Anaglyph Glasses Research Articles

Anaglyph Caustics with Motion Parallax

AbstractIn this paper we present a method to model and simulate a lens such that its caustic reveals a stereoscopic 3D image when viewed through anaglyph glasses. By interpreting lens dispersion as stereoscopic disparity, our method optimizes the shape and arrangement of prisms constituting the lens, such that the resulting anaglyph caustic corresponds to a given input image defined by intensities and disparities. In addition, a slight change of the lens' distance to the screen causes a 3D parallax effect that can also be perceived without glasses. Our proposed relaxation method carefully balances the resulting pixel intensity and disparity error, while taking the subsequent physical fabrication process into account. We demonstrate our method on a representative set of input images and evaluate the anaglyph caustics using multi‐spectral photon tracing. We further show the fabrication of prototype lenses with a laser cutter as a proof of concept.

Stereo 3D spatial phase diagrams

Phase diagrams serve as the fundamental guidance in materials science and engineering. Binary P-T-X (pressure–temperature–composition) and multi-component phase diagrams are of complex spatial geometry, which brings difficulty for understanding. The authors constructed 3D stereo binary P-T-X, typical ternary and some quaternary phase diagrams. A phase diagram construction algorithm based on the calculated phase reaction data in PandaT was developed. And the 3D stereo phase diagram of Al-Cu-Mg ternary system is presented. These phase diagrams can be illustrated by wireframe, surface, solid or their mixture, isotherms and isopleths can be generated. All of these can be displayed by the three typical display ways: electronic shutter, polarization and anaglyph (for example red-cyan glasses). Especially, they can be printed out with 3D stereo effect on paper, and watched by the aid of anaglyph glasses, which makes 3D stereo book of phase diagrams come to reality. Compared with the traditional illustration way, the front of phase diagrams protrude from the screen and the back stretches far behind of the screen under 3D stereo display, the spatial structure can be clearly and immediately perceived. These 3D stereo phase diagrams are useful in teaching and research.

Câmera escura estéreo: Construção e atividades experimentais

This work describes the assembling of a stereo pinhole camera for capturing stereo-pairs of images and proposes experimental activities with it. A pinhole camera can be as sophisticated as you want, or so simple that it could be handcrafted with practically recyclable materials. This paper describes the practical use of the pinhole camera throughout history and currently. Aspects of optics and geometry involved in the building of the stereo pinhole camera are presented with illustrations. Furthermore, experiments are proposed by using the images obtained by the camera for 3D visualization through a pair of anaglyph glasses, and the estimation of relative depth by triangulation is discussed.

Augmented Reality X-Ray Vision with Gesture Interaction

Augmented reality is a new technology which is capable of presenting possibilities that are difficult for other technologies to offer and meet. AR will really alter the way individuals view the world. Augmented reality X-Ray Vision is an emerging concept. While AR deals with virtual and real objects coexisting in the same space, AR X-Ray Vision is a subdivision of the broad spectrum of AR, which provides a “see through” vision among real world objects. In this paper, we have thoroughly analysed the existing methodologies dealing with AR X-Ray Vision and we have come up with a convenient method that enables easy implementation. This paper deals with creating a methodology to provide an X-Ray vision using the anaglyph technique and finally integrating it with the Leap Motion Controller to enable gesture interaction to move the window around through which the point of interest can be viewed. The limitations of the suggested methodology have also been discussed. This system enables the user to perceive depth between two regions with the help of just anaglyph glasses without the use of any head mounted display devices. Can be extended to that of medical field, where X-Ray vision is of increasing importance to view the layers of skin and bones of a patient giving the doctors and surgeons an approximate depth perception.Keywords: Anaglyph, Augmented Reality, Depth Perception, Gesture Interaction, Leap Motion Controller, X-Ray Vision

Stereo imaging in ophthalmology: Part II

In Part I of this two-part series, the author looked at the history of stereo photography and its application and rationale to ophthalmology (Hancock R (2014) Stereo imaging in ophthalmology. International Journal of Ophthalmic Practice 5(2): 58–61). Part II will illustrate examples of stereo ophthalmic photography by means of anaglyphic images. To view the following images, you will require red and cyan anaglyph glasses.

A binocular iPad treatment for amblyopic children.

Monocular amblyopia treatment (patching or penalization) does not always result in 6/6 vision and amblyopia often recurs. As amblyopia arises from abnormal binocular visual experience, we evaluated the effectiveness of a novel home-based binocular amblyopia treatment. Children (4-12 y) wore anaglyphic glasses to play binocular games on an iPad platform for 4 h/w for 4 weeks. The first 25 children were assigned to sham games and then 50 children to binocular games. Children in the binocular group had the option of participating for an additional 4 weeks. Compliance was monitored with calendars and tracking fellow eye contrast settings. About half of the children in each group were also treated with patching at a different time of day. Best-corrected visual acuity, suppression, and stereoacuity were measured at baseline, at the 4- and 8-week outcome visits, and 3 months after cessation of treatment. Mean (±SE) visual acuity improved in the binocular group from 0.47±0.03 logMAR at baseline to 0.39±0.03 logMAR at 4 weeks (P<0.001); there was no significant change for the sham group. The effect of binocular games on visual acuity did not differ for children who were patched vs those who were not. The median stereoacuity remained unchanged in both groups. An additional 4 weeks of treatment did not yield additional visual acuity improvement. Visual acuity improvements were maintained for 3 months after the cessation of treatment. Binocular iPad treatment rapidly improved visual acuity, and visual acuity was stable for at least 3 months following the cessation of treatment.

Next Generation 3D Display Applications using Laser Scanning Pico Projectors

This thesis presents four novel 3D display methods and a number of new applications using commercial laser scanning pico projectors that have been developed with major contributions from our laboratory during the last decade. The new methods developed in this thesis are (i) mixed-polarization stereoscopic display using single-projector and passive polarized glasses, (ii) a new type of glasses that can relieve the accommodation and vergence conflict associated with all the stereoscopic displays, (iii) rotating screen based auto-stereoscopic display for a single-viewer using two pico-projectors, and (iv) multi-user multi-view auto-stereoscopic display using an array of pico-projectors. Furthermore, a head-mounted pico-projector is also demonstrated as a new augmented- reality application aimed at motion-capture actors. The first method introduces a new twist on glasses based stereoscopic projection displays as it utilizes polarization and color multiplexing simultaneously and avoids weaknesses associated with previous methods. This new method is named Mixed Polarization 3D. Color imbalance artifacts associated with anaglyph glasses are avoided by alternating the colors presented to each eye. In mixed polarization 3D, flicker is not observed even at 60 Hz since both eyes receive at least one color frame in every single frame. The second method, named Super Stereoscopic 3D Display (SS3D), introduces a major improvement on stereoscopic 3D displays for avoiding accommodation-vergence conflict. Our method provides at least two views to a single eye by using special apertures equipped with selective filters in front of the users’ eye. Our designs can be embedded into conventional stereoscopic glasses or can be developed as special contact lenses. The third method introduces a single viewer multi-view autostereoscopic projection display, which is invented in our laboratory by a co-worker. The technique uses two mobile projectors, a rotating retro-reflective diffuser screen, and a head-tracking camera. As two dynamic viewing slits are created at the viewers position, the slits can track the position of the eyes by rotating the screen. The last method introduces a new modular multi-user multi-view autostereoscopic display architecture based on an array of pico-projectors and a vertical diffuser screen. A single projector provides a portion of the each perspective observed through the vertical diffuser. Unlike similar projector-array based displays, the screen assembly complexity and the size of the projection display hardware have been decreased dramatically. Our proposal has the capability to provide horizontal expansion in the screen size, and an increase in the number of different perspectives as well. Lastly, an augmented reality (AR) system is proposed and developed for supporting motion capture actors. This system allows seeing and exploring the digital environment without occluding the actors visual field. An in-house prototype is built by combining a retro-reflective screen that covers the walls and a headband consisting of a laser scanning projector with a smartphone. Built-in sensors on the smartphone provide navigation capabilities in the digital world.

Characterizing and reducing crosstalk in printed anaglyph stereoscopic 3D images

The anaglyph three-dimensional (3D) method is a widely used technique for presenting stereoscopic 3D images. Its primary advantages are that it will work on any full-color display and only requires that the user view the anaglyph image using a pair of anaglyph 3D glasses with usually one lens tinted red and the other lens tinted cyan. A common image quality problem of anaglyph 3D images is high levels of crosstalk–the incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels such that each eye sees a “ghost” of the opposite perspective view. In printed anaglyph images, the crosstalk levels are often very high–much higher than when anaglyph images are presented on emissive displays. The sources of crosstalk in printed anaglyph images are described and a simulation model is developed that allows the amount of printed anaglyph crosstalk to be estimated based on the spectral characteristics of the light source, paper, ink set, and anaglyph glasses. The model is validated using a visual crosstalk ranking test, which indicates good agreement. The model is then used to consider scenarios for the reduction of crosstalk in printed anaglyph systems and finds a number of options that are likely to reduce crosstalk considerably.

Anaglyph 3D in Vascular Neurosurgery: Excellent Exercise for the Neurosurgeon's Brain

naglyph 3D” is the name given to the stereoscopic 3-dimensional (3D) effect achieved by means of encoding each eye’s image using filters of different colors, typically red and cyan (between blue and green). Anaglyph 3D images contain 2 differently filtered colored images, 1 for each eye. When viewed through the color-coded anaglyph glasses, each of the 2 images reaches 1 eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual cortex of the brain fuses this into perception of a 3D scene or composition.

Using cross‐talk simulation to predict the performance of anaglyph 3‐D glasses

Abstract— The anaglyph 3‐D method is a widely used technique for presenting stereoscopic 3‐D images. Its primary advantage is that it will work on any full‐color display (LCDs, plasmas, and even prints) and only requires that the user view the anaglyph image using a pair of anaglyph 3‐D glasses with usually one lens tinted red and the other lens tinted cyan (blue plus green). A common image‐quality problem of anaglyph 3‐D images is high levels of cross‐talk — the incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels such that each eye sees a “ghost” of the opposite perspective view. An anaglyph cross‐talk simulation model has been developed which allows the amount of anaglyph cross‐talk to be estimated based on the spectral characteristics of the anaglyph glasses and the display. The model is validated using a visual cross‐talk ranking test which indicates good agreement. The model is then used to consider two scenarios for the reduction of cross‐talk in anaglyph systems and finds that a considerable reduction is likely to be achieved by using spectrally pure displays. The study also finds that the 3‐D performance of commercial anaglyph glasses can be significantly better than handmade anaglyph glasses.

Reducing Anxiety Using Self-Help Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

Virtual reality (VR) software has been used successfully for the treatment of various phobias and anxieties. The delivery of this software is often performed using expensive head-mounted VR displays with a therapist present to manipulate the VR scenario. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-help VR software delivered using red/blue anaglyph glasses, for the treatment of spider phobia. Participants used the software on their own without having a researcher or therapist present. The software provided instruction on the use of progressive muscle relaxation in conjunction with VR exposure therapy. Exposure therapy is the gold standard treatment for anxiety and phobia. For VR exposure therapy to be effective, the environment must produce a real fear response. Participants' physiological responses indicate that the VR software successfully produced a fear response. Self-report questionnaires indicated that the participants' level of fear for spiders decreased after taking part in four sessions.

Understanding Immersivity: Image Generation and Transformation Processes in 3D Immersive Environments

Most research on three-dimensional (3D) visual-spatial processing has been conducted using traditional non-immersive 2D displays. Here we investigated how individuals generate and transform mental images within 3D immersive (3DI) virtual environments, in which the viewers perceive themselves as being surrounded by a 3D world. In Experiment 1, we compared participants’ performance on the Shepard and Metzler (1971) mental rotation (MR) task across the following three types of visual presentation environments; traditional 2D non-immersive (2DNI), 3D non-immersive (3DNI – anaglyphic glasses), and 3DI (head mounted display with position and head orientation tracking). In Experiment 2, we examined how the use of different backgrounds affected MR processes within the 3DI environment. In Experiment 3, we compared electroencephalogram data recorded while participants were mentally rotating visual-spatial images presented in 3DI vs. 2DNI environments. Overall, the findings of the three experiments suggest that visual-spatial processing is different in immersive and non-immersive environments, and that immersive environments may require different image encoding and transformation strategies than the two other non-immersive environments. Specifically, in a non-immersive environment, participants may utilize a scene-based frame of reference and allocentric encoding whereas immersive environments may encourage the use of a viewer-centered frame of reference and egocentric encoding. These findings also suggest that MR performed in laboratory conditions using a traditional 2D computer screen may not reflect spatial processing as it would occur in the real world.

Pre-stimulus pattern of activity in the fusiform face area predicts face percepts during binocular rivalry

Visual input is ambiguous, yet conscious experience is unambiguous. In binocular rivalry the two eyes receive conflicting images, but only one of them is consciously perceived at a time. Here we search for the neural sites of the competitive interactions underlying this phenomenon by testing whether neural pattern activity occurring before stimulus presentation can predict the initial dominant percept in binocular rivalry and, if so, where in the brain such predictive activity is found. Subjects were scanned while viewing an image of a face in one eye and an image of a house in the other eye with anaglyph glasses. The rivalrous stimulus was presented briefly for each trial, and the subject indicated which of the two images he or she preferentially perceived. Our results show that BOLD fMRI multivariate pattern activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) before the stimulus is presented predicts which of the two images will be dominant, suggesting that higher extrastriate areas, such as the FFA, are not only correlated with, but may also be involved in determining the initial dominant percept in binocular rivalry. Furthermore, by examining pattern activity before and after trial onset, we found that pre-trial activity in the FFA for the rivalrous face trials is no more similar to the post-trial activity for the non-rivalrous face trials than to that for the non-rivalrous house trials, indicating a dissociation between neural pattern information, which predicts a given state of awareness, and mean responses, which reflect the state of awareness ultimately achieved.

Anaglyph Stereo Without Ghosting

AbstractAnaglyph stereo provides a low‐budget solution to viewing stereoscopic images. However, it may suffer from ghosting and bad color reproduction. Here we address the first issue. We present a novel technique to perceptually calibrate an anaglyph stereoscopic system and to use the calibration to eliminate ghosting from the anaglyph image. We build a model based on luminance perception by the left and right eyes through the anaglyph glasses. We do not rely on power spectra of a monitor or on transmission spectra of anaglyph glasses, but show how the five parameters of our model can be captured with just a few measurements within a minute. We present how full color, half color, and gray anaglyphs can be rendered with our technique and compare them to the traditional method.

The Role of Immersive 3D Environments in Three-Dimensional Mental Rotation

Recently, more realistic 3D displays have been designed as more ecologically valid alternatives to conventional 2D visual displays. However, research has thus far provided inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness in promoting task performance. We are interested in the contribution of immersive 3D environment to 3D image transformations and compare subjects' performance on mental rotation tasks in traditional 2D, 3D non-immersive (3DNI - anaglyphic glasses), and 3D-immersive (3DI - head mounted display with position tracking) environments. Our findings suggest that 2D and 3DNI environments might encourage the use of more “artificial” encoding strategies where the 3D images are encoded with respect to a scene-based frame of reference (i.e. computer screen). On the other hand, 3D immersive environments can provide necessary feedback for an individual to use the same strategy and egocentric frame of reference that he/she would use in a real-world situation. Overall, the results of this study suggest that immersion might be one of the most important aspects to be considered in the design of learning and training environments.

3D stereo vision system effectiveness for engineering design and graphics education

AbstractThis study compared the effectiveness of a head mounted display (HMD) and anaglyphic glasses on students' ability to complete engineering graphics tasks in learning environments. The two stereo display systems were used in an introductory design and graphics class. Data related to students' subjective perceptions about the two systems and data related to students' objective performance were collected and analyzed. Results of the study reveal that students perceived that the HMD was more effective for completing technical graphics tasks than anaglyphic glasses, while there was no significant difference in students' objective performance with the two display systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 256–267, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20145

Effect of TNO red-green glasses on local stereoacuity.

Local stereoacuity was reduced when red-green anaglyph glasses were worn. Glasses were from the TNO stereotest. Without these glasses, all 15 subjects had good or almost good local stereoacuity. With the glasses, all stereoacuities were reduced but one subject still had a good stereoacuity of 8 sec arc. Reductions with the TNO anaglyph glasses ranged from 2 to 34 sec arc. The TNO test was also performed to see if there was a difference between local and global stereoacuity while wearing the glasses. Results were similar for 6 subjects, all of whom had the best TNO stereoacuity of 15 sec arc. Global (TNO) stereoacuity was worse than local stereoacuity for the other subjects with the most extreme difference being 464 sec arc. If aniseikonia was induced by the red-green glasses, this could not have contributed to a reduction in either local or global stereoacuity.

Vergence Facility

We examined 310 schoolchildren to determine what normal values might be expected for successive convergence and divergence ocular movements. Vergence facility may affect the efficiency of visual information processing. The population consisted of children in grades 1 through 8. The subjects wore anaglyph glasses and viewed a nonvariable square-X-circle anaglyph target alternately through a 16 delta base-out and 4 delta base-in prism flipper. The subjects were directed to keep the target "clear and single." The total number of vergence cycles was recorded for 1 min. Students in higher grade levels were able to complete more vergence changes than students in beginning grades. The average number of changes accomplished per minute at each age level is presented for this population.

Anaglyphic phenomena in anomalous correspondence.

It long has been known that when some strabismus patients are wearing anaglyphic glasses, such as a red filter before one eye and a green filter before the other, they observe part of a white screen to appear red and other parts green. It is our purpose to describe anaglyphic phenomena noted by patients with various types of anomalous correspondence. These phenomena can be applied to the diagnosis of this anomaly. Also, their occurrence throws some light on the nature of binocular vision in strabismus. The anaglyphic phenomena are elicited best when the patient looks at a brightly lighted unmarked white screen while wearing red and green filters. The filters must be so balanced that the light stimulus is of nearly equal intensity to the two eyes. It generally is best to have the patient standing 3 to 4 ft. from the screen; at this distance a screen 1 meter