the stretching method with 1% acetic acid as the induction, while the anti-inflammatory test used the edema thickness measurement method with 1% carrageenin induction. The results of the percentage of protection, the change in the percentage of protection, and the percentage of anti-inflammatory power were statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that EEDS was green-black in color, bitter in taste, 7% drying loss, 12.31% w/w yield and positive for flavonoids. EEDS has analgesic power at a dose of 70; 140; and 280 (mg/kgBB) with a percentage of protection of 26.59%; 24.45%; and 21.96%; change in percentage of protection by 65.75%; 68.51%; and 71.72%. EEDS at a dose of 35; 70; and 140 (mg/kgBW) has a percentage of anti-inflammatory power of 44.93%; 37.34%; and 30.75%. Conclusion: The higher the dose of EEDS, the higher the analgesic power but the lower the anti-inflammatory power

Comparative investigation of analgesic tolerance to taurine, sodium salicylate and morphine: Involvement of peripheral muscarinic receptors

Nowadays various analgesic medications are used for the management of acute and chronic pain. Among these opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs stand in the first line of therapy, however, prolonged administration of these substance is generally challenged by development of analgesic tolerance in patients. Therefore, it is highly valuable to find new pharmacological strategies for prolonged therapeutic procedures. In this respect, Taurine, a free amino acid, has been shown to induce significant analgesia at both spinal and peripheral levels through cholinergic mechanisms. In the present study, we used hot-plate analgesic test to investigate how taurine either as a single medication or in combination with sodium salicylate and morphine may affect both acute response to pain and development of analgesic tolerance. The effect of taurine was also tested on morphine withdrawal syndrome. Hyoscine butyl bromide was used to assess the role of muscarinic receptors in taurine-mediated effects. Finally, biochemical assay was done to reveal how the activity of brain acetylcholinesterase may change in relation with muscarinic receptor activity. Results indicated that acute administration of taurine-sodium salicylate combination causes more potent analgesia compared to the use of tau (but not SS alone) and this seems to be mediated via activity of muscarinic receptors in peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, the effect of this combination undergoes less analgesic tolerance during time. Combination of taurine and morphine is an effective strategy to attenuate both morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence and this also seems to depend on activity of muscarinic receptors, however through differential cellular mechanisms.

Blockade of orexin receptor type-1 by SB-334867 and activation of orexin receptor type-2 attenuate morphine tolerance in rats.

The interaction of orexinergic neurons with the opioidergic system and their effects on morphine analgesia and tolerance have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of the orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor (OX1R and OX2R) agonist and antagonist on morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats. A total of 90 Wistar albino male rats weighing 180-220 g wereused in the experiments. To induce morphine tolerance, rats were injected with a single dose of morphine (50 mg kg-1, s.c.) for 3 days. Morphine tolerance was assessed on day 4 in randomly selected rats by analgesia tests. In order to evaluate morphine tolerance situation, orexin-A, SB-334867, orexin-B andTCSOX2 29 were administered together with morphine for 3 days. The analgesic effects of orexin-A (10 μg kg-1), OXR1 antagonist SB-334867 (10 mg kg-1), OXR2 agonist orexin-B (15 μg kg-1), OXR2 antagonist TCS OX2 29 (0.5 mg kg-1) and morphine (5 mg kg-1) were measured at 15 or 30-min intervals by tail-flick and hot-plate antinociceptive tests. The results suggested that the combination of orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 and orexin-B with morphine significantly increased the analgesic effect compared to morphine-tolerant rats. In addition, administration of orexin-A and -B alone showed significant analgesic effects compared to the saline group. However, co-administration of orexin-A and -B with morphine didnot increase the analgesic efficacy of morphine. The results of this study demonstrated that co-administration of SB-334867 and orexin-B with morphine attenuated morphine tolerance. Further studies are needed to elucidate the details of the interaction between orexin receptors and the opioidergic system.

Chemical profile and biological properties of the essential oil of Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine

Aromatic and medicinal plants are an important source of natural products, including essential oils. These volatile oils are endowed with large spectra of biological and pharmacological properties. The species of Thymus genus belonging to Lamiaceae family produce significant amounts of essential oils with high bioactivity. Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine. (T. atlanticus) is an endemic thyme species that grows in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains. T. atlanticus, along with other Thymus species, have numerous traditional uses and therapeutic applications in Morocco. Regardless, toxicity, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties of the essential oils of this thyme have never been studied before. In this paper, the chemical composition, acute toxicity, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. atlanticus are investigated. The results of the chemical composition using GC/MS analysis showed that thymol (23.7%) and carvacrol (22.8%) are the major volatile constituents of this thyme. Moreover, the acute toxicity assessment showed that the essential oil of T. atlanticus is not toxic at 2 g/kg bw. In addition, the oil of this thyme has an important amount of phenolic compounds (6.06 GAE mg/g EO) and a good antioxidant activity (IC50 DPPH = 0.21 mg/ml). The analgesic tests showed that the volatile oil of this thyme induced analgesic effects, suggesting anti-nociceptive actions in both chemical and thermal models of nociception. In addition, T. atlanticus essential oil produced a significant anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by inhibition of ear edema induced by phenol (% of edema was 19.39% for essential oil treatment group compared to 77.59% for edema control group). These findings provide support for the traditional use of T. atlanticus in the Moroccan High Atlas folk medicine. Further investigations are recommended for the possible development of natural antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory products from the essential oils of T. atlanticus.

A Humanized In Vitro Model of Innervated Skin for Transdermal Analgesic Testing.

Sensory innervation of the skin is essential for its function, homeostasis, and wound healing mechanisms. Thus, to adequately model the cellular microenvironment and function of native skin, in vitro human skin equivalents (hSE) containing a sensory neuron population began to be researched. In this work, a fully human 3D platform of hSE innervated by induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptor neurospheres (hNNs), mimicking the native mode of innervation, is established. Both the hSE and nociceptor population exhibit morphological and phenotypical characteristics resembling their native counterparts, such as epidermal and dermal layer formation and nociceptor marker exhibition, respectively. In the co-culture platform, neurites develop from the hNNs and navigate in 3D to innervate the hSE from a distance. To probe both skin and nociceptor functionality, a clinically available capsaicin patch (Qutenza) is applied directly over the hSE section and neuron reaction is analyzed. Application of the patch causes an exposure time-dependent neurite regression and degeneration. In platforms absent of hSE, axonal degeneration is further increased, highlighting the role of the skin construct as a barrier. In sum, an in vitro tool of functional innervated skin with high interest for preclinical research is established.

CYP2D in the brain impacts oral hydrocodone analgesia in vivo

Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) metabolises many centrally-acting substrates including opioids. Hydrocodone, an opioid and CYP2D substrate, is metabolised to hydromorphone, an active metabolite. CYP2D in the brain is active in vivo and can alter drug response however, it is unknown whether metabolism by CYP2D in the brain alters oral hydrocodone induced analgesia. Propranolol, a selective CYP2D mechanism-based inhibitor, or vehicle, was administered into the right cerebral ventricle of male rats, (HAN Wistars, Envigo), 24 h before testing for analgesia from oral hydrocodone (or hydromorphone, a non-CYP2D substrate). Hydrocodone and its CYP2D-mediated metabolites were simultaneously quantified using a novel LC-MS/MS assay. After propranolol vs vehicle pretreatment, there was significantly higher analgesia from oral hydrocodone, and a significantly lower brain CYP2D metabolic ratio (an in vivo phenotype of brain CYP2D activity that was derived from the molar sum of hydromorphone and its metabolites divided by hydrocodone). The brain CYP2D metabolic ratio correlated significantly with analgesia. There was no pretreatment effect on plasma hydrocodone concentrations, elimination rates, or metabolic ratio (an in vivo phenotype for hepatic CYP2D activity). The liver CYP2D metabolic ratio did not correlate with analgesia. Propranolol pretreatment had no impact on analgesia from oral hydromorphone. These data suggest that inhibited CYP2D activity in brain, causing reduced metabolism of brain hydrocodone, resulted in higher analgesia from oral hydrocodone, despite hydrocodone having a lower μ-opioid receptor affinity than hydromorphone. Thus, variation in CYP2D in the brain may be an important source of interindividual differences in response to CYP2D substrates, including oral hydrocodone.

Analgetik Power Test Of Herba Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Ethanol Extract On Mice (Mus musculus) With Acetic Acid Induction

. Indonesia is a country with an abundance of potential natural resources. Herbaceous plants, which are found in forests and are smaller than trees or shrubs, have moist stems, and are not woody, are one type of plant utilized in traditional medicine. Katuk is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. This study aims to examine the analgesic effectiveness of katuk herb (Sauropus androgynus) in mice (Mus musculus) compared to diclofenac sodium.&#x0D; The method used for the analgesic test is the stretching method. Twenty-five mice were separated into five groups, each with five mice in a row, namely positive control (diclofenac sodium), negative control (Na-CMC 0,5%), dose 1 (8.4 mg/20 g BW), dose 2 (11.2 mg/20 g BW), and dose 3 (14 mg/20 g BW). Each group was administered the test material orally, then 1 percent acetic acid intraperitoneally 30 minutes later, and the number of stretches was counted every 15 minutes for 90 minutes.&#x0D; The results obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA test. The test results revealed that the higher the dose of katuk herbs given, the better the analgesic effect. Based on the ANOVA test and LSD test, katuk herb at dose 3 had a higher effectiveness than the positive control and the treatment group at dose 1, and dose 2.

Comparative anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of fractions of Allium cepa l. bulb red cultivar extracts in rats and mice

Pain and inflammation are amongst the most classical clinical signs of acute and chronic common diseases in humans and animals. Globally, these had led to losses of human and financial resources. This was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of four fractions of serially produced extracts of red cultivar Allium cepa L. bulbs in laboratory rats and mice. Extracts of red cultivar Allium cepa L. bulbs were serially extracted by macerating oven-dried onion bulbs in four (4) solvents (N-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and methanol). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic tests were carried out using Carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats and acetic acid induced abdominal writhe in mice respectively. The results revealed that while the extracts of solvents on either extremes of the polarity index (n-Hexane and methanol) were very mild in their anti-inflammatory effects, the effects of chloroform and ethyl acetate were 74.36% and 78.85% inhibition, respectively. However, the analgesic effects of all the extracts were generally low. The 50 mg/kg methanol fraction of the red cultivar A. cepa was significantly better than all the other fractions with 35% abdominal writhe inhibition in mice. This research shows that ethyl acetate fraction of the red cultivar Allium cepa extracts performed excellently as an anti-inflammatory while none of the extracts exhibited appreciable analgesic effect.

Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl: a potential source of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that accelerates the biosynthesis of PGs during inflammation and has emerged as an important therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Natural compounds may serve as a source of inspiration for pharmaceutical chemists and a foundation for developing innovative COX-2 inhibitors with fewer side effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the potent COX-2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity of the Fimbristylis aestivalis whole plant extract (FAWE). The plant extract was found dominant with rosmarinic acid followed by catechin hydrate, syringic acid, rutin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, quercetin, myricetin, and catechol. FAWE exhibited considerable dose-dependent analgesic efficacy in all analgesic test models. FAWE also showed promising anti-inflammatory potential in carrageenan-induced inflammations in mice. This result was corroborated by molecular docking, revealing that the aforesaid natural polyphenols adopt the same orientation as celecoxib in the COX-2 active site. On the other hand, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed between the most abundant components (rosmarinic acid, catechin hydrate, and syringic acid) and COX-2. Based on hydrogen bonding, RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, PCA, and Gibbs free energy landscape analysis, the results demonstrated that these compounds are very stable in the active site of COX-2, indicating substantial COX-2 inhibitory activity.

AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES EXTRATOS DA CASCA DE ANNONA SQUAMOSA PARA POTENCIAL ANALGÉSICO

Medicinal plants are increasingly being investigated in order to find compounds of biotechnological interest. In this context, underused parts of plants reported as medicinal are of high interest for bioprospecting and sustainability. Sugar apple, Annona squamosa, is a fruit plant well used in Brazil and fits this profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the extraction of compounds from the fruit peel of sugar apple by different solvents and to evaluate which one has the best analgesic activity. Ripe sugar apples were collected in Recife, PE, and the bark powder was extracted with water, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and cyclohexane. Screening was performed to identify several primary and secondary metabolites and an analgesic test was performed to confirm the biological potential. The yield was according to the degree of polarity of the extract, extracts with higher polarity showed higher yield. In addition, the aqueous and methanolic extracts showed a greater variety of constituents and greater analgesic potential, just over 50%. Water and methanol proved to be efficient in the extraction of compounds of medicinal interest from the peel of sugar apple. Of these, water is considered the solvent of choice, given the risk of toxicity caused by methanol.

Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of Jamblang (Syzygium cumini (l). Skeel) Leaves Ethanol Extract

Analgesic-antipyretic is a compound used to reduce pain and fever. This study aims to determine whether the ethanol extract of Syzygiumium cumini leaves has analgesic and antipyretic activity in mice (Mus musculus) induced by acetic acid and peptone. The method used was the Writhing method with acetic acid induction fanalgesiasic and the rectal temperature measurement method for antipyretic testing. This research was started by extracting Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels leaves with 70% ethanol solvent by maceration. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels leaves extract was then tested in 5 groups the s, positive control growth as up given paracetamol for antipyretic testing and mefenamic acid for analgesic testing, negative control group ( Na.CMC suspension), a dose of 6 mg/Kg, 9 mg/Kg and 12 mg/Kg of body weight. The results indicate that the ethanol extract Syzygiumium cumini leaves has analgesic and antipyretic activity at all treatment doses and the most effectivect is at a dose of 6 kg BW&#x0D; KEYWORD : Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels, Mice, Analgesic, Antipyretic

Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Seriphidium kurramenses

Seriphidium kurramenses traditionally medicinal plant usually not present in Pakistan is used in different biological activities to cure various ailments. However, scare studies are present on S. kurramenses regarding to its medicinal importance to treat fever, inflammation and pain. The purpose of present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of S. kurramenses stem and leaves in ethanolic extract on albino rats. Methodi anti-inflammatory actions were evaluated by injecting carrageenan in rats which caused edema. S. kurramenses produced significant (P&lt;0.005) reduction in edema at 200 and 50mg/kg doses with respective percentages (90, 81%) of leaf and stem extract as compared to standard (diclofenac, 90%) and control (normal saline, 100%) groups. Meanwhile, antipyretic activity was examined by inducing brewer’s yeast in albino rats which induced pyrexia. S. kurramenses showed significant reduction (P&lt;0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (50mg/kg, 50mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf (95%) and stem extract (100%) as compared to standard (brewer’s yeast 81%) and control groups (normal saline 100%). Similarly, analgesic test was assessed by injecting acetic acid which induced writhing movements and these movements were reduced (&gt;0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (400mg/kg, 400mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf and stem extracts (52%, 56%) as compared to standard (diclofenac, 48%) and control groups (100%). It is concluded that the extract of S. kurramenses exhibit significant (P&lt;0.005) results in case of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities but insignificant (&gt;0.005) in analgesic activity.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Musa balbisiana Peels In Vivo

Musa balbisiana Peels (MBP) contains high levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Flavonoids function to slow down the inflammatory process by inhibiting the arachidonic acid, forming prostaglandins, and releasing histamine. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MBP decoction. This study used the Winter method for anti-inflammatory assay by induction of carrageenan on the soles of rat's feet and Sigmund's method for analgesic assay with intraperitoneal induction of acetic acid in mice. Group I as a negative control, group II as a positive control with diclofenac sodium, group III as a low dose (200 mg/kg BW of MBP), group IV as a medium dose (400 mg/kg BW of MBP), and group V as a high dose (800 mg/kg BW of MBP decoction). The percentage of inhibition in the anti-inflammatory test in rats for groups II, III, IV, and V was 34.43%, 17.68%, 25.53%, and 25.4%, and the percentage of effectiveness for the anti-inflammatory test, respectively, was 51.35%, 74.15%, and 74.01%. The results of the percentage inhibition of the analgesic test in mice for groups II, III, IV, and V were 55.25%, 38.52%, 44.53%, and 49.31%, and the percentage of effectiveness for the analgesic test, respectively, followed by 69.71%, 80.59%, and 89.24%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the decoction of the MBP has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.