Analgesic Activity Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

Chemical analysis and analgesic activity of methanol extract of Crinium Jagus bulb in BALB/c mice

Chemical analysis and analgesic activity of methanol extract of Crinium Jagus bulb in BALB/c mice

English

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is an arborescent monocotyledon of the Arecaceae family. It is a plant originated from tropical rainforest of West Africa. For centuries, it has been a source of food and a natural remedy against several pathologies. The aim of the present research was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic extract E. guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) leaves and phytochemical groups. Extraction with methanol and various liquid-liquid fractionations were carried out. These extract and fractions were administered orally at different doses. The experiments were performed on models of carrageenan-induced inflammatory edema in rat and acetic acid-induced pain in mouse. The extraction protocols gave a methanolic extract and different fractions, methanolic tannins free, alkaloid, terpenoid, and flavonoid. The methanolic extract administered at doses of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg significantly prevents inflammatory edema. The percentages of increase in edema 5 h after induction are 38.31±3.55, 37.48±4.98, 40.82±4.14 versus 92.72±6.05 in the control group. The same profiles are observed with the methanolic fractions tannins free, flavonoid and terpene. However, the latter show dose-dependent activities between 1 and 3 mg/kg. The methanol fraction tannins free at 3 mg/kg is better in preventing inflammatory edema. Oral tannin-free methanolic fraction significantly prevents acetic acid-induced pain in mice. Elaeis guineensis leaves possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on models of carrageenan-induced inflammatory edema in rat and acetic acid-induced pain in mouse. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities could be linked to the combined action of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes, on the different targets of the inflammatory reaction. Key words: Elaeis guinensis Jacq., anti-inflammatory, analgesic, methanolic extract, alcaloïds, flavonoïds, terpenes

Analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Flemingia strobilifera

The roots of Flemingia strobilifera were extracted in absolute methanol to determine their analgesic activity. The analgesic activity was assessed on intact mice by tail flick latency in tail immersion method. Acetylsalicylic acid in the dose of 300 mg/kg is used as standard drug. Plant extracts were given in the doses of 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Control group received 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution. All the doses administered orally. Results showed that F. strobilifera had potent analgesic activity.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of leaf and stem bark extracts of ficus religiosa in wistar rats

Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage. Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) & Opioids are wide analgesics, but because of adverse effects, their use is limited. Ficus Religiosa is a traditional medicinal plant, its various parts have been used in treating some conditions. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of leaves and stem bark of Ficus Religiosa at different doses. Materials & Methodology: This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology. Two doses of methanolic extract of leaves (100 & 200 mg/kg) and stem bark (125 & 250 mg/kg) of ficus religiosa were used. Wistar rats were used to evaluate analgesic activity and it was evaluated by using analgesiometer by tail flick method. Phytochemical screening of both the extracts were also done. Results: Both the extracts at their respective doses showed significant analgesic activity as compared with the control group, whereas it was not comparable with the standard drug ibuprofen (40 mg/kg p.o). Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that both the extracts of ficus religiosa were showing analgesic activity. But this analgesic activity is not comparable with the standard drug Ibuprofen.

CNS Depressant and Analgesic Activities of Thysanolaena maxima Roxb. Available in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, numerous tribal people of Chittagong Hill Tracts have been using different parts of Thysanolaena maxima Roxb. for many years. The present study was designed to investigate CNS depressant and analgesic activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of the plant in mice models. CNS depressant activity of the crude extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated using open field, hole cross and thiopental-induced sleeping time tests using diazepam as the standard. Analgesic activity was determined using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests using diclofenac sodium as the standard. The extract showed dose dependent suppression of locomotion in open field and hole cross tests and exerted sedative action in thiopental induced sleeping time. In the open field and the hole-cross tests, maximum CNS depressant activity was observed at 90 min after administration of extract and the standard drug. The extract significantly induced the onset of sleep and prolonged the sleeping time in thiopental induced sleeping test compared to the control group. The extract produced significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activity by inhibiting writhing by 41.89% and 60.81%, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively, which was comparable to the inhibition of diclofenac sodium (73.64%). Additionally, in hot plate test, the extract exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in pain threshold in a dose dependent manner. The findings of the study are encouraging and demands further investigation of other bioactivities with isolation of pure compounds. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 227-233, 2021 (December)

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of the Methanolic Extract and the Residual Fraction of the Stem Bark of Daniellia oliveri (Fabaceae)

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Daniellia oliveri methanolic extract and its fractions in NMRI mice.
 Study Design: In vivo acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic assays.
 Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out in the Department of Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Pharmacy (MEPHATRA / PH) of the Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS) Ouagadougou (Burkina- Faso) between December 2020 and February 2021.
 Methodology: The toxicity of the extracts was assessed according to OECD guideline 423 of 2001 at a single dose of 2000 mg / kg body weight. Analgesic effect was evaluated on the number of abdominal contortions induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid and the anti-inflammatory activity using the Carrageenan anti-edematous test was determined according to Winter.
 Results: The results of the acute oral toxicity study in mice showed no clinical signs of toxicity at dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. The lethal dose (LD50) value estimated to 5000 mg/kg. The extracts reduced edema from the first hour, then by the third hour and maximum inhibition was achieved by the fifth hour after the injection of carrageenan. Extract and methanolic fraction at different doses showed significant inhibition of abdominal contortions in mice in a dose dependent manner. At 200mg the analgesic effect of methanolic fraction and crude extract was 53.70±1.29% and 41.38±1.25% respectively. At 400 mg/kg, the methanolic fraction inhibited carragenaan-induced edema by 85.97±5.67%.
 Conclusion: Daniellia oliveri is an important source of anti-inflammatory and analgesic compounds, justifying the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Aitchisonia Rosea in Albino Mice

Objective: Current analysis aims at in-vivo investigation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aitchisonia rosea methanolic extract.
 Methods: Albino mice (20-30 g) were used in the study. Extract at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses was tested against egg albumin and carrageenan induced mice paw edema along with formalin persuaded paw licking and acetic acid prompted writhing for analgesic activity.
 Results: Results depicted dose reliant and significant (p<0.001) inhibition of carrageenan as well as egg albumin brought paw edema, abdominal constrictions/ hind limb stretching tempted by acetic acid and formalin instigated paw licking. Capability of crude extract to halt inflammatory and analgesic response was akin to that of ibuprofen in all models.
 Conclusion: The current findings support the use of Aitchisonia rosea for inflammatory conditions, which might be attributed to its previously proven high alkaloid, flavonoids, phenol, tannins content and free radical scavenging activity.

INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF NF-κB, COX-1, COX-2, COMT, IL-10, IL-6 AND TNF-α IN MODULATING ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES

Objective: To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides (MEEP) along with its molecular mechanistic pathway.
 Methods: Swiss albino female mice and Wistar rats of either sex were administered orally with MEEP extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and pentazocine, tramadol and diclofenac sodium, as standard drugs. Following administration, anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing test, Eddy’s hot plate, and hot water immersion test. Serum was collected for molecular expression of various proteins and genes using Reverse Transcriptase PCR and Western Blotting.
 Results: Acetic acid writhing test, a frequently used method to assess peripheral analgesic activity, revealed that MEEP reduced peripherally induced pain in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, Eddy’s hot plate and hot water immersion methods, often implicated for testing central analgesic activities, showed that MEEP is bestowed with the capability to counteract analgesia in a dose and time-dependent manner. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors like COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB that cause inflammatory responses and pain were significantly reduced, suggesting its analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. This analgesic and the anti-inflammatory role played by MEEP is also supported by the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and COMT and COX-1 enzyme demonstrated no significant difference between the groups.
 Conclusion: The study revealed the weak peripheral and potent central analgesic property MEEP by modulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Neolamarckia cadamba and its bioactive monoterpenoid indole alkaloids

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNeolamarckia cadamba has been used traditionally to treat inflammation, fever, and pruritus in the Dai ethnopharmacy in Yunnan province, P.R. China. However, according to literature survey, the action basis of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of this plant were rarely reported, which accounts for the original intentions of this investigation. Aim of the studyThe study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of methanolic extract (ME), ethyl acetate (EA), and aqueous (AQS) fractions of N. cadamba and further explore the accurate compounds responsible for the activities of EA fraction. Materials and methodsThe in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ME, EA, and AQS fractions at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and two major constituents (compounds 5 and 7) at 50 and 100 mg/kg via intragastrically administrated, respectively, were evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-stimulated writhing animal models. Aspirin (ASP) was used as the positive control at the dose of 200 mg/kg. The monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) in EA fraction were phytochemically studied utilizing chromatographic techniques, and their structures and absolute configurations were established on the basis of multiple spectroscopic analyses and quantum computational chemistry method. Moreover, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were assessed by suppressing releases of LPS-activated inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Dexamethasone (DXM) was used as the positive control. ResultsThree fractions (ME, EA, and AQS) significantly ameliorated the paw edema caused by carrageenan and reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in comparison to the control group at the doses of 200 and/or 400 mg/kg (in vivo). Subsequent phytochemical investigation of EA fraction led to the structural characterization of four new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, neocadambines A–D (1–4), as well as eight known analogues (5–12). Neocadambine A possesses a novel 14-nor-MIA skeleton that could be derived from the corynantheine-type MIAs via oxidative cleavage of C3–C14 bond and subsequently degradation of C14. Moreover, the structure of a bioactive known MIA, cadambine acid (6), was reassigned by analysis of its NMR spectroscopic data. Further biological assays revealed that the major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) significantly relieved the paw edema and decreased the number of writhing at 100 mg/kg in vivo. In addition, most of the isolates displayed remarkable in vitro anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of aforementioned inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, and compounds 4, 7, and 9 showed better anti-inflammatory effects than that of positive control, dexamethasone. ConclusionsThis study further validated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of N. cadamba, and revealed that monoterpenoid indole alkaloids could partly contribute to the efficacy of this ethnodrug. The major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) showed significant anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that it could be a promising anti-inflammatory lead compound. Our findings provided scientific justification to support the traditional application of N. cadamba for treating inflammatory and nociceptive disorders.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of the methanol extract from the galls of Quercus infectoria alone and as an adjuvant in wistar rats

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are the most preferred drugs for pain relief. Considering the gastrointestinal toxicity, dependence and other side effects, search for better analgesic drug continues. Quercus infectoria (QI) is from the family Fagaceae. The galls of QI are comprised of tannin (36 to 60%), gallic acid, ellagic acid, and syringic acid. They possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. In India, galls of QI have been used for the treatment of toothache, diarrhoea, sore throat and inflammatory diseases as a home remedy. This study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of galls of QI on wistar rats using tail-flick and Eddy’s hot-plate methods. The objective of the study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of galls of QI alone and as an adjuvant with tramadol on Wistar rats.Methods: Total of 24 wistar rats were included in the study and divided into 4 groups. They received drugs intra-peritoneally as follows. In group 1, normal saline, in group 2, tramadol, in group 3, methanolic extract of galls of QI and in group 4, tramadol with methanolic extract of galls of QI was available.Results: Methanolic extract of galls of QI produced significant maximal possible analgesia (<0.001) at 30 and 60 minutes in tail-flick method whereas it failed to produce analgesia in hot-plate method during all time intervals.Conclusions: Methanolic extract of galls of QI showed analgesic activity in tail-flick method indicating that its possible mechanism of action is spinally mediated.

Antibacterial, anthelmintic, and analgesic activities of Piper sylvaticum (Roxb.) leaves and in silico molecular docking and PASS prediction studies of its isolated compounds.

Background In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial, anthelmintic, and analgesic activities of methanol extract of P. sylvaticum leaves (MEPSL) in experimental models. Then, computational analysis (in silico molecular docking and PASS prediction) was performed to determine the potent phytoconstituents of total six isolated compounds of this plant for antibacterial and anthelmintic activities. Methods Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies were carried out by established methods. In vitro antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion technique and anthelmintic activity was tested against Tubifex tubifex worm whereas analgesic activity was determined by the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Molecular docking study was performed using Schrödinger Maestro 10.1 and an online tool used for PASS prediction. Results Our phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and also indicated a substantial amount of phenols (65.83 mg), flavonoids (102.56 mg), and condensed tannins (89.32 mg). MEPSL showed good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Our result exhibited that MEPSL has strong anthelmintic action compared to standard levamisole. In addition, the extract also showed a dose-dependent and statistically significant analgesic activity at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, body weight. Docking studies showed that piperine and piperlonguminine have the best scores for the tested enzymes. PASS predicted the antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of both phytoconstituents. Conclusions This study suggests that MEPSL possess significant antibacterial, anthelmintic, and analgesic activities which could be related to the presence of several phytochemicals. The phytoconstituents, i.e. piperine and piperlonguminine were found to be most effective in computational studies.

Report on Antidiabetic, Diuretic and Analgesic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Strychnos colubrina L.an Endangered Medicinal Plant

Strychnos colubrina L. belongs to family Loganiaceae was known as snake wood tree.The methanolic extracts from Strychnos colubrina L. leave collected from different provinces in Penchalakona of Nellore district were prepared by decoction and maceration with methanol and evaluated for their antidiabetic, diuretic and analgesic activities. Methanolic extracts from Strychnos colubrina L. leaves (SCM) were evaluated for anti diabetic effect in Streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. The blood sugar levels were analysed as indices of diabetes. 200 mg/kg b.w. of the extract showed a greater reduction in blood glucose level which was comparable to glibenclamide. To find out diuretic efficacy, SCM of leaves were administered to experimental rats orally at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and compared with Furosemide (20 mg/kg,o.p) as the standard. The rats treated with SCM of leaves in a dose of 200 mg/kg shown near similar urine output and electrolytes excretion when compared to the respective control. The analgesic activity of SCM of leaves is estimated using tail flick in mice. Results demonstrated that SCM of leaves exhibited a potent dose-dependent analgesic activity in all tested models for analgesia. This report could be used for medicinal and pharmaceutical exploration in the future.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-diarrheal and Analgesic Activities of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and analgesic activities of methanol extract of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel buds growing in Bangladesh. The total phenolic content of methanol extract of D. malabarica and its Kupchan fractions was determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the aqueous soluble fraction of the methanol extract of D. malabarica revealed maximum free radical scavenging activity having IC50 value of 6.17 μg/ml. In antimicrobial assay, all the test samples displayed prominent antimicrobial activity against the test organisms under in vitro conditions. Among these, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction was found to exhibit the highest activity against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi, and Candida albicans with the zone of inhibition as 32, 30, 28 and 30 mm, respectively. In evaluation of antidiarrheal activity, the D. malabarica extracts showed significant anti-diarrheal potential in a dose dependent manner. During the evaluation of analgesic activity by radiant heat tail-flick method, the plant extract at 400 mg/kg b.w. exhibited highest elongation (373.04%) as compared to morphine (472.48%). On the other hand, in acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at 200- and 400-mg/kg b.w. showed 61.11 and 66.67% inhibition of writhing in mice model, respectively as compared to 68.06% inhibition produced by the standard diclofenac-Na. The findings of this study justify some of the traditional uses of D. malabarica and reveal the bioactivity of the plants. Further studies are required to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 27-33, 2019

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory And Analgesic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Mitragyna Inermis

Inflammation is a pervasive phenomenon elicited by the body in response to obnoxious stimuli as a protective measure. However, a sustained inflammation lead to several diseases including cancer therefore the necessity to neutralize inflammation is paramount. Mitragyna inermis is a medicinal plant traditionally used as a medicine in Ayurveda and other folk systems of medicine. It is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Despite this fact its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects have not been evaluated scientifically. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of M. inermis were studied in Wistar rats by different methods. The hot plate, acetic acid, and tail immersion tests were used to evaluate the analgesic activity whereas paw edema model for acute inflammation using egg albumin were used to study the anti-inflammatory activity. The administration of 250 and 300 mg/kg to rats reduced pain and inflammation indicating that M. inermis possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The maximum analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were observed in rats receiving 300 mg/kg of M. inermis extract. This study indicates that methanolic extract of M. inermis possess both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activiti

Analgesic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Tubers of Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott. in Swiss Albino Mice

The aim of the the present study was to investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Arisaema tortuosum (MEAT) using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods. The hot plate method is useful in elucidating centrally mediated antinociceptive responses, while acetic acid-induced writhing is the chemically induced pain of peripheral origin. The MEAT was used at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight on swiss albino mice. The percentage inhibition of the abdominal constriction reflex increased dose dependently in case of acetic acid-induced pain and in the hot plate method model the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly increased the pain reaction time (PRT). These studies conclude that A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott. tuber possesses analgesic activity in a dose dependent manner. In case of acetic acid-induced pain, the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. showed 41.19% inhibition of writhing reflex. In case of hot plate method, after 60 minutes the PRT increased to 7.47 ± 0.05 seconds for the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body wt.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(1): 37-41, 2018 (June)

In vitro Membrane Stabilizing and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model

Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. is an indigenous plant of Bangladesh. Traditional healers use this plant to treat various diseases. The crude methanol extract of whole plant of B. glomerulifera and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilizing and only the crude extract at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight were screened for analgesic activity in mice model in order to establish the medicinal values of this plant. The membrane stabilizing activity of the extractives was evaluated by the ability of test materials to inhibit hypotonic solution- and heat-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes. Moreover, the analgesic activity of methanol extract was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing method and tail immersion method in mice. In hypotonic solution- and heat-induced conditions, the crude methanol extract showed inhibition of haemolysis by 64.80±0.34% and 21.63±0.76%, respectively as compared to 77.74±0.67% and 40.41±0.69% demonstrated by the standard, acetyl salicylic acid. On the other hand, the analgesic activity was determined for its peripheral and central pharmacological responses using acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion method at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight. The extract reduced the acetic acid-induced writhings significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg (46.0%) body weight when compared to that of Diclofenac sodium (64.0%), as the standard drug. A significant increase (p < 0.01) of latency period was also found in tail immersion method. Therefore, the present study established that the methanol extract of B. glomerulifera possesses moderate membrane stabilizing and significant analgesic activities.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 185-189, 2016

In vivo Analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Helianthus annuus seeds

The sunflower seed is the seed of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The methanol extract of seeds of Helianthus annuus were screened for analgesic activity in mice model to systematically explore the medicinal values of the plant. Acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate methods were used to confirm the central and peripheral analgesic action. In case of acetic acid-induced writhing test the extract showed significant (P <0.05) analgesic potential at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (50.35 and 57.85% inhibition, respectively). In the hot plate method, increase (p < 0.05) of latency period was also observed in comparison to standard aspirin. At 60 minutes, the latency period of two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was found at 13 ± 0.91 and 16.5 ± 1.55 second. The results obtained support the use of Helianthus annuus seeds in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.Islam et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, March 2016, 5(4): 38-40http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue4/02.pdf

Analgesic and Neuropharmacological Activities of Methanol Extract from the Leaf of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.

The aim of study was to evaluate the analgesic and neuropharmacological activities of the leaf of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. The central analgesic activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated in Swiss Albino mice by using tail immersion, hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. These tests showed significant analgesic activity of the extract compared to the standard drug, diclofenac-Na (1 mg/kg b.w.). The neuropharmacological activities were evaluated using hole cross, open field, light/dark box and elevated plus maze stage tests in mice model at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The results of neuropharmacological assays demonstrated potential CNS depressant activity of the extract when compared to the standard drug, diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w.)Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 85-89, 2015

Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker and its phytochemical analysis.

BackgroundInflammation and pain underlies several pathological conditions. Synthetic drugs used for the management of these conditions carry severe toxic effects. Globally efforts are ongoing to introduce novel medicinal plants to develop effective, economic and innocuous drugs. The current study was aimed at investigating the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of methanol extract of A. hydaspica aerial parts (AHM) and its active fraction. Furthermore identification and isolation of polyphenolic compounds was carried out to identify the active principles.MethodsYeast induced pyrexia, Paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate test were carried out in vivo. HPLC-DAD analysis and combination of different chromatographic techniques, involving vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and flash chromatography (FC) were carried out for chemical characterization. The structural heterogeneity of flavanols was characterized by ESI- MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, and also by comparison with reported literature.ResultsOral administration of A. hydaspica methanol extract (AHM) and A. hydaspica ethyl acetate fraction (AHE), showed dose and time dependent decrease in body temperature in yeast induced pyrexia, comparable to standard, Paracetamol. AHM and AHE (150 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) inhibit pain sensation in various pain models, i.e. acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test. Similarly AHM and AHE demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and 150 mg/kg dose being distinctly more effective (91.92% inhibition). When studied on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced edema in rats, AHM and AHE showed maximum inhibition of edema at 150 mg/kg after 4 h. HPLC chromatogram of AHM revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, rutin and caffeic acid. Chromatographic separation and structure characterization of AHE, has led to the identification of three flavan-3-ol derivative including 7-O-galloyl catechin, +catechin and methyl gallate, which have been reported for the first time in A. hydaspica.ConclusionThese results revealed that the presence of bioactive compounds in A. hydaspica might be responsible for the pharmacological activities, confirming the indigenous utility of A. hydaspica against inflammatory disorders.

Evaluation of analgesic activities of methanolic extract of Callichilia stenosepala root bark

Callichilia stenopetala is a medicinal plant and its root is used as chewing stick in the treatment of toothache and fever in south-east of Nigeria. The methanolic extract of its root bark and fractions obtained after successive liquid-liquid partitioning (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions) of the crude extract were investigated for analgesic activities in animal (mice) using hot plate and acetic acid – induced writhing models. Doses of 250 and 500 mg/Kg of the extract were used orally while a single dose of 500 mg/Kg was used for the fractions. The extract, in hot plate model, exhibited analgesic activity by significantly (P < 0.01) increasing the pain reaction time, PRT (64.8 and 85.70%) respectively in a dose dependent manner comparison to reference drugs, aspirin and morphine. In the acetic acid- induced writhing model the extract significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the number of writhes (56.34 and 84.06%) respectively compared to the control. The percentage of writhe inhibition of the fractions is as follows, ethyl acetate (93.27%), methanol (50.63%) hexane (17.72%) chloroform (2.53%). There was no record of animal death when the extract was administered orally up to 8000 mg/Kg.